CN Values Research Articles

Association between mitochondrial DNA copy number and production traits in pigs.

Mitochondria are essential organelles in the regulation of cellular energetic metabolism. Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA_CN) can be used as a proxy for mitochondria number, size, and activity. The aims of our study are to evaluate the effect of mtDNA_CN and mitochondrial haploblocks on production traits in pigs, and to identify the genetic background of this cellular phenotype. We collected performance data of 234 pigs and extracted DNA from skeletal muscle. Whole-genome sequencing data was used to determine mtDNA_CN. We found positive correlations of muscle mtDNA_CN with backfat thickness at 207 d (+0.14; p-value = 0.07) and negative correlations with carcase loin thickness (-0.14; p-value = 0.03). Pigs with mtDNA_CN values below the lower quartile had greater loin thickness (+4.1 mm; p-value = 0.01) and lower backfat thickness (-1.1 mm; p-value = 0.08), which resulted in greater carcase lean percentage (+2.4%; p-value = 0.04), than pigs with mtDNA_CN values above the upper quartile. These results support the hypothesis that a reduction of mitochondrial activity is associated with greater feed efficiency. Higher mtDNA_CN was also positively correlated with higher meat ultimate pH (+0.19; p-value <0.01) but we did not observe significant difference for meat ultimate pH between the two groups with extreme mtDNA_CN. We found no association of the most frequent mitochondrial haploblocks with mtDNA_CN or the production traits, but several genomic regions that harbour potential candidate genes with functions related to mitochondrial biogenesis and homeostasis were associated with mtDNA_CN. These regions provide new insights into the genetic background of this cellular phenotype but it is still uncertain if such associations translate into noticeable effects on the production traits.

Impacts of Land Use on Runoff and Sediment Dynamics in Tropical Watersheds: A Case Study in Bogowonto Upper Watershed

Land use changes in tropical regions have increased, leading to rising environmental stress in Java, Indonesia. Food shortages have driven land conversion and expansion, which increases peak flows during the rainy season and reduces water storage in the dry season, heightening flood risks. Research on integrated catchment hydrology is crucial. This study examines the relationship between land use, runoff, and sediment in the Bogowonto Upper Watershed using SWAT hydrological modeling. The SWAT model helps understand hydrological processes at the watershed scale and the impact of land use changes on runoff and sediment dynamics. The sensitivity of SWAT model parameters varies in the Bogowonto Upper Watershed. Runoff sensitivity analysis indicates a +62% increase with a 50% change in CN value, showing high sensitivity. A 50% change in vegetation cover results in a +50% model output, indicating moderate sensitivity. Slope, Ksat (saturated hydraulic conductivity), and bulk density are fairly sensitive, while AWC is slightly sensitive. For sediment, a 50% increase in CN value results in a +47% change, and a 50% increase in vegetation cover leads to a +58% model output, showing moderate sensitivity. The model, run from 2014-2019, shows excellent accuracy with NSE of 0.82, RRMSE of 0.43, R² of 0.83, and PBIAS of 9.8%.

Integration of Watershed eco-physical health through Algorithmic game theory and supervised machine learning

The eco-physical health assessment of watersheds is crucial for sustainable water resource management and ecosystem services. This study quantifies the eco-physical health of the Talar watershed in Iran using the geometric mean method (GMM), game-theoretic algorithm (GTA), and machine learning algorithms including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Simple Linear Regression (SLR), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) for distributed and semi-distributed monitoring. The results show that the RF algorithm performed better than other models, as indicated by MAE, MSE, RMSE, and AUC statistics with values of 0.032, 0.003, 0.058, and 0.940, respectively. The watershed health index prioritization with different approaches showed that the pattern of watershed health changes positively from upstream to downstream. Based on the watershed health prioritization using GMM, it can be said that sub-watersheds Int6 and Int5 are the healthiest sub-watersheds in the studied watershed, with values of 0.93 and 0.90, respectively. Based on the watershed prioritization using the GTA approach, it can also be said that sub-watersheds Int6, Int5, and Int01 are the healthiest ones. In the case of the RF algorithm, the average values of the pixels in each sub-watershed showed that sub-watersheds Int6 and Int01 were recognized as the healthiest sub-watersheds with values of 0.91 and 0.88, respectively. Int6 consistently emerged as the healthiest sub-watershed across all methods, attributed to high TWI and NDVI values and low slope, DEM, erosion, and CN values. In general, it can be said that the watershed health index in the studied catchment fully followed the factors affecting the catchment's health and that the spatial patterns of change of this index were consistent with the physiographic and hydroclimatic conditions in all three semi-distributed and distributed approaches. The study's implications underline the importance of multi-criteria and multi-algorithm approaches in accurately assessing and managing watershed health for sustainable development.

Rainfall-runoff modelling using GIS based SCS-CN method in umiam catchment region, Meghalaya, India

Rainfall-runoff is a crucial parameter and is often applied in assessing water resources. It is a significant constituent for recharging groundwater and plays an important role in understanding the hydrological characteristics of a basin for watershed management practices. In the current work, the soil conservation service-curve number (SCS–CN), coupled with GIS and remote sensing techniques, has been utilized to estimate the runoff and discharge in the Umiam Catchment area of Meghalaya for the years 2011 and 2020. This area receives heavy rainfall throughout the year, which contributes to the degradation of topsoil and the initiation of landslides. The rainfall-runoff modelling incorporates various thematic layers prepared in the GIS platform to calculate the weighted CN value. The antecedent moisture condition (AMC) was applied for CN correction. Both annual and monthly runoff and discharge were calculated for a total of four sub-watersheds. The result showed that land alteration and an increase in rainfall have been the predominant reasons for an increase in runoff in 2020 compared to 2011. Comparing both years, agricultural land, built-up, and open scrub have increased followed by shrinking open and dense forests. Sub-watersheds 2 and 4 had critical discharge changes of 75.95 and 75.82 cubic meters per second (cumec) from year 2011–2020 respectively. This study emphasizes the efficacy of SCS-CN method for simulating and estimating the runoff of a basin for better watershed planning and sustainable management at the regional level. It may also help in recognizing and examining the characteristics and volume of water resources.

Impact of Landuse Change on The Inundations in The Ciberes Watershed

Whenever the rainy season approaches, the Ciberes River always inundates a number of regions. This research was conducted to determine the effect of land use change on the inundation in the Ciberes Watershed, given the aforementioned context. Using land cover change data from 2000 to 2023, a hydrological and hydrodynamic analysis of the Ciberes Watershed is conducted to determine the impact of landuse change. This investigation employs HEC-HMS for hydrological modeling and HEC-RAS for 1D and 2D hydrodynamic modeling. The simulation results demonstrate that the change in CN value is directly proportional to the flood discharge, and the flood discharge is directly proportional to the height of the flood inundation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the river’s cross section can accommodate flood discharges with a return period of 50 years, except in coastal areas. whereas the floods that occurred in 2018 and 2022 have a 10-year return period. It can be concluded that the topographical condition of the river in the downstream segment, which has a higher elevation than the surrounding land and flat soil conditions, is the primary cause of inundation in the Ciberes Watershed.

Combining geospatial information and SCS-CN for surface runoff estimation in Rib watershed, upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

Surface runoff is the most significant environmental concern in the Rib Watershed. Hence, this study estimates runoff by combining geospatial information and the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model in the watershed. Rainfall, land use, land cover, hydrologic soil group, maximum soil water retention, and CN values were processed using Arc GIS and ERDAS Imagine software accordingly. The model was validated using the coefficient of determination (R 2) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). The R 2 (0.9861, 0.9508, and 0.9136) and NSE (0.7, 0.68, and 0.6) values for the periods (2018, 2020, and 2022), respectively, confirmed the good performance of the model. The result also showed runoff ranges from 497 mm/year to 1,258 mm/year. Therefore, the highest runoff is observed in most areas of Farta and Debre Tabor and in some parts of Lay Gayint, Fogera, and Kemkem districts. Consequently, this may result in a loss of soil moisture, a decline of surface and ground water, low crop yield and animal fodder, and unproductivity of the land. This, in turn, affects food security and the livelihoods of the community at large in the region. Therefore, well-planned watershed management practices should be put into practice by prioritizing runoff hotspot sites in the catchment.

Assessing the Influence of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes on Hydrological Response of the Timah-Tasoh Reservoir

Changing patterns in land use and land cover (LULC) is potentially due to development pressure. Due to the increase in LULC change, it alters natural ecosystems and changing the composition of the natural ecosystem services. This study provides evidence to support the hypothesis that LULC can influence both inflow and discharge. The objectives of the study were to measure the impact of LULC change on inflow of the Timah-Tasoh reservoir. The study area land cover was reclassified into five categories which included agriculture, built-up areas, forest, vacant land, and water bodies. Based on the effect of LULC on hydrological response, it is observed that the catchment is not sensitive to changes in LULC. Two mains of LULC scenarios were used including deforestation and afforestation. With an increase in CN to 89.26 (deforestation), the inflow rate increases by 2% (342.20 m3/s) compared to the present inflow rate. Meanwhile, the inflow rate will decrease to 0.21% (334.80 m3/s) if the CN value is 80.02 (afforestation). Thus, by using this study’s results, a better method and parameters compatible with another hydrological modelling can be developed for future study.

Detection of biofilm formation and antibiotics resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from humans’ and birds’ oral cavities

Background: Staphylococcus spp. are widely distributed in nature and can cause nosocomial, skin infections, and foodborne illness, and it may lead to severe financial losses in birds by causing systemic infection in numerous organs. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. in humans and birds in Baghdad city. Methods: Seventy-six oral cavity swabs were collected, including 41 from birds and 35 from breeders. All samples were examined by bacteriological methods and identified by using the VITEK technique, the samples were then further studied to test the ability of biofilm formation, and MDR factors and MAR index were tested with the use of seven antibiotics. Results: Among the 76 oral swabs, 37 samples were positive (48.68%) for Staphylococcus spp.: 7 human samples (20%) and 30 bird samples (73.17%). In humans, S. lentus was the most prevalent (42.85%) followed by S. aureus (28.57%), S. hominis and S. sciuri were at (14.29%) to each. In birds, S. pseudintermedius, S. gallinarum, S. lentus, S. haemolyticus, Staphylococcus spp, S. sciuri and S. xylosus were detected in 36.67%, 16.67%, 10%, 10%, 13.33%, 3.33% and 3.33% respectively. Staphylococcus isolates from the human samples demonstrated that only S. lentus was resistant 33.33% to ME, OX, and SXT. Furthermore, one of them was MDR and high MAR index value. The antimicrobial pattern of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from birds was as follows: S. pseudintermedius isolates demonstrated 100% resistance to CN, CIP, SXT, and MDR (100%) and high MAR indices value; S. xylosus was resistant 100% against ME, CN, SXT and Do and it was MDR with high MAR index;S. lentus was resistant 25% against ME, OX, C, and SXT, whereas, S. gallinarum was resistant 33.33% against ME and OX. The results demonstrated that biofilm formation of the Staphylococcus spp. isolated from human samples were weak biofilm formers: S. lentus, S. hominis, and S. aureus, while other S. aureus (50%) was moderate. In birds, the majority of the isolates had non biofilm-producing capabilities, while 80% of S. lentus and 100% of S. xylosus showed moderate biofilm formation. Conclusion: Healthcare problem was observed in this study due to high MDR and MAR index among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from pet birds to their owners and vice versa.

Effect of Dapagliflozin on Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease Mitral Stenosis.

(1) Background: Mitral stenosis is the most common rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Inflammation and fibrosis are the primary pathophysiology, resulting in left atrial stress and dysfunction. Dapagliflozin is a new heart failure treatment with anti-inflammation and anti-fibrosis effects from previous studies. However, the specific role of dapagliflozin in RHD mitral stenosis is unknown. This study aims to investigate (i) the effect of dapagliflozin on biomarkers of fibrosis, NT-pro BNP levels and left atrial function; (ii) the relationship between the changes in fibrosis biomarkers with left atrial function and NT-pro BNP levels. (2) Methods: An open-label randomized study was conducted on 33 RHD mitral stenosis patients divided into a dapagliflozin group which received 10 mg dapagliflozin and standard therapy, and a control group which only received standard therapy. All patients were examined for levels of PICP, MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio, TGF-β1, NT-proBNP, mitral valve mean pressure gradient (MPG), and net atrioventricular compliance (Cn) pre- and post-intervention. (3) Results: This study found a significant increase in PICP and TGF-β1 and a reduction in the MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio in the dapagliflozin group and the control group (p < 0.05). In the dapagliflozin group, the levels of NT-pro BNP decreased significantly (p = 0.000), with a delta of decreased NT-pro BNP levels also significantly greater in the dapagliflozin group compared to the control (p = 0.034). There was a significant increase in Cn values in the dapagliflozin group (p = 0.017), whereas there was a decrease in the control group (p = 0.379). Delta of changes in Cn values between the dapagliflozin and control groups also showed a significant value (p = 0.049). The decreased MPG values of the mitral valve were found in both the dapagliflozin and control groups, with the decrease in MPG significantly greater in the dapagliflozin group (p = 0.031). There was no significant correlation between changes in the value of fibrosis biomarkers with Cn and NT-pro BNP (p > 0.05). (4) Conclusions: This study implies that the addition of dapagliflozin to standard therapy for RHD mitral stenosis patients provides benefits, as evidenced by an increase in net atrioventricular compliance and decreases in the MPG value of the mitral valve and NT-pro BNP levels (p < 0.05). This improvement was not directly related to changes in fibrosis biomarkers, as these biomarkers showed ongoing fibrosis even with dapagliflozin administration.

Analysis of the Effect of Land Cover Changes on the Runoff Dynamics Using the HEC-HMS Model in Gajahwong Watershed, Yogyakarta

The Gajahwong watershed is part of the Opak watershed. The development of urban areas in the Opak watershed is very massive. The development of the urban regions in the Gajahwong watershed is the occurrence of land conversion from non-built land to built-up land. The land cover change will result in changes in the hydrological response of the watershed. The results showed that in the Gajahwong watershed, there was a decrease in agricultural land in the Gajahwong watershed, which was initially 30,209 km2 in 2016, down to 20,204 km2 in 2020. Agricultural land declines due to the conversion of functions to built-up land. Built-up land in the Gajahwong watershed increased by 4,483 km2. This condition resulted in an increase in the CN value in the Gajahwong watershed from the original in 2016 having a CN II of 73 and then increasing to 74. The results show that in 2016, the Gajahwong watershed had a peak discharge of 14.9 m3/s; in 2020, the peak discharge in the Gajahwong watershed decreased to 11.8 m3/s. The volume runoff in the Gajahwong watershed also reduced from 2880.21 mm in 2016 and then in 2020 to 2011,39 mm.

Estimating Runoff for Bamnidhi Watershed Using SCS Curve Number Approach and Geospatial Technique

Water is one of the most valuable natural resources and a vital component of the socioeconomic development of a nation. Water resources in India and throughout the world are under a lot of stress as a result of the limited supply and rising demand. Water availability of a region can be better estimated using rainfall runoff relationship. Runoff is mostly produced as a result of rainfall, which is a significant part of the hydrologic cycle. In this study, the rainfall-runoff relation of the Bamnidhi watershed in Chhattisgarh (India) is studied using SCS CN method. Various inputs such as HSG map and land use land cover were overlaid in ArcGIS platform for estimation of weighted curve number, based on which the runoff is estimated. The results of the study indicate that CN values range from 30 to 97. The lowest runoff potential is observed for forest regions having CN value of around 30, while highest runoff potential is observed for water bodies. The total runoff is found to be around 3.6 Million m3 for the period 2011 to 2020, which is about 10 to 25 percent of the total rainfall.

Solar light driven enhanced photocatalytic treatment of azo dye contaminated water based on Co-doped ZnO/ g-C3N4 nanocomposite

The current research concentrated on the Co-precipitation synthesis of g-C3N4 (CN), ZnO, ZnO/CN, and Co-doped ZnO/CN nanocomposite, as well as the solar light enhanced photocatalytic treatment of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) from genuine wool textile effluent. The 3D flower-like structure of Co-doped ZnO distributed on the surface of CN thin sheets, according to structural studies employing XRD and SEM examinations Electrochemical experiments exhibited that the Co-doped ZnO/CN nanocomposite has a large electroactive surface area. The optical band-gap values of CN, ZnO, ZnO/CN, and Co-doped ZnO/CN nanocomposites were 2.68, 3.13, 2.38, and 2.23 eV, respectively, according to optical characterizations. The synergistic effects and heterojunction produced by Co-doped ZnO and CN can be linked to the narrow gap in nanocomposites. After 75, 60, 50, and 40 min of exposure to solar light, photocatalytic degradation assays for 250 mL of 20 mg/L RR120 solution in the presence of CN, ZnO, ZnO/CN, and Co-doped ZnO/CN nanocomposites demonstrated 100% dye treatment. The applicability of photocatalysts for decolorization of 250 mL of 10 mg/L RR120 prepared from actual wool textile wastewater was investigated, and the results showed that Co-doped ZnO/CN nanocomposites for treatment of RR120 from actual wool textile wastewater were highly efficient at photocatalytic degradation.

The second immanantal polynomials of Laplacian matrices of unicyclic graphs

Let M=(aij) be a square matrix of order n. The second immanant of M isd2(M)=∑σ∈Snχ(σ)∏t=1natσ(t),where χ is the irreducible character of Sn corresponding to the partition (2,1n−2). Let G be a graph. Denote by L(G) the laplacian matrix of G. The polynomial ϕ(G,x)=d2(xI−L(G))=∑k=0n(−1)kck(G)xn−k is called the second immanantal polynomial of G, where ck(G) is the k-th coeficient of ϕ(G,x). The coefficient ck(G) admit various algebraic and topological interpretations for a graph. Merris first considered the coefficient cn−1(G), and he proposed an open problem: given n and m, can the graph G be determined for which cn−1(G) is a minimum or maximum? In this article, we investigate the problem, and we construct six graph operations each of which changes the value of cn−1(G). Using these graph operations, we determine the bound of cn−1(G) of unicyclic graphs. In particular, we also determined the corresponding extremal graphs.

Assessing the Long-Term Hydrological Effects of Rapid Urbanization in Metropolitan Shanghai, China: The Finer the Landscape Classification, the More Accurate the Modeling?

Rapid urbanization often leads to increase in surface runoff; its modelling is always the focus in the field of land use effect. One of the methodological issues is how to classify the landscape (land use/land cover) in the model. In this study, the long-term hydrological impact assessment (L-THIA) model was used to simulate the change of annual surface runoff during the rapid urbanization in Shanghai since 1965. Two landscape scenarios, based upon land uses and pervious/impervious surfaces, were compared, and the CN values were adjusted to validate the applicability of the two landscape scenarios. The results showed that there was almost no difference between the results based on the two landscape scenarios, and it was suggested that the simplified landscape scenario based upon pervious/impervious surfaces can be workable and efficient, while the land use scenario may not be necessary for the modelling considering its scale of interpretation of remote sensing data. It was found that there was a clear linear relationship between the percentage of impervious surfaces and surface runoff. For every 1% increase in impervious surface, runoff increased by 0.94%. In addition, the effect of precipitation on the modelling was also discussed, which indicated that with the increase in impervious surface percentage, the response of runoff change in both dry year and dry season was more sensitive.

Abstract 6097: Determination of BRCA2 deletion status by copy number estimation using next generation sequencing to predict prognosis of clinically localized prostate cancer

Abstract The significance of BRCA alterations has been implicated in the development of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PC). On the other hand, the details of the frequency and significance of BRCA alterations in localized PC remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the frequency and clinical significance of BRCA alterations in localized PCs using an in-house next-generation sequencer (NGS) system. NGS analyses revealed that the BRCA2 CN decreased in 17 patients (13.5%) and the BRCA1 CN in six (4.8%). NGS-based CN values were shown to be highly correlated with droplet digital PCR-based CN values. Tissue-specific BRCA expression investigated using the Human Protein Atlas showed that the decreased CN of BRCA2, but not BRCA1, is responsible for the decreased BRCA activity in PC. Ten of the 22 patients with decreased BRCA2 CN were presumed to have somatic heterozygous deletion. There were no observed associations between the heterozygous deletion of BRCA2 and various clinicopathological parameters. Furthermore, three of 10 patients developed biochemical recurrence within 3 months after surgery. Multivariate analyses revealed that the initial prostate-specific antigen levels and BRCA2 CN were independent factors for biochemical recurrence. Our results suggest that a decrease in BRCA2 CN may be used as a biomarker for predicting recurrence after surgery in localized PC. Early screening for somatic alterations in BRCA2 using NGS may help to broadly predict the risk of PC progression. Citation Format: Makoto Sumitomo, Takuhisa Nukaya, Eiji Sugihara, Mayu Takeda, Sachio Nohara, Shigeki Tanishima, Masashi Takenaka, Kenji Zennami, Kiyoshi Takahara, Ryoichi Shiroki, Hideyuki Saya. Determination of BRCA2 deletion status by copy number estimation using next generation sequencing to predict prognosis of clinically localized prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6097.

Assessing the Impact of Deforestation on Decadal Runoff Estimates in Non-Homogeneous Catchments of Peninsula Malaysia

This study calibrated the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model to predict decadal runoff in Peninsula Malaysia and found a correlation between the reduction of forest area, urbanization, and an increase in runoff volume. The conventional SCS-CN runoff model was found to commit a type II error in this study and must be pre-justified with statistics and calibrated before being adopted for any runoff prediction. Between 1970 and 2000, deforestation in Peninsula Malaysia caused a decline in forested land by 25.5%, resulting in a substantial rise in excess runoff by 10.2%. The inter-decadal mean runoff differences were more pronounced in forested and rural catchments (lower CN classes) compared to urban areas. The study also found that the CN value is a sensitive parameter, and changing it by ±10% can significantly impact the average runoff estimate by 40%. Therefore, SCS practitioners are advised not to adjust the CN value for better runoff modeling results. Additionally, NASA’s Giovanni system was used to generate 20 years of monthly rainfall data from 2001–2020 for trend analysis and short-term rainfall forecasting. However, there was no significant uptrend in rainfall within the period studied, and occurrences of flood and landslide incidents were likely attributed to land-use changes in Peninsula Malaysia.

Calibration and Validation of CN Values for Watershed Hydrological Response

The amount of rainfall can be used to estimate the runoff that enters a reservoir. Runoff is influenced by land use, and soil type greatly affects the amount of runoff that will occur. This study discusses the development of a hydrological model with the application of the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC-HMS) in the Karangmumus watershed using soil data that has been verified in the field and divided into soil zones based on soil permeability testing in the laboratory. With the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Geospatial Hydrological Model (HEC-GeoHMS) applications, it is possible to identify the flow of the Karangmumus watershed and the Lempake Dam in Kalimantan by simulating the rain runoff process. The hydrological model was developed in the HEC-HMS by recording daily rainfall events from 2009 to 2019. With a daily period, then, the zoning soil type data was entered based on the results of soil permeability testing with the help of the application of the soil conservation curve method (SCS-CN), then discharge transformation, and calculation of water loss, including routing with Muskingum and SCS-Hydrograph applications. Based on the distribution of the CN value, the theoretical runoff is calculated and then calibrated with the observed discharge in 2017 and 2018, and then validated with the observed discharge in 2019, showing good results with a coefficient of determination between 0.89 to 0.92. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-01-06 Full Text: PDF

MODEL OF LAND USE CHANGE TO THE HYDROLOGY RESPONSE

This research intends to build a model of land use change to the watershed hydrology response and was conducted in the area of Indonesia’s new country capital (IKN Nusantara). The total area of IKN Nusantara (KIKN) is 56,181 ha that includes 7 watersheds that are Sanggai, Trunen, Semuntai, Baruangin, Sepaku, Semoi, and Pemaluan. However, this study will only focus on the flood model in the Government Centre Area (KIPP) with the area is about 6,671 ha and only includes 3 watersheds such as Sanggai, Trunen, and Semuntai. The methodology consists of collecting the hydrology data that are land use, watershed boundary, IKN Nusantara area boundary, soil type, spatial planning (RTRW), observed rainfall station, GPM satellite rainfall. After that, there is carried out the data evaluation to correct the satellite rainfall data to the observed data. There was carried out the analysis about ability to give the recommendation on the boundary of country capital area development based on the consideration of run-off hydrology response that is still suitable with the environmental carrying capacity. The simulation results of the land use model and the rainfall pattern change model are expected to become the boundary in the development design of a city, mainly in the relation to the environmental carrying capacity toward flood, especially to provide a recommendation of new country capital area boundary based on the recommendation of CN value as the run-off hydrology response mainly related to the zone regulation of built up and protected area.

Effect of gastric acid on the surface roughness and bacterial adhesion of bulk-fill composite resins.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of gastric acid on the surface roughness and biofilm formation of bulk-fill composite resins. Twenty-seven samples of each composite resin were obtained: G1: Filtek Z250 XT (Z250), G2: Filtek Bulk Fill (FTK), G3: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TTC), and G4: Aura Bulk Fill (AUR). The samples were quantitatively analyzed for surface roughness (Ra) using a roughness tester (n=15) and for biofilm formation (Cn) by the counting of colony-forming units (CFUs/mL) (n=9) in three different moments: after polishing (Ra0 and Cn0), after gastric acid immersion (Ra1 and Cn1), and after gastric acid and simulated tooth brushing (Ra2 and Cn2). Qualitative analysis through surface topography (n=3) was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ra values were subjected to two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test. Cn values were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis analysis, followed by multiple comparisons analysis (α=0.05). Z250 and FTK showed significant increases in surface roughness at Ra1. There were fewer CFUs/mL on TTC and AUR in relation to those of Z250 and FTK for Cn0, Cn1 and Cn2. The SEM images showed that gastric acid increased the formation of cracks, exposure of fillers and micro cavities for all composite resins. After tooth brushing, the topographical changes were more evident but did not influence biofilm formation. The gastric acid promoted both degradation of the surfaces and bacterial adhesion for all composite resins.

Simulation of Rainfall-Runoff in the Diyala River Basin in Iraq using Hydrological Model by HMS with remote sensing, Geo-HMS and ArcGIS

In Iraq, the Diyala River (DR) occasionally experiences both droughts and floods. The DR is supplying the amount of water to Tigris River at the south of Baghdad. Estimation of runoff from precipitation is very important because of its impact on decision-making in water resources management. The conceptual and distributed hydrological model was adopted and by HEC-HMS, Geo-HMS, and GIS software, remote digital elevation models were processed. The sensitivity, calibration, and validation were made through the period 2017-2021. The estimated CN values were from 60 to 100 with distributed related ratios between 0.6% to 52.8%. The differences between the observed and estimated inlet discharge of Hemrin Dam were for (+0.1 to -0.2) % with some more at peak discharge point. The HEC-HMS, using data from NASA and FAO, was acceptable model. The results with an accuracy of 95%, which is indicated by the value of R2 and PBIAS indicators.