Cm For Plant Height Research Articles

Diversity and Life History Traits of Native Weed Communities in Agricultural Areas: A Case Study in Eastern China.

Native weeds have a long history of adaptation to local environments. Understanding the relationship between the occurrence of native weeds and their life history traits is crucial for effective weed management and risk assessment of plant invasions. In this study, we surveyed native weed species and their dominance across 666 field sites in agricultural areas of Yangzhou City, China, and each site was 13.3 hectares in area. A total of 287 native weed species were recorded, referring to 63 families, among which 45% were 50-100 cm in plant height and 47% were of an erect life type. In terms of the proportions out of the total native weed occurrence dominance, Poaceae, Compositae, and Fabaceae weeds accounted for 30%, 13%, and 11%; liana and perennials both occupied 32%; and aquatic, hygrophyte, sun plant, and shade plant all occupied < 10%. Additionally, the proportions increased with increasing seed production per plant and with increasing weediness reported worldwide. Native weed groups holding moderate vegetative reproduction abilities, moderate seed sizes, or herbicide resistance showed higher proportions. Moreover, most of the native weeds surveyed were not succulent or thorny plants and did not hold thorns, awns, obvious hairs, or mucilage on their fruits.

Evaluation and characterization of TILLING-based putative mutant populations of papaya cv. Arka Prabhath

Manifestation of virus resistance, shelf-life with dwarf stature are important pre-requisites for successful cultivation of papaya in India as it facilitates improved production, productivity and reduced post-harvest loss. One of the methods to create variability is to use mutagens in selected cultivar of papaya. Accordingly, the TILLING-based mutant populations of papaya cv. Arka Prabhath were generated through irradiation of gamma rays ranging from 50 to 500 Gy dosage. In this experiment, the putative mutant populations were evaluated and characterized based on morphological, fruit quality and physiological parameters. Desirable traits such as early flowering, reduced plant height and bearing height, papaya ring spot virus tolerant plants and fruits with extended shelf life were observed in the mutant population. Early flowering and reduced plant height with wide variation was found at 50 Gy wherein the first flowering was on 57 days with 43 cm of plant height in contrast to 80 days in control plants with 79 cm of plant height. Reduced bearing height (40 cm) was observed in 100 Gy with a mean bearing height of 70.65 cm in comparison to control plants (72.97 cm), range being 55 to 115 cm. Further, based on morphological traits twenty-one lines were selected for physiological and fruit quality trait evaluation. Reduction in physiological loss in weight, ethylene evolution rate and respiration rate were observed in the mutant lines treated with 150 Gy dosage. The results advocate the efficacy of gamma induced mutation for developing dwarf cultivar with improved quality and shelf-life of fruits.

Tek Yıllık Yabani Ayçiçeği Türlerinin Tarla Koşullarında Bazı Morfolojik, Fenolojik ve Agronomik Karakterleri Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

New gene sources are needed for adaptation to climatic changes, resistance to the regeneration of diseases and pests, and achieving high heterosis in sunflower breeding. Wild species are the most important gene sources for sunflower breeding studies. For breeding studies, it is necessary to know the morphological, Phenological, and agronomic characteristics of these genotypes in field conditions. The aim of this research was to determine these components of annual wild sunflower (Helianthus) species under field conditions in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons for new gene sources. In this research, H. agrestis, H. annuus (4 different genotypes), H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. bolanderi, H. debilis (ssp. debilis, ssp. cucumerifolius, ssp. silvestris, ssp. tardiflorus and ssp. vestitus subspecies), H. deserticola, H. exilis, H. neglectus, H. niveus (ssp. niveus, ssp. canescens and ssp. tephrodes subspecies) H. petiolaris (ssp. petiolaris (2 different genotypes) and ssp. fallax subspecies), H. porteri, and H. praecox (ssp. praecox (2 different genotypes), ssp. hirtus, and ssp. runyani subspecies) were used as material. In this study, determined characters on annual wild sunflower genotypes were plant height, primary branches number, secondary branches number per primary branches, plant spreading diameter, the number of days from planting to first flowering, the number of days from planting to 50 % flowering, the number of days from planting to the end of flowering, the number of days of the flowering period, main stem diameter, head diameter, 1000 seeds weight, and seed yield. Year factor had a significant effect on these characters except plant height. Genotype had a significant effect on all characters in both years except seed width in 2013. In both years, the highest values for seed yield, 100 seed weight, head diameter, and main stem diameter were obtained in wild H. annuus genotypes while H. argophyllus had the highest values for plant height and primary branches number, and the highest days numbers from planting to first and 50% flowering. In the first and second growing seasons; values of the genotypes changed between 61.33 and 325.67 cm for plant height, between 0.73 and 101.20 g for thousand seed weight, between 97 and 223 days for the time from planting to 50% flowering, between 50 and 171 days for the flowering period, between 5.0 and 800.70 units for the number of plant heads, between 1.57 and 233.20 g for plant grain yields.

The impact of disc piowing depth and varying quantities of perlite on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated.

The field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season of 2021-2022 in the AlMajd area, located north of Samawah city. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of plowing depths and perlite on various soil characteristics, as well as the growth and yield of wheat. This was achieved through a factorial experiment design, employing the split plot design and utilizing the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The experimental design incorporated two independent variables the first factor in the experiment pertains to plowing depths, which were categorized into three levels: 0 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm. These levels were coded as D0, D1, and D2, respectively. The second factor involves the addition of perlite mineral, which was examined at four different levels: 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. These levels were coded as P0, P1, P2, and P3, respectively. The experimental land was divided into slabs, and wheat seeds of the Barcelona variety were sown on November 15, 2021. The harvest was conducted on April 20, 2022. Upon doing an analysis of the obtained data, the subsequent findings emerged: The study investigated the impact of different levels of perlite on the enhancement of vegetative growth parameters, specifically the number of tillers, plant height, and flag leaf area, throughout two stages: growth and tillering. The results showed that at the P2 level, the average values for tiller number, plant height, and flag leaf area were 12.03 tillers per plant, 89.93 cm in height, and 66.89 cm2 , respectively. The impact of plowing depth on the enhancement of vegetative characteristics, such as the number of tillers, plant height, and flag leaf area, was seen during the growth and tillering stages at the D2 level. The respective values for these attributes were 14.50 tillers per plant, 94.90 cm in plant height, and 82.24 cm 2 in flag leaf area. The rise in yield characteristics, such as spike length and total yield, throughout the harvesting stage was influenced by the levels of perlite. Specifically, at the P2 level, the spike length and total yield were measured to be 13.94 cm and 7.40 tons H-1, respectively. The rise in yield characteristics, specifically spike length and total yield, throughout the harvesting stage at the D2 level was influenced by the plowing depths. The spike length and total yield reached values of 14.61 cm and 7.79 ton ha-1, respectively.

Agronomic characterization of pigmented native corn populations (Zea mays L.)

Objective: To characterize agronomically 52 populations of pigmented native corn (Zea mays L.) from Coahuila, Mexico, in order to identify varieties with outstanding agronomic potential and to establish an improvement program with potential for grain yield, with the ability to adapt, and superior nutritional bioactive content. Design/Methodology: Two experiments were evaluated through an incomplete block design in lattice alpha arrangement, in two localities that are representative of the agricultural area of southeastern Coahuila: a) Yellow populations, mostly of Tuxpeño, Ratón and Tuxpeño Norteño; and b) Anthocyanin populations (blue, red and purple), represented primarily by Cónico Norteño, Elotes Cónicos and Ratón. Results: There is an environmental effect that contrasts between localities, with differences in grain yield of up to 78%; 25 days of difference in flowering, 53 cm in plant height, and up to seven plants without cobs. The response was product of the agricultural potential in each locality. The outstanding yellow populations due to their superior yield expression in both localities were the landraces Tuxpeño: COAH068, COAH089, COAH177 and COAH215, and Celaya: COAH075. The outstanding anthocyanin populations were Ratón: COAH23 and COAH203; Elotes Cónicos: COAH246 and COAH019; and Elotes Occidentales: COAH021; in addition, the study found populations adapted to a locality. Conclusion: Among the diversity of the pigmented native corn in Coahuila, there are populations with superior agronomic expression that can be the basis for improving the production, the nutritional quality of the grain, and therefore, of its byproducts.

Determination in Forage Yield and Quality of Chicory and Different Plants Mixtures in Grazing Maturity Period

This study was conducted to determine forage yield and quality of chicory (Cichorium inthybus L.) in a pure stand and a simple pasture (two-species) in the grazing maturity period. The experiment design was a Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The experimental site was located on the grounds of the Ondokuz Mayıs University Agricultural Faculty during the 2017 and 2018 growing periods. In this study, chicory (C), orchardgrass (OG), and red clover (RC) were grown as forage plant materials in a rainfed cropping system in North Türkiye. Simple pastures comprised of 80%C + 20%OG, 60%C +40%OG, 40%C + 60%OG, 20%C + 80%OG, 80%C + 20%RC, 60%C + 40%RC, 40%C + 60%RC, 20%C + 80%RC. Five sequential harvests were made when chicory plants reached 25 cm of plant height in both years. The average plant height ranged from 17.3 to 35.6 cm, and 29.1 to 38.3 cm in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The highest fresh forage yield was determined in red clover mixtures (6519-5443 kg/da) in 2017 and 80%C+20%RC mixture (as 7137 kg/da) in 2018. Total dry matter production was ranged from 216 to 1238 and 279 to 1164 kg/da in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In pure stand chicory pasture, dry matter production was evaluated 216 kg/da in 2017 and 908 kg/da in 2018. Considering the calculated area equivalence ratios (LER) of mixed planting plots in both years and in all forms, it was determined that all mixtures were superior to plain plantings (LER≥1).

Determination of Forage Yield and Other Characteristics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Cultivars Sown at Different Times

In this study, which was carried out in Erzurum conditions to utilize cowpea cultivars and a cowpea landrace sown at different times as feed crops and determine some of their characteristics, 5 genotypes including 4 different cowpea cultivars (Akkız-86, Karagöz-86, Karnıkara, and Ülkem) and 1 landrace (red cowpea) were used, and treatment groups with 3 different sowing times (25 April, 10 May, and 25 May) were formed. The study was conducted with the Randomized Complete Block Design and 4 replicates. According to the results, after the sowing of the cowpea cultivars and landrace at different times, the ranges of the values were 21.50-90.50 cm for plant height, 11.50-25.25 cm for first pod height, 8.25-18.75 cm for pod length, 1.75-19.00 for number of pods, 1.50-13.75 for number of seeds per pod, 935-3537.55 kg/daa for green herbage yield, 157.40-760.38 kg/daa for dry herbage yield, 8.93-12.27% for crude protein ratio, 16.48-26.71% for ADF ratio, and 21.89-36.99% for NDF ratio. Among the sowing times, the dates 25 April and 10 May were prominent. Consequently, the treatment at the sowing time of 25 April was found optimal in terms of the green herbage yield, crude protein ratio, ADF, and NDF values in terms of the identification of sowing times of the plant as a feed crop in Erzurum conditions. Among the cultivars, the Ülkem cultivar and the red cowpea landrace provided the best results as feeds.

THE IMPACT OF RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) AS SOILLESS GROWING MEDIUM ON SAWI CAIXIN GIANT (Brassica parachinensis) GROWTH PERFORMANCE

The Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2), which aims to end hunger, enhance nutrition, and support sustainable agriculture, places a high priority on food security. The amount of rice husk ash (RHA) produced by the process of burning rice husks has increased over time, causing environmental pollution. In modern soilless agriculture, RHA has a significant potential to be used as a fertile and nutrient-rich medium. The Zero Energy Soilless Agriculture (ZESA) System is a revolutionary concept for horticultural plants that might utilize RHA as a soilless growing medium. The effect of growing medium ratio of cocopeat and RHA on plant growth performance of sawi caixin giant (Brassica Parachinensis) using ZESA system over 35 days was investigated in this study. Three different treatments, T1 (1:0), T2 (1:1), and T3 (3:1), on the growing medium ratio of cocopeat and RHA were carried out. The treatments were set up in four replicates of two individuals each using a randomised full block design. The data of plant Growth parameters such as the number of leaves and plant height were recorded every 7 days, and the fresh weight of the plants was taken on harvesting day. FTIR analysis and an elemental analyzer were used to characterise the chemical analyses of cocopeat, RHA, and fertiliser. As shown by the results, T3 treatment increased all plant growth performance parameters compared to T1 control treatment, with a value of 12.02 cm for plant height, 10 leaves, and 33.75g of fresh weight. The plant growth performance of Brassica parachinensis was improved by using a 3:1 ratio of 25% RHA as a soilless growing medium couple with application of rich nitrogen X and Y fertilisers using the ZESA System. Finally, RHA has the potential to be used as a soilless growing medium for many horticulture plants using the ZESA System.

Effect of reclaimed water and dehydrated sludge on the morpho-physiology and yield of sorghum

ABSTRACT The effect on the morpho-physiological parameters and yield of sorghum cultivated in a greenhouse with reclaimed water (RW) and (dehydrated sludge (DS) obtained in a sewage treatment plant, was evaluated. Six treatments (T), with five repetitions each, were carried out in entirely randomized blocks. Water (W) was used in T1 (W) (control), T2 (W + NPK), and T3 (W + DS); RW was used in T4 (RW), T5 (RW + P), and T6 (RW + DS). The results showed that irrigation with only RW (T4), or W + DS (T3) was very suitable for the cultivation since an adequate nutritional supply was provided. The positive effects on the morpho-physiological parameters, plant height, stem diameter and stem length (in cm), were: T3 – 148.8, 1.50, and 103, respectively; T4 – 154, 1.70, and 107, respectively; and on the grain production in weight of 1000 seeds (g), and productivity in grains per plant: T3 – 6.97 and 1453, respectively; T4 – 6.81 and 1636, respectively. Both treatments showed for most of the parameters, no significant differences compared with those of T2 or T5 with supplementary fertilizers. A high production of metabolites (mg g–1) like free amino acids was also shown: T3 – 6.45; T4 – 8.43 and proline: T3 – 1.86; T4 – 1.77, known to be a good indication of a plant natural defence against stress conditions, and in soluble protein: T3 – 11.20; T4 – 13.51. Therefore, since the production of such grains with RW or DS can be environmentally and economically beneficial, their use is recommended for small and medium farmers in semiarid regions.

Análisis de biplot GGE de interacción genotipo por ambiente de cultivares de cebada

This study was conducted out to determine grain yield, yield components, and some quality charecteristics of 17 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes at six environments in Thrace region of Turkey, using principal component analysis (PCA) and genotype (G) + genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis to define the genotypes with higher yield and desirable quality traits during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 cropping seasons. Mean values of the genotypes varied from 5106-6753 kg.ha-1 for grain yield, 103.4-117.1 days for heading date, 94.6-110.3 cm for plant height, 6.26-10.07 cm for spike length, 25.0-75.5 number of grains per spike, 1.20-2.99 g grain weight per spike, 35.0-50.5 g for thousand kernel and weight, 56.4-64.1 kg.hl-1 for test weight. The relationships among the examined traits and genotypes was 53.9 % as defined by PC biplot analyses. GGE biplot analysis represented 94.77 % of the relationship of G + GE for grain yield. Two mega circles were formed according to grain yield, Zeus genotype for E1, E2 and E5 locations and Arcanda genotype for E3, E4 and E6 locations were determined as prominent genotypes. Zeus and Arcanda cultivars have been identified as the most ideal and stable genotypes.

Field Emergence Test in Relation to Laboratory Seed Quality Tests of Sweet Corn Seed

High quality seeds of sweet corn will lead to high productivity. The quality of seeds can be known through germination testing. The field emergence test is one of seed quality testing with approach to a new method of quality testing in the field. The aims to study seed testing with the approach of field emergence method and finds out its relationship with the germination and vigor tests. This research used randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven replications on each variety. Field emergence test was carried out by observing the number of open leaves and plant height while laboratory seed quality tests were assessed using standard germination test and accelerated ageing (AA) vigor test. The result showed that the field emergence test observed at 14 days after planting (DAP) gave a clear distinction of normal and abnormal plants, with a criteria normal plant had a criterion 3-4 open leaves and 16.9 ± 2.9 cm in plant height while abnormal had less than 3 leaves and short plant height. Field emergence percentage was calculated by the number of normal plants. There was a correlation at each time of observation of field emergence with germination and vigor tests result.

Determination of Agricultural Performances of Different Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) Genotypes in Erzurum Conditions

Satureja hortensis L. dünya üzerinde geniş bir coğrafyada doğal olarak yetişen ve ciddi varyasyon gösteren önemli bir tıbbi aromatik bitkidir. Bu araştırma 2016 yılında, İran’ın farklı lokasyonlarından 14 (İsfahan, Ahvaz, Colfa, Tebriz, Salmas, Azerşehr, Karac, Nagade, Kazerun, Tahran, Erdebil, Khoy, Urmiye, Şahindej) ve Türkiye’den bir adet (Konya) olmak üzere 15 farklı Satureja hortensis L. genotipinin Erzurum ekolojik koşullarında adaptasyon ve bazı tarımsal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme “Şansa Bağlı Tam Bloklar” deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre Satureja hortensis L. genotiplerin bitki boyu 29.42-40.83 cm; çiçeklenme süresi 73.80-91.25 gün; dal sayısı 18.33-20.95 adet bitki-1; kuru herba verimi 425-610.21 kg da-1; yeşil herba verimi 1304-1671 kg da-1, tohum verimi 40-140 kg da-1; bin tane ağırlığı 0.4-0.7 g; uçucu yağ verimi 2.9-7.11 kg da-1 ve uçucu yağ oranı % 0.72-1.14 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Genotiplerin bitki boyu, çiçeklenme süresi, tohum verimi ve bin tane ağırlığı bakımından istatistiki olarak önemli farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Satureja hortensis L. genotiplerin tamamının bölge koşullarında kolaylıkla yetişebileceği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre kuru herba verimi, uçucu yağ oranı ve uçucu yağ verimi açısından Türkiye; yeşil herba verimi bakımından Khoy; tohum verimi bakımından ise Azerşehr genotipi en iyi performansı göstermiştir. Satureja hortensis L. Erzurum dahil Türkiye’nin birçok yerinde doğal bitki örtüsünde yer almasına karşın kültürü yapılmayan bir bitkidir. Bu bağlamda deneme koşullarında yürütülen bu tür çalışmalar bitkinin performansının ve özelliklerinin ortaya konması ve kültüre alınmasının sağlanması yönünde gerçekleştirilmiş önemli bir adım olarak görülebilir.

A miniaturized phenotyping platform for individual plants using multi-view stereo 3D reconstruction.

Plant phenotyping is essential in plant breeding and management. High-throughput data acquisition and automatic phenotypes extraction are common concerns in plant phenotyping. Despite the development of phenotyping platforms and the realization of high-throughput three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition in tall plants, such as maize, handling small-size plants with complex structural features remains a challenge. This study developed a miniaturized shoot phenotyping platform MVS-Pheno V2 focusing on low plant shoots. The platform is an improvement of MVS-Pheno V1 and was developed based on multi-view stereo 3D reconstruction. It has the following four components: Hardware, wireless communication and control, data acquisition system, and data processing system. The hardware sets the rotation on top of the platform, separating plants to be static while rotating. A novel local network was established to realize wireless communication and control; thus, preventing cable twining. The data processing system was developed to calibrate point clouds and extract phenotypes, including plant height, leaf area, projected area, shoot volume, and compactness. This study used three cultivars of wheat shoots at four growth stages to test the performance of the platform. The mean absolute percentage error of point cloud calibration was 0.585%. The squared correlation coefficient R2 was 0.9991, 0.9949, and 0.9693 for plant height, leaf length, and leaf width, respectively. The root mean squared error (RMSE) was 0.6996, 0.4531, and 0.1174 cm for plant height, leaf length, and leaf width. The MVS-Pheno V2 platform provides an alternative solution for high-throughput phenotyping of low individual plants and is especially suitable for shoot architecture-related plant breeding and management studies.

EVALUATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES: GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND GGE BIPLOT ANALYSIS

This research was carried out to evaluate the grain yield, yield traits and some quality characteristics of 18 bread wheat genotypes in seven different locations in Thrace region using principal component analysis and genotype + genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis to determine the genotypes with high yield and desired quality characteristics during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 cropping years. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions were found statistically significant at p≤0.01 level for all investigated traits. Mean values of the genotypes varied between 4841-6807 kg ha-1 for grain yield, 118.6-131.6 days for heading date, 80.4-104.7 cm for plant height, 7.7-10.4 cm for spike length, 16.4-20.3 for number of spikelets per spike, 16.4-20.3 number of grains per spike, 1.49-2.41 g grain weight per spike, 72-77.8 kg hl-1 for test weight and 36.6-45.3 g for thousand kernel weight. Principal component biplot analyzes explained the relationships between the investigated traits and genotypes at a ratio of 60.9%. It was observed that there was a positive and significant relationship between grain yield and test weight, a negative relationship with grain yield and spike length and grain weight per spike. GGE biplot analysis explained 82.65% of the relationship of genotype + genotype x environment for grain yield. According to the GGE biplot analysis two mega environments were determined and Lucilla and Glosa genotypes took place in the biggest mega environment consisted of four environments as superior genotypes.

Morphological Characterization of Tulip Cultivars at 1587m above Mean Sea Level under Kashmir Himalayas

Morphological characterization of tulip cultivars was carried out during 2018-19 at Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture SKUAST- K Shalimar with an objective to assess the genetic diversity on the basis of qualitative and quantitative traits of growth, flowering and propagation ratio. Results based on analysis of variance depict sufficient genetic diversity among the genotypes. The variability response for minimum to maximum values ranged (92.00 to 107.00) for days to bulb sprouting after planting (117.00 to 164.00) for days to flowering,( 4.70 to 8.20 cm) for flower diameter, (9.00 to 18.00) days for duration of flowering, (23.13 to 72.22) cm for Plant Height (cm), 3.5 to 6.50 for number of leaves per plant, (1.13 to 1.72) for number of bulbs plant-1- and 12.30 to 21.20g for bulb weight plant-1. However minimum days to sprouting 92.00 were recorded after planting resulted with cultivar first Sprout and also maximum days (107.00) were recorded with Royal virgin. Maximum days taken to flowering (164.00) were noticed with La courtine and minimum (117.00) with Royal virgin. Highest values for flower diameter 8.20 cm were recorded with Antartica whereas lowest (4.70cm) with Royal virgin. Duration of flowering resulted maximum18.00 days with cultivar La courtine and minimum 9.00 days with Royal virgin. Plant height (72.22cm), number of leaves (6.50) were observed maximum with cultivar La courtine where as minimum (23.13 cm) and (3.5 cm) respectively with Royal virgin. Maximum number ofbulbsplant-11.72 &amp; Bulb weight plant-1 (21.20gm) were recorded with cultivar Happy generation where as minimum values (1.13 &amp; 12.30gm) respectively with cultivar Royal virgin. It was concluded that highly significant varietal differences indicated the presence of high amount of variability. This morphological variability delaminated cultivars First proud, Happy generation Purple prince, Royal virgin, Triple A in early group, Antartica, Avenue, Darwiorange, Niigata (mid cultivars) and La courtine as late flowering cultivar.

Growth response of Echinacea purpurea (L) Moench to biochar types and hormone doses

Purple Cone Flower (Echinacea purpurea) is one of the introduced medicinal plants originating from America which has its native habitat growing in subtropical countries with optimal growth conditions of low temperature and full sun exposure. Problems that occur in climate change between subtropics and tropics, especially in Indonesia will have an impact on the less than optimal growth and development of plants so that it will reduce the production and quality of ekinase yields. One way to improve ekinase can suitable in Indonesia (especially in the lowlands) is by adding biochar as a soil enhancer and hormones. The aims to study the interaction between the addition of biochar and the level of hormone dose on the growth rate of ekinase. The research method used a Split-Plot Completely Randomized Block Design. The results show the interaction between the type of biochar and hormone dose. The best results were shown in the treatment of giving husk charcoal and 6 ml/L hormones of 27.67 cm for plant height and 89.67 cm2 for leaf area. The formation of the highest number of leaves was 26 in the treatment of husk charcoal and hormone 2 ml/L. The best results were wood charcoal and hormone treatment 6 ml/L of 0.1467 for the rate of photosynthesis and 0.02937 for the rate of transpiration. Treatment with a dose of 6 ml/L hormone can optimize the growth rate of ekinase.

Adaptation of Three Local Garlics (Allium sativum L.) in Napu Plateau Central Sulawesi

One of the challenges in developing garlic in Indonesia is increasing its competitiveness. It means that the price and quality must be able to compete with imported garlic. Apart from that, productivity also needs to be increased. Currently, the national demand for garlic is estimated at 539.3 thousand tons per year (2016-2019), where domestic production only reaches 134.7 tons. Therefore, the rest number is fulfilled by importing. This condition has spurred many parties to take part in supporting the garlic development program, including the Central Sulawesi provincial government. Napu Plateau in Poso District Central Sulawesi Province is an area above 1000 meter of sea level and has A rain type with agro-climatic zone A1. This condition is very suitable for the development of vegetable crops, including garlic. The research objective was to determine the adaptability of three local varieties of garlic. The activity was carried out in Watumaeta Village, North Lore Subdistrict, Poso District, Central Sulawesi in April-July 2020. The study used a Randomized Block Design with treatments of three local varieties of garlic, namely Lumbu Hijau, Sembalun and Tinombo. Number of repetitions were five units. Observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter, bulb diameter, bulb weight, and number of cloves. The results showed that the garlic varieties have no significant effect on all observed parameters, except stem diameter, bulb dry weight and number of cloves. Those three local varieties have average number 54,70-58,18 cm of plant height; 7,70-8,08 of leaves; 0,35-0,42 cm of stem diameter; 2,41-2,78 cm of cloves diameter; bulb dry weight 11,92-17,09 gram; 4,10-4,90 of number of cloves. Among the three local varieties, Tinombo from Parigi Moutong District was superior compare to the other two varieties.

Efficiency Improvement of Ground-Mounted Solar Power Generation in Agrivoltaic System by Cultivation of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.) Under the Panels

An agrivoltaic system is a combination of solar power generation and crop production that has the potential to increase the value of land. The system was carried out at a 25-kW photovoltaic (PV) power plant located at the Asian Development College for Community Economy and Technology (adiCET), Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Thailand. The growth and yield of bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.) and the solar power output were investigated and compared with the control. Moreover, the efficiency of the agrivoltaic system was evaluated. The results indicated that the average intensity of solar radiation of 569 W/m2 was obtained. The highest power generation was recorded in the PV with crop production of 2.28 kW. Furthermore, the control plot of crop production at 35 days provided higher growth than bok choy plots under solar panels of 2.1 cm in plant height, 6 in leaf number, 2.2 cm in leaf length and 0.2 cm in leaf wide. High-yield of bok choy was also obtained in the control plot of 17.31 kg. Although the yield of bok choy is extremely low, possibly because of light intensity, crop cultivation under solar panels could reduce the module temperature to less than the PV control of 0.18 °C, resulting in increased voltage and power generation by around 0.09 %. Therefore, an agrivoltaic system is another option for increasing revenue and land equivalent ratio in solar power plants focusing only on electricity generation. However, suitable crops for the space under PV panels should be investigated further.

Acclimatization of Tissue Culture Pineapple Plantlet Using Semi-Autotrophic Hydroponics Technique in Comparison with Other Conventional Substrates

Aims: Previously conventional substrates consisting of topsoil mixtures have produced low yield and low survival rate of the tissue culture plantlets. Semi-Autotrophic Hydroponics (SAH) technique is being compared with Sawdust (SD) and Topsoil (TS) as a suitable method of acclimatization and further rooting of the plantlets. This research is aimed at optimizing the protocol for acclimatization of tissue culture pineapple plantlets.&#x0D; Study Design: Experimental Research Design.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Biotechnology Research Unit, Tissue Culture Laboratory, National Horticultural Research Institute, Jericho-Idi-Ishin, Ibadan. Feb 2021 – April 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The technique employed was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 10 samples per treatment in 6 replicates. 5 treatments were investigated in this research. Data analysis was done with the use of SAS statistical analysis software (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Fresh crowns of Ananas comosus (pineapple) were extracted and were cultivated in test tubes containing full MS media. The plantlets were sub-cultured twice, after which they were taken into the hardening chamber. The plantlets were acclimatized in the Semi-Autotrophic Hydroponics substrate and other substrates – Topsoil(TS), Sawdust(SD), Sawdust + Topsoil (3:1), and Sawdust + Topsoil (1:3).&#x0D; Results: The result shows that the mean difference in Plant Height and Root Length for SAH substrate was significant as against other substrates used in this study (p&lt;0.05) with SAH having the highest value of 3.50cm for plant height and 2.53cm for root length. A 100% survival rate was observed for the plantlets grown SAH media as compared to the ones acclimatized on Topsoil and Sawdust combinations which showed a 50% survival rate. There was no significant difference in the number of leaves among all the groups of substrates.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, SAH media is a very effective media for the hardening and acclimatization of micro-propagated plantlets.

USE OF RHIZOBIUMBACTERIA TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF FIVE TROPICAL LEGUMES WITH FORAGE POTENTIAL

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of the application of Rhizobium bacteria in the biomass production of forage legumes. Rhizobiumstrains were isolated and selected from the rhizosphere of five forage species. Characterization and subsequent cultivation were carried out to inoculate plants in a greenhouse. Subsequently, the biofertilizer was prepared to apply it to five forage legumes: C. ternatea, L. leucocephala, C. macrocarpum, M. pruriens and C. cajan. Plants were germinated in petri dishes and on substrate, after 10 days of germination, they were transplanted into Leonards Jugs and watered with distilled water. The plants were placed in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The evaluations were carried out every week measuring plant heightand at the end of the experiment root weigh, dry matter of aerial part and radicular volume. The best values obtained were in M. pruriens which showed from 49 to 50 cm of plant height. For cross inoculation in weight variable was observed that the strains from C. ternatea and L. leucocephala showed the best results with 0.22 and 0.25 g/plant respectively. Although the best data of dry matter of aerial part was observed in L. leucocephalawith 0.40 g, better response of Radicular volume and plant height was observed in strains that came from C. ternatea with 2 mL and 7 cm respectively. In this study it can be conclude that the use of biofertilizers can be an alternative for low-cost forage production, as long as it contains Rhizobium strains capable of associating with legumes and fixing atmospheric nitrogen.