Cm Of Muscle Research Articles

Immunological status of some edible fishes exposed to parasitic infections in relation to heavy metals pollution.

In this study, six heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Mn) have been measured in water, and muscles from mullet (Mugil cephalus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) collected from Lake Manzal, Egypt.In addition, the existence of different encysted metacercariae in fish muscle with an evaluation of cell-mediated immune response in infected muscles was also investigated. Water samples generally contained less than the permissible level of heavy metals.The metal accumulation levels in muscle were: Pb > Ni > Cd > Cu > Fe > Mn. The levels of Pb and Ni in the muscles exceed the permissible limits, while the concentration of Mn varied significantly (p < 0.05) depending on fish species.Based on the estimated weekly intake in this study, the EWI values of these heavy metals are below the established Provisional Permissible Tolerable Weekly Intake. On the other hand, Prohemistomum vivax encysted metacercaria were found in the muscle of O. niloticus and C. gariepinus with the intensity of 1-10 cyst per 1cm of muscle. While M. cephalus was found to be infected with Heterophyes heterophyes EMC. TNF- α1 was 10 folds upregulated in O. niloticus than in control fish. IL-1β expression in O. niloticus was upregulated by 15 folds compared with the control one. By examining C. gariepinus, the MHC II gene expression was increased by 15-fold in comparison to the control group.

Anterolateral Thigh Myocutaneous Flap for Reconstruction of a Large Anterior Neck Sinus Caused by Tuberculous Lymphadenitis: a Case Report

Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem and persistent lymphadenitis or incorrect treatment may result in sinus formation. We present a case of a large anterior neck sinus caused by tuberculous lymphadenitis. We designed an anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap with 6 × 5 cm of skin and 10 × 7 cm of muscle for the reconstruction of the large sinus. The descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and 2 venae comitantes were anastomosed with superior thyroid arteries and two anterior neck veins. The patient experienced complete survival of the flap and did not complain of any discomfort. The donor site healed well, and weakness of the lower limb was absent. In conclusion, an anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap is a good choice for the reconstruction of a neck sinus caused by tuberculous lymphadenitis.

METAMATERIAL ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR IMPROVED UNIFORMITY OF MICROWAVE HYPERTHERMIA TREATMENTS

2 Abstract |Current microwave hyperthermia applicators are not well suited for uniform heating of large tissue regions. The objective of this research is to identify an optimal microwave antenna array for clinical use in hyperthermia treatment of cancer. For this aim we present a novel 434 MHz applicator design based on a metamaterial zeroth order mode resonator, which is used to build larger array congurations. These applicators are designed to effectively heat large areas extending deep below the body surface and in this work they are characterized with numerical simulations in a homogenous muscle tissue model. Their performance is evaluated using three metrics: radiation pattern-based Effective Field Size (EFS), temperature distribution-bas Therapeutic Thermal Area (TTA), and Therapeutic Thermal Volume (TTV) reaching 41{45 ◦ C. For 2 � 2 and 2 � 3 array congurations, the EFS reaching > 25% of maximum SAR in the 3.5 cm deep plane is 100% and 91% of the array aperture area, respectively. The corresponding TTA for these arrays is 95% and 86%, respectively; and the TTV attaining > 41 ◦ C is over 85% of the aperture area to a depth of over 3 cm in muscle, using

Subtotal Resection of Gastrocnemius Muscles for Hypertrophic Muscular Calves in Asians

Many Asian women are bothered by plump calves, which they consider to be unsightly. In the past, liposuction was frequently performed to treat oversized legs, but little effect could be obtained if the condition was caused by hypertrophy of calf muscles. Gastrocnemius muscle resection for hypertrophic muscular calves was performed in 20 patients at Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital from May of 2001 through September of 2004. One patient underwent resection of the medial head only, two underwent total resection of both medial and lateral heads, and the other 17 patients underwent subtotal resection with preservation of the proximal 4 to 6 cm of muscle of both heads. The resected gastrocnemius muscle weighed from 250 to 430 g per calf (mean, 343 g). The maximal calf circumference was between 32 and 41 cm (average, 35.2 cm) preoperatively and 26 and 35 cm (average, 30.5 cm) postoperatively. Calf reduction was 3.5 to 7 cm (average, 4.7 cm), or 10.1 to 21.2 percent (average, 13.3 percent). Two patients developed seroma and three developed late hematoma. One patient had dragging of one foot because of incidental severance of the nerve to the soleus muscle that lasted for 6 months, until complete recovery occurred. No patient complained of functional deficits during gait or sports activities after 3 to 6 months. Subtotal resection of both heads of the gastrocnemius muscle can result in satisfactory calf reduction without impairment of leg function and avoid hollow deformity in the popliteal fossa. Five patients still had scar problems during the short-term follow-up period, but all were rather satisfied with their reduced calf sizes.

APONEUROSIS LENGTH AND FASCICLE INSERTION ANGLES OF THE BICEPS BRACHII

Magnetic resonance images and ultrasound images were used to examine the architecture of the distal biceps brachii muscle in 12 unimpaired subjects. The distal biceps brachii tendon continued as an internal aponeurosis that spanned 34± 4% of the length of the biceps brachii long head muscle on average. The distal muscle fascicles inserted at angles to this aponeurosis; fascicles anterior to the aponeurosis inserted at a significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) angle (17°) than the fascicles posterior to the aponeurosis (14°) in the distal 2 cm of muscle when the elbow was extended. Mean fascicle insertion angles were on average 3–4° greater with the elbow flexed 90° against a 5% maximum voluntary contraction load as compared to their values with the elbow extended. These data provide the basis for designing experiments to measure muscle and tendon motion in vivo.

Large-volume tissue ablation with radio frequency by using a clustered, internally cooled electrode technique: laboratory and clinical experience in liver metastases.

To evaluate whether coagulation necrosis achievable with radio-frequency (RF) ablation can be increased by using a cluster of closely spaced electrodes. RF was applied to ex vivo liver (n = 68), in vivo liver (n = 12), and in vivo muscle (n = 15) by using a cluster array of three separate internally cooled electrodes spaced 0.5 cm apart. The diameter of coagulation necrosis achieved with optimal RF deposition (1,400-2,150 peak mA) for 5-60 minutes of RF application was determined for electrode tip lengths of 1.5-3.0 cm and compared with that obtained by using a single electrode and otherwise similar technique. Ten patients with solitary intrahepatic colorectal metastases were also treated by using cluster electrode RF ablation. In ex vivo liver, simultaneous RF application to electrode clusters for 15, 30, and 45 minutes produced 4.7 cm +/- 0.1, 6.2 cm +/- 0.1, and 7.0 cm +/- 0.2 of coagulation necrosis, respectively. In in vivo liver and muscle, RF applied to electrode clusters for 12 minutes yielded 3.1 cm +/- 0.2 and 7.6 cm +/- 0.4 of coagulation, respectively. RF application to a single electrode produced maximal coagulation of 2.9 cm in ex vivo liver, 1.8 cm in in vivo liver, and 4.3 cm in muscle (P < .01, all tissues). In colorectal metastases, a single 12-15-minute application of RF to an electrode cluster induced 4.5-7.0 cm of coagulation necrosis. Simultaneous RF application to a cluster of three closely spaced internally cooled electrodes enables a larger volume of coagulation in ex vivo liver, in vivo tissues, and hepatic colorectal metastases than previously reported.

A microcirurgia em reconstrução mamária. O retalho livre miocutâneo do recto anterior do abdomén.

The advantages of the free TRAM flap over the conventional Tram flap are known. The use of its main pedicle--the deep inferior epigastric system--improves the blood supply, decreasing the risk of skin and fat necrosis. The harvesting of 5-7 cm of muscle, and the preservation of its lateral border decreases the risk of abdominal wall bulge or hernias. Delayed breast reconstructions in patients submitted to radiotherapy were performed by end to side anastomosis between flap vessels and axillary vessels, avoiding the thoracodorsal irradiated vessels, and improving the blood flow. Ten patients were submitted to breast reconstruction by free TRAM flaps. There was one total flap necrosis, and one delayed healing around the periumbilical suture. Neither skin nor fat necrosis were seen. One patient developed an abdominal wall bulge. Two patients presenting tumor metastasis abandoned the plastic surgery outpatient clinic. Two patients refused the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) reconstruction. The outcome of five NAC reconstructions was very good, breasts being symmetrical without an opposite breast operation.

Extensor indicis proprius syndrome: A case report

A 24-year-old right-handed carpenter complained of a 4-month history of pain on the dorsum of his right distal forearm. The pain was mild at rest and severe upon performing heavy work. On physical examination, he was found to have minimal swelling on the dorsum of the distal third of the forearm. The swelling became more prominent when he made a fist. It was moderately tender to palpation. He had no pain when he made a tight fist with the wrist in neut r a l or when he flexed the wrist with fingers extended. When he was asked to flex the wrist actively or passively and flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, he developed severe pain localized to the dorsum of the forearm. MRI of the forearm showed hypertrophy of the EIP muscle (Fig. 1). At surgery, a thickened fourth extensor compartment was released and was noted to be 3 cm long. With the wrist and fingers in neutral position, 0.5 cm of EIP muscle extended into the fourth extensor compartment (Fig. 2A). When the wrist was flexed 60 ~ 1 cm of the muscle extended into the compartment (Fig. 2B). When the wrist and index finger were fully flexed, 2 cm of the muscle extended into the compar tment (Fig. 2C). The muscle belly of the EIP appeared hypertrophied but was of normal color and consistency. No significant tenosynovitis of EIP or extensor digitorum communis tendons was found. The wound was closed without closing the extensor retinaculum, and the wrist was splinted for 1 week. Active finger exercises were encouraged within pain tolerance the day after surgery. The patient was painfree and had full range of motion of the wrist at the 1 year follow-up examination. He had no subluxation of the extensor tendons on wrist extension. The grip strength was strong and equal on both sides.

Neuromuscular diseases: evaluation with high-frequency sonography.

Forty-four patients with clinically suspected neuromuscular disease and 12 healthy volunteers underwent high-frequency ultrasound examination of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and biceps brachii muscles, and the number of perimysial septa was determined. These numbers and muscle/soft-tissue ratios of the lower extremity were compared. Findings were correlated with results of muscle biopsy in all patients with suspected disease. Using the number of perimysial septa in the lower extremity, the authors found significant differences between the muscles of healthy volunteers and those of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophies, other muscular dystrophies, and spinal muscular atrophies: The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that an average of 12 perimysial septa within 1 cm of muscle is the ideal cutoff value to differentiate subjects without morphologic changes from those with pathologic findings. The authors conclude that this measurement is useful for differentiation of neuromuscular diseases and may be a noninvasive, reproducible means with which to evaluate disease progression.

A comment on spectral transmittance in mammalian skeletal muscle.

AbstractSpectral transmittance studies, related to photoradiation therapy light dosage, were carried out in vitro on mammalian skeletal muscle with expanded beam, broad band, white light (420‐1100 nm). Spectra were collected by an EG&amp;G 550/555 spectroradiometer with a 550‐2A silicon detector. Bovine striated muscle imposes heavy absorption and distinct spectral structure, reflecting tissue absorption maxima at short wavelengths. Transmission above 650 nm is improved by a 10' factor, relative to blue light, in 1 cm of muscle. Half value layers were 0.82 mm in the 630 nm region, and were sensitive to tissue composition. Bovine muscle exhibited spectral effects related to the cadaver studies done by Wan et at. (1981b) but show singular differences, due primarily to complex tissue composition encountered in cadaver wall measurements, as contrasted with simple muscle. Spectral transmittance is a function of wavelength, tissue type and thickness.