Cm Of Error Research Articles

Empowering intelligent manufacturing with edge computing: A portable diagnosis and distance localization approach for bearing faults

Recent intelligent diagnostic algorithms for industrial practice have achieved impressive results. However, due to safety considerations, complex environments and deployment cost constraints in real industrial production, there are still some challenges in the form of edge computing as a vehicle. Therefore, this work proposes a fault diagnosis and distance localization model and deploys the model on edge computing devices for real-time fault diagnosis and distance localization. Lightweight is achieved by modifying the embedding module of the Transformer module as well as self-attention (MFLOPs: 0.487, Params: 6.148 k). Simultaneously, the introduction of Ddformable Concolution in self-attention and multidimensional output in decoding achieves strong robustness (95.92% of accuracy and ± 1.32 cm of error in the noise environments with SNR of −10 dB to 10 dB). Finally, this method was deployed on two edge computing devices for real-time diagnosis (FPS: 34 and 38). As the first attempt to explore the feasibility of deploying fault diagnosis and distance location strategies in edge computing devices, this work not only provides a novel solution for the challenge in industrial practice, but also is expected to promote the process of advanced information processing technology from theoretical design to industrial practice.

Estimation of morphological traits of foliage and effective plant spacing in NFT-based aquaponics system

Deep learning and computer vision techniques have gained significant attention in the agriculture sector due to their non-destructive and contactless features. These techniques are also being integrated into modern farming systems, such as aquaponics, to address the challenges hindering its commercialization and large-scale implementation. Aquaponics is a farming technology that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and soilless hydroponics agriculture, that promises to address food security issues. To complement the current research efforts, a methodology is proposed to automatically measure the morphological traits of crops such as width, length and area and estimate the effective plant spacing between grow channels. Plant spacing is one of the key design parameters that are dependent on crop type and its morphological traits and hence needs to be monitored to ensure high crop yield and quality which can be impacted due to foliage occlusion or overlapping as the crop grows. The proposed approach uses Mask-RCNN to estimate the size of the crops and a mathematical model to determine plant spacing for a self-adaptive aquaponics farm. For common little gem romaine lettuce, the growth is estimated within 2 cm of error for both length and width. The final model is deployed on a cloud-based application and integrated with an ontology model containing domain knowledge of the aquaponics system. The relevant knowledge about crop characteristics and optimal plant spacing is extracted from ontology and compared with results obtained from the final model to suggest further actions. The proposed application finds its significance as a decision support system that can pave the way for intelligent system monitoring and control.

Predicting soft tissue thicknesses overlying the iliac crests and greater trochanters of younger and older adults.

Soft tissues overlying the hip play a critical role in protecting against fractures during fall-related hip impacts. Consequently, the development of an efficient and cost-effective method for estimating hip soft tissue thicknesses in living people may prove to be valuable for assessing an individual's injury risk and need to adopt preventative measures. The present study used multiple linear stepwise regression to generate prediction equations from participant characteristics (i.e., height, sex) and anthropometric measurements of the pelvis, trunk, and thigh to estimate soft tissue thickness at the iliac crests (IC) and greater trochanters (GT) in younger (16-35 years of age: 37 males, 37 females) and older (36-65 years of age: 38 males, 38 females) adults. Equations were validated against soft tissue thicknesses measured from full body Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scans of independent samples (younger: 13 males, 13 females; older: 13 males, 12 females). Younger adult prediction equations exhibited adjusted R2 values ranging from 0.704 to 0.791, with more explained variance for soft tissue thicknesses at the GT than the IC; corresponding values for the older adult equations were higher overall and ranged from 0.819 to 0.852. Predicted and actual soft tissue thicknesses were significantly correlated for both the younger (R2 = 0.466 to 0.738) and older (R2 = 0.842 to 0.848) adults, averaging ≤ 0.75cm of error. This research demonstrates that soft tissue thicknesses overlying the GT and IC can be accurately predicted from equations using anthropometric measurements. These equations can be used by clinicians to identify individuals at higher risk of hip fractures who may benefit from the use of preventative measures.

Ecological niche models improve home range estimations

AbstractHome ranges in animals can be estimated by different methods like minimum convex polygons, characteristic hulls or kernels while correlative ecological niche models (ENMs) are commonly employed for forecasting species' ranges. However, ENMs can also model the distribution of individuals if environmental very high spatial resolution data are available. Indeed, remote sensing (RS) can provide images with pixel sizes of few centimetres. Here, we modelled the distribution of individual lizards (Podarcis bocagei) combining aerial‐like photographs recorded with a compact camera and a matrix of temperature/humidity data‐loggers to obtain several environmental layers with very high spatial resolution. We recorded lizards’ positions in a 20 × 20 m mesocosm with a high precision GPS device (~10 cm of error), multiple times per day throughout the whole period of daily activity. We built an orthophoto map (pixels of 20 cm2) from camera pictures, a digital surface model, and a land‐cover supervised classification map. We recreated climate‐like variables by combining data‐logger data. For each individual, we calculated the distance to males and females, excluding the focal lizard. We computed individual realized niche models with Bioclim, GAM, GLM, Maxent and random forest. Models attained a very high evaluation score in most cases. The most contributing variables were related to microclimate (isothermality, minimum temperature and humidity) and distance to conspecifics. Our very high spatial resolution models provided robust information on how space is used by each lizard. Correlative models can identify the most suitable areas inside the home range, similar to core areas estimated from kernel algorithms, but allowed better statistical inference. Overall, RS tools generated high‐quality environmental data, and when combined with ENMs, improved the robustness of the predictions on spatial patterns of small terrestrial animals.

유방관련 치수 측정용 알고리즘을 이용한 3D 측정치와 직접측정치의 비교

An algorithm (breast sizer) was developed to measure the breast area using 3D scan data. Since the measurement value through this algorithm should be preceded by the measurement points setting, it should be compared with the setting of the direct measurement points verified in the previous study and standardized through this. Particularly, since the size and the breast shape should be considered for the breast area, 3D and 2D measurements were compared for subjects with large breasts and flat breasts.BR The 3D measurements in circumference, width, and depth were all larger than the manual dimensions and there was less than 1 cm of error in the measurement method in the breast-related details required to create a bra cup pattern.BR The difference between the two breast types was less than the difference between the two measurement methods. To reduce the error between the two measurement methods, it is necessary to set the measurement points to match the difference in the shape of the breast, to add the appropriate skin pressure when measuring differently to the flexibility and softness of the breast tissue, and to minimize the measurement error caused by setting the incorrect measurement points. Because of the different breast shapes, consideration should be given to the setting of the clear skin boundaries and measurement postures.

UAV survey of a coastal cliff face – Selection of the best imaging angle

UAVs are relevant for monitoring cliff faces. In this study, several flights are performed with various imaging angles (nadir, 20°, 30° and 40° off-nadir) to assess the impact of the imaging angle on the 3D cliff face reconstruction. Occlusions issues arising with sub-vertical cliffs make nadir surveys nearly irrelevant. The results obtained with 20°, 30° and 40° off-nadir imaging angles are satisfactory regarding texture restitution and accuracy with respectively 5.5 cm, 5.9 cm and 4.9 cm of error, higher tilting angles yielding better reconstructions on sub-vertical or overhanging parts of the cliff. This article also investigates other parameters affecting tiepoint detection on the cliff face, as the effective overlap, the UAV-cliff face distance and the cliff face illumination. Guidelines are provided for UAV survey parameterization, aiming at capturing the whole cliff face with a good trade-off between distance to the cliff, flight height and spatial resolution of the photographs.

Harmonium

We introduce Harmonium , a novel ultra wideband (UWB) RF localization architecture that achieves decimeter-scale accuracy indoors. Harmonium strikes a balance between tag simplicity and processing complexity to provide fast and accurate indoor location estimates. Harmonium uses only commodity components and consists of a small, inexpensive, lightweight, and FCC-compliant UWB transmitter or tag , fixed infrastructure anchors with known locations, and centralized processing that calculates the tag’s position. Anchors employ a new frequency-stepped narrowband receiver architecture that rejects narrowband interferers and extracts high-resolution timing information without the cost or complexity of traditional UWB approaches. In a complex indoor environment, 90% of position estimates obtained with Harmonium exhibit less than 31 cm of error with an average of 9 cm of inter-sample noise. In non-line-of-sight conditions (i.e., through-wall), 90% of position error is less than 42 cm. The tag draws 75 mW when actively transmitting, or 3.9 mJ per location fix at the 19 Hz update rate. Tags weigh 3 g and cost $4.50 USD at modest volumes. Furthermore, VLSI-based design concepts are identified for a simple, low-power realization of the Harmonium tag to offer a roadmap for the realization of Harmonium concepts in future integrated systems. Harmonium introduces a new design point for indoor localization and enables localization of small, fast objects such as micro quadrotors, devices previously restricted to expensive optical motion capture systems.

Reliability, Precision, Accuracy, and Validity of Posterior Shoulder Tightness Assessment in Overhead Athletes

Background Posterior shoulder tightness with subsequent loss of humeral internal rotation range of motion has been linked to upper extremity lesions in overhead athletes. A valid clinical assessment is necessary to accurately identify posterior shoulder tightness as a contributor to injury. Purpose To describe a modified supine assessment of posterior shoulder tightness by establishing the reliability, precision, clinical accuracy, and validity of the assessment. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Intrasession, intersession, and intertester reliability and precision were established by comparing the commonly used side-lying assessment of posterior shoulder tightness and the described modified supine assessment. Clinical accuracy of both methods was obtained using an electromagnetic tracking device to track humeral and scapular motion. Construct validity was established by identifying posterior shoulder tightness in a group of overhead athletes (baseball pitchers and tennis players) reported in the literature to have limited humeral internal rotation and posterior shoulder tightness. Results The side-lying intrasession intraclass correlation coeffecient (standard error of measurement), intersession intraclass correlation coeffecient (standard error of measurement), and intertester intraclass correlation coeffecient (standard error of measurement) were 0.83 cm (0.9), 0.42 cm (1.7), and 0.69 cm (1.4), respectively. The supine intrasession intraclass correlation coeffecient (standard error of measurement), intersession intraclass correlation coeffecient (standard error of measurement), and intertester intraclass correlation coeffecient (standard error of measurement) were 0.91° (1.1°), 0.75° (1.8°), and 0.94° (1.8°), respectively. In side-lying, the clinical accuracy expected was 0.9 ± 0.6 cm of error while, when measured supine, it was 3.5° ± 2.8° of error. Both assessments resulted in minimal scapular protraction (~3.5°). Between groups, baseball pitchers and tennis players had significantly less internal rotation range of motion (P < .0001) and greater posterior shoulder tightness (P = .004) when measured in supine, but not in side-lying (P = .312). Conclusion Both methods resulted in good clinician accuracy and precision, suggesting that both can be performed accurately. The supine method can be assessed more reliably than side-lying between both sessions and testers. Clinical Relevance Clinicians may want to consider use of the supine method given the higher reliability, validity, and similar precision and clinical accuracy.