Cluster Spin-glass Behavior Research Articles

Cluster spin glass behaviour of Co2+−Al3+ layered double hydroxides

Frequency-dependent magnetic behaviour of cobalt-aluminium layered double hydroxides (LDH) with the Co/Al ratio of 2 and 3, was studied between 2 and 300 K. It was found from analysis of the temperature-dependent ac magnetic susceptibility that these LDH exhibit a magnetic cluster spin glass behaviour regardless of their basal spacing value and the Co/Al ratio as evidenced by EA/kBT0 > 1 relation obtained using Vogel-Fulcher law. The obtained values of Mydosh parameters in the range of 0.017–0.052 suggest that some of these materials are not far from the canonical spin glasses, implying a rather small size of the magnetic clusters.

A complex magnetic study: evidence of spin-glass transition below long-range magnetic ordering and its correlation with renormalization of phonon modes

In this paper, we report a complex magnetic behavior arising due to the interplay of three active magnetic cations (Nd/Sm, Co and Ir), forming 3d-5d-4f magnetic sublattices. The B-site ordered double perovskites Nd2CoIrO6and Sm2CoIrO6were successfully prepared by conventional solid-state method. Detailed structural analysis revealed that both samples crystallized in monoclinic structure with P21/n (No.-14) space group. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms the presence of multiple oxidation states of Ir (i.e. Ir4+and Ir5+). Both samples show a paramagnetic-ferrimagnetic (TFiM) transition around 100 K, additionally, a low temperature transition is observed at around 10 K in the SCIO sample. This FM-like behavior of the samples is attributed to the antiparallel alignment of the Co2+and Ir4+spins, resulting in FiM ordering. The ac susceptibility analysis confirms a spin glass type transition just below the long-range ordering temperature in NCIO sample, The obtained characteristic flipping time of a single spin from both the law (Power law and Vogel-Fulcher law) and nonzero Vogel-Fulcher temperature (T0≃ 89.1 K) further verified the existence of cluster spin-glass behavior below the ordering temperature. The temperature evolution of phonon modes (up to 4 K) suggests that the phonon mode above the magnetic ordering temperature is mainly governed by the lattice degrees of freedom; notable renormalization of the mode frequency below the ordering temperature is due to the coupling of lattice with the underlying magnetic degrees of freedom.

Magnetic properties of double perovskite oxide Gd1.8Ce0.2NiMnO6

In this paper, a double perovskite oxide Gd1.8Ce0.2NiMnO6 polycrystalline sample was prepared using a conventional high temperature and solid-state reaction method. The phase formation of sample was examined using X-ray diffractometry, and the magnetic properties were measured using a PPMS. The results showed that the sample was monophase and had a space group of monoclinic P21/n. At T > TG the sample was purely paramagnetic. At TC < T < TG paramagnetic and ferromagnetic states coexisted, and Griffiths-like phase appeared in the sample. In the lower temperature region (T < TN) there was competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states, and cluster spin-glass behavior appeared. When a magnetic field of 7 T was applied, the double perovskite oxide Gd1.8Ce0.2NiMnO6 showed a maximum −ΔSM value of 3.12296 J · kg−1 · K−1 near Curie temperature with an RCP (Refrigeration Cooling Performance) of 231.09904 J/kg. Analysis of the Arrott, recalibration and Loop curves all proved that the sample underwent a second-order phase transition.

Spin glass and magnetoelectric effect in BiFeO3-Bi0.5K0.5TiO3-Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 single crystals

We report a cluster spin glass behavior, multiferroicity and magnetoelectric (ME) effects in the single crystals of 0.46BiFeO3-0.54Bi0.5(K0.31Na0.69)0.5TiO3. The crystals are found to possess a pseudo-cubic structure with a weak tetragonal distortion and show ferroelectricity at room temperature with a ferroelectric curie temperature of TC∼630.1 K. The cluster spin glass state in the crystal is evidenced by detailed dc and ac magnetic experiments, including thermo-remnant magnetization, aging effect, memory effect, etc. Magnetodielectric effects, poling enhanced magnetism, and electric field induced acceleration of magnetization relaxation in the spin glass state are observed and ascribed mainly to spin-lattice coupling. These results might suggest an effective route to improve ferromagnetism and ME effects by constructing a spin glass state in BiFeO3-based antiferromagnetic multiferroics.

Semiconducting spin glass to metallic ferromagnetic state phase transition in double-substituted La1−xSrxCo1−yNiyO3−γ perovskites

A comprehensive study of the structural, magnetic, and transport properties of double-substituted ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{y}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ ($0.1\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.5, 0.05\ensuremath{\le}y\ensuremath{\le}0.25$) perovskite systems was carried out. The average oxidation number of Co ions was found to be $3+$ for the most subsystems. The existence of several characteristic concentration regions for various degrees of substitution in the A (La, Sr) and B (Co, Ni) sublattices is shown. Low levels of Sr and Ni ion substitution subsystems demonstrate cluster spin-glass behavior with a semiconducting character of the conductivity and a diamagnetic low-spin (LS) ${\mathrm{Co}}^{3+}$ matrix. An increase of Ni substitution leads to the stabilization of intermediate-spin (IS) ${\mathrm{Co}}^{3+}$ ions in ${\mathrm{CoO}}_{6}$ octahedra, approaching the percolation threshold of ferromagnetic clusters. For strongly Sr-substituted subsystems an effect of stabilization of IS ${\mathrm{Co}}^{3+}$ is not observed, since the contribution of this effect is smaller than the effect of the dilution by antiferromagnetically interacting Ni ions. In this case, an increase of Ni content leads to a decrease in the magnetic ordering temperature ${T}_{\text{mo}}$ and magnetization values. For weakly Sr-substituted systems, on the contrary, it leads to their growth. Anomalies in the conductivity dependences for several subsystems are due to the thermally induced spin crossover of the part of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{3+}$ ions, first from the LS to the IS state, and then to the mixed IS/high-spin (HS) state, similar to the parent ${\mathrm{LaCoO}}_{3}$.

Coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in MWCNT/Bi2SiO5 nanocomposites

This work explores the temperature and field-dependent magnetic properties of Bi2SiO5 (BSO)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites prepared by hydrothermal method using different content of magnetic MWCNT (from 1 to 20 wt%). A pure BSO prepared by the same method was also studied as a reference. Phase purity and structure of the pure BSO and CBSO nanocomposites were analyzed by employing the Rietveld refinement of an X-ray diffraction pattern. DC magnetization analysis confirms the co-existence of multiple magnetic phases in CBSO nanocomposites, where a paramagnetic (PM) to ferromagnetic (FM) transition experiences at ∼33 K, and a cluster spin glass behavior at near Curie temperature (i.e., TC ∼25 K). A weak superconducting transition (TSC) at around ∼23 K was observed for all the CBSO nanocomposite samples (i.e., 2.5 wt% MWCNT and above samples). Moreover, a novel feature of these nanocomposites is that they exhibit a complex magnetism corresponding to the co-existence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity. This behavior can be exploited to engineer a magnetic CBSO composites system with the magnetic transition tune by compositional structure, with interesting potential applications.

Quasi-Two-Dimensional Heterostructures (KM1 – xTe)(LaTe3) (M = Mn and Zn) with Charge Density Waves

Layered heterostructure materials with two different functional building blocks can teach us about emergent physical properties and phenomena arising from interactions between the layers. We report the intergrowth compounds KLa$M$$_{1-x}$Te$_{4}$ ($M$ = Mn, Zn; $x\approx$ 0.35) featuring two chemically distinct alternating layers [LaTe$_3$] and [K$M$$_{1-x}$Te]. Their crystal structures are incommensurate, determined by single X-ray diffraction for the Mn compound and transmission electron microscope (TEM) study for the Zn compound. KLaMn$_{1-x}$Te$_{4}$ crystallizes in the orthorhombic superspace group $Pmnm$(01/2${\gamma}$)$s$00 with lattice parameters $a$ = 4.4815(3) {\AA}, $b$ = 21.6649(16) {\AA} and $c$ = 4.5220(3) {\AA}. It exhibits charge density wave (CDW) order at room temperature with a modulation wave vector $\mathbf{q}$ = 1/2$\mathbf{b}$* + 0.3478$\mathbf{c}$* originating from electronic instability of Te-square nets in [LaTe$_{3}$] layers. The Mn analog exhibits a cluster spin glass behavior with spin freezing temperature $T_{\mathrm{f}}$ $\approx$ 5 K attributed to disordered Mn vacancies and competing magnetic interactions in the [Mn$_{1-x}$Te] layers. The Zn analog also has charge density wave order at room temperature with a similar $\mathbf{q}$-vector having the $\mathbf{c}$* component ~ 0.346 confirmed by selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). Electron transfer from [K$M_{1-x}$Te] to [LaTe$_{3}$] layers exists in KLa$M_{1-x}$Te$_{4}$, leading to an enhanced electronic specific heat coefficient. The resistivities of KLa$M_{1-x}$Te$_{4}$ ($M$ = Mn, Zn) exhibit metallic behavior at high temperatures and an upturn at low temperatures, suggesting partial localization of carriers in the [LaTe$_{3}$] layers with some degree of disorder associated with the $M$ atom vacancies in the [$M_{1-x}$Te] layers.

Cluster glass behaviour in MnMn0.25Sb

Magnetic properties of intermetallic MnMn0.25Sb crystallizing in the NiAs-type hexagonal structure are reported. A spin-glass transition at Tf ≈ 10.7 K was identified from Ac susceptibility measurements. The value of the Mydosh parameter (φ≈0.06). was further indicative of cluster spin glass like state. The frequency dependence of Tf was investigated by critical slowing-down model and Vogel-Fulcher law. The characteristic time constant of τ0∗≈0.18×10−7s was analysed using power-law for a single spin-flip and a critical exponent of zv=4.37±0.14. The characteristic time constant was obtained from the Vogel-Fulcher law for a single spin-flip τ0≈7.96×10−8s, and T0=6.49±0.21K. The cluster spin-glass behaviour in the current system is due to the existence of both competing interactions and atomic disorder at 2d site.

Magnetodielectricity induced by coexisting incommensurate conical magnetic structure and cluster glass-like states in polycrystalline BaFe10In2O19

Indium doped barium hexaferrite BaFe10In2O19 is shown to exhibit complex magnetic behaviour below 110 K wherein there is a coexistence of a long-range conical magnetic order along with a cluster spin-glass-like state. Temperature dependent dc magnetization measurements reveal that the system exhibits an anomaly around 110 K. Temperature dependent neutron diffraction (ND) measurements measured in the Q-range 0.28–7.35 Å−1 characterize this anomaly as a transition to a longitudinal conical magnetic state from the ferrimagnetic state at room temperature. Ac susceptibility and thermoremanent magnetization relaxation measurements also reveal the existence of cluster spin-glass like behavior below 110 K, indicating coexistence with conical magnetic order. The lattice parameters determined from the analysis of ND data show a sharp change at ∼110 K which is also reflected in the anomalous changes seen in the temperature dependent Raman phonon modes around this temperature. This gives a clear indication of spin lattice coupling in the system. Finally, temperature and magnetic field dependent dielectric constant measurements reveal the occurrence of large magnetodielectric effect (MDE) near 110 K. This intriguing intrinsic magnetodielectric feature can be explained in terms of spin lattice coupling.

Growth, structure and thermal stability of quasicrystalline Al–Pd–Mn–Ga thin films

Growth of Al–Pd–Mn–Ga quasicrystalline thin film is hindered by the low melting temperature of Ga (30 °C) and the formation of residual binary phases. In this study, a stable icosahedral film with a composition near Al67.5Pd19Mn7.5Ga5.7 has been achieved using the co-sputtering of Al64.9Pd20.7Mn8.4Ga6 and Al materials followed by ex-situ annealing. The increase in the 6d lattice parameter from 6.45 to 6.48 Å of icosahedral phases suggested that Ga (+1) successfully replaced Al(+3) in the composition. The temperature-dependent XRD study (from RT to 700 °C) reveals that the icosahedral phase found only in a narrow temperature window of 350 – 450 °C. Interestingly, Al63Pd18Mn7.5Ga6 quasicrystalline thin film exhibits cluster spin glass behaviour due to spin-spin interaction of localized Mn ions. These stable icosahedral thin films with crack-free well-defined surfaces can be useful for potential surface-related applications.

A study of cluster spin-glass behaviour at the critical composition [formula omitted]NiGe

The solid solution Mn1-xFexNiGe with x~0.27 has been investigated via powder ray diffraction, dc magnetization, ac susceptibility, heat capacity, and magnetic relaxation measurements. The alloy Mn0.73Fe0.27NiGe crystallizes in a Ni2In-type hexagonal structure at room temperature. A coexistence of hexagonal and orthorhombic phases with a phase fraction of nearly 88:12 was found below 80 K. The dc susceptibility measurements reveal a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition at around Tt≃80 K and a thermal hysteresis observed during field-cooled-cooling and field-cooled-warming suggests the first order nature of the magnetic transition. The splitting between zero-field-cooled and field-cooled dc susceptibilities and the appearance of a frequency dependent peak in ac susceptibility indicate the onset of a spin-glass transition at Tg≃58 K. The relative shift in freezing temperature (δTf) is calculated to be ~0.03 and ~0.09, respectively from the real and imaginary parts of ac susceptibility indicating the formation of cluster spin-glass state. The analysis of frequency dependent Tf using power law yields a characteristic time for a single spin flip τ*≃1.5×10-10 s and critical exponent zν′≃5.5. Similarly, the analysis using the Vogel-Fulcher law results a characteristic time for a single spin flip τ0≃1.2×10-8 s, Vogel-Fulcher temperature T0≃54.8 K, and an activation energy Ea/kB≃72.8 K. The magnitude of τ* and τ0 together with a non-zero value of T0 add further evidence for the formation of cluster spin-glass. The magnetic relaxation and memory effect measurements also demonstrate the low temperature cluster spin-glass behaviour. The reason for the cluster spin-glass behaviour could be the difference in local environment of Mn atoms in the coexisting Mn-rich antiferromagnetic and Fe-rich ferromagnetic phases. Furthermore, Mn0.73Fe0.27NiGe shows the asymmetric response of magnetic relaxation with a change in temperature, belowTf, which can be explained by the hierarchical model. The low temperature heat capacity gives a large electronic coefficient γ≃25 mJ/mol K2 and the Debye temperature θD≃300 K. This value of θD is in close agreement with that calculated from the temperature variation of unit cell volume.

Cluster spin-glass behavior in Ni2In-type Mn–Cu-Ga alloys

We report the structural and magnetic properties of Ni2In-type (Mn0.75Cu0.25)66Ga34 alloy by using powder X-ray diffraction, DC- and AC-susceptibility, aging effect and magnetic memory effect measurements. From the results of the DC-susceptibility measurements, an irreversible temperature Tirr(0) = 109.1 ± 1.4 K and a crossover exponent Φ = 4.9 ± 0.3 are obtained, which indicate that our system favors a canonical Heisenberg spin-glass state. From the AC-susceptibility results, the shift of freezing temperature with frequency is characterized by a medium Mydosh parameter of 0.03. Furthermore, a relaxation time of the spin flip τ0=1.1×10−9 s and a critical exponent zv=7.5 are obtained by the fitting of power law. A significant aging effect and a magnetic memory effect in both zero-field-cooled and field-cooled protocols are observed. In addition, the memory effect existing in a negative T cycle but missing in a positive T cycle favors the hierarchical model in our sample. All the above observations render a cluster spin-glass behavior in (Mn0.75Cu0.25)66Ga34 alloy.

Cluster spin-glass behavior and memory effect in Cr0.5Fe0.5Ga

We report the structural, static, and dynamic properties of Cr$_{0.5}$Fe$_{0.5}$Ga by means of powder x-ray diffraction, magnetization, heat capacity, magnetic relaxation, and magnetic memory effect measurements. DC magnetization and AC susceptibility studies reveal a spin-glass transition at around $T_{\rm f} \simeq 22$~K. An intermediate value of the relative shift in freezing temperature $\delta T_{\rm f} \simeq 0.017$, obtained from the AC susceptibility data reflects the formation of cluster spin-glass states. The frequency dependence of $T_{\rm f}$ is also analyzed within the framework of dynamic scaling laws. The analysis using power law yields a time constant for a single spin flip $\tau* \simeq 1.1\times10^{-10}$~s and critical exponent $z\nu^{\prime}=4.2\pm0.2$. On the other hand, the Vogel-Fulcher (VF) law yields the time constant for a single spin flip $\tau_0 \simeq 6.6\times10^{-9}$~s, VF temperature $T_{\rm 0}=21.1\pm0.1$~K, and an activation energy $E_{\rm a}/k_{\rm B} \simeq 16$~K. The value of $\tau*$ and $\tau_0$ along with a non-zero value of $T_{\rm 0}$ provide further evidence for the cluster spin-glass behaviour. The magnetic field dependent $T_{\rm f}$ follows the de Almeida-Thouless line with a non-mean-field type instability, reflecting either a different universality class or strong anisotropy in the spin system. A detailed non-equilibrium dynamics study via relaxation and memory effect experiments demonstrates striking memory effects. All the above observations render a cluster spin-glass behaviour which is triggered by magnetic frustration due to competing antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions and magnetic site disorder. Moreover, the asymmetric response of magnetic relaxation with respect to the change in temperature, below $T_{\rm f}$ can be explained by the hierarchical model.

Coexistence of cluster ferromagnetism and cluster spin-glass like behaviour in melt-quenched Cu2Mn0.5Fe0.5Al Heusler alloy

We investigated the structural stability and magnetic properties of the melt-quenched Heusler alloy-Cu2Mn0.5Fe0.5Al using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dc magnetization and ac susceptibility measurements respectively. The structural analysis by Rietveld refinement showed that the alloy crystallised in L21 structure with no trace of secondary phase in the XRD pattern. The dc magnetic measurements exhibited a thermal irreversibility between field-cooled (FC) and zero field cooled (ZFC) magnetization curves at an irreversible temperature Tirr. A deviation from de Almeida –Thouless like line for Tirrvs. H data was observed, suggesting a possibility of cluster glass (CG) like phase in the sample. To confirm the CG behaviour, frequency dependent ac susceptibility (χac) measurements were carried out on the sample and was analysed by Vogel-Fulcher (VF) and Critical slowing down models. We obtained large relaxation time constants (τ0) from the fit to both the phenomenological models which indicate that the origin of glassy nature may not be from randomly oriented atomic spins like in spin-glasses (SG) but of magnetic clusters. The analysis of nonlinear susceptibilities of the sample confirmed the coexistence of ferromagnetic interactions and glassy nature in the sample. Further confirmation for the glassy nature in the sample was provided by ZFC memory experiments. No anomaly was found corresponding to long-range order in the heat capacity (CP(T)) measurement and a T3/2 dependence was also seen in the electrical resistivity which indicates the magnetic glassiness in the sample.

Cluster spin glass behavior in geometrically frustrated Zn3V3O8

We report the bulk magnetic properties of a yet unexplored vanadium-based multi-valenced spinel system, Zn3V3O8. A Curie–Weiss fit of our dc magnetic susceptibility χ(T) data in the temperature region of 140–300 K yields a Curie constant C = 0.75 cm3K mole−1 V−1, θCW = −370 K. We have observed a splitting between the zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) susceptibility curves below a temperature Tirr of about 6.3 K. The value of the ‘frustration parameter’ suggests that the system is strongly frustrated. From the ac susceptibility measurements we find a logarithmic variation of freezing temperature (Tf) with frequency ν attesting to the formation of a spin glass below Tf. However, the value of the characteristic frequency obtained from the Vogel–Fulcher fit suggests that the ground state is closer to a cluster glass rather than a conventional spin glass. We explored further consequences of the spin glass behavior and observed aging phenomena and memory effect (both in ZFC and FC). We found that a positive temperature cycle erases the memory, as predicted by the hierarchical model. From the heat capacity CP data, a hump-like anomaly was observed in CP/T at about 3.75 K. Below this temperature the magnetic heat capacity shows a nearly linear dependence with T which is consistent with the formation of a spin glass state below Tf in Zn3V3O8.

Neutron diffraction studies and magnetism in Ti doped SrFeO3−δ systems

The magnetic ground state of single phase tetragonal crystal structure with I4/mmm space group SrFe1−xTixO3−δ (x = 0.2 and 0.3) is investigated from 2 K to 300 K. Strong irreversibility is observed in zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled DC magnetization curves. Arrott plots show the absence of spontaneous magnetization (MS) down to 2 K, ruling out the possibility of long range ferromagnetic order. Neutron diffraction measurements carried out at H = 0, 7 T (field cooled) at several temperatures above and below the T* (temperature at which MZFC(T) is maximum) do not show any additional peaks and also no difference in intensity rules out, both the long range antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic orders. Hence, the combined study of dc magnetization and neutron diffraction results reveals cluster spin glass behavior in SrFe1−xTixO3−δ (x = 0.2 and 0.3).

Antiferromagnetic cluster spin-glass behavior in Pr117Co54.5Sn115.2 – A compound with a giant unit cell

The magnetic properties of Pr117Co54.5Sn115.2 – a member of a family of materials with a giant unit cell – have been investigated by dc magnetization, ac magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and electrical resistivity measurements. A magnetic glassy state at freezing temperature of ∼11K was determined from the magnetic susceptibility and specific heat data. The glassy state in Pr117Co54.5Sn115.2 is not the conventional spin glass with randomly oriented magnetic moments, but it is related to clusters of atoms that exist in the complex crystal lattice of the material. Furthermore, the glassy state coexists with short range antiferromagnetic order, leading to the development of antiferromagnetic clusters. A weak anomaly in the specific heat data centered around 11K supports the formation of magnetic cluster glass state in Pr117Co54.5Sn115.2. Semiconductor-like resistivity with a negative temperature coefficient from 2 to 300K is also observed in Pr117Co54.5Sn115.2.

SrFe0.9Ti0.1O3−δ: A cluster spin glass

The magnetic ground state of nanocrystalline SrFe0.9Ti0.1O3−δ system has been investigated from 2K to 300K using AC Susceptibilty (ACS), magnetization and neutron diffraction measurements. The cusp in the temperature dependent magnetization and dispersion below Tmax (the temperature at which the maximum susceptibility is observed) in real part of ac susceptibility with frequency is observed. Arrott plot shows the lack of MS (spontaneous magnetization) down to 2K, and the non-occurrence of magnetic Bragg reflections below the Tmax in neutron diffraction measurements, indicates the absence of long range ferro and antiferromagnetic order. The frequency dependence of Tmax obeys Vögel–Fulcher model establishing the cluster spin glass behavior in this system.

Cluster spin glass behavior in Bi(Fe0.95Co0.05)O3

The static and time-dependent magnetic properties of Bi(Fe0.95Co0.05)O3 have been investigated by dc and ac magnetization measurements. Cluster spin glass has been confirmed to be the ground state due to the frustration of the interaction between the ferromagnetic clusters by canted antiferromagnetically arranged Fe spins (Tc>350 K) and by ferrimagnetically arranged Co and Fe spins (Tc∼250 K). Two freezing temperatures Tf of about 260 and 100 K have been clearly identified from the abrupt change in magnetization relaxation. The higher Tf is related to the canted antiferromagnetically arranged Fe spins, and the lower Tf is related to the ferrimagnetically arranged Co and Fe spins. The cluster spin glass behavior with two freezing temperatures has been confirmed by ac susceptibility measurements.

Magnetic properties of Sm-based bulk metallic glasses

We perform detailed investigation on the magnetization and specific heat of Sm-based ternary bulk metallic glasses with different Co contents at low temperature. A low temperature cluster spin-glass phase below T f ∼25 K is evidenced for all samples. This cluster spin-glass behavior is ascribed to competition among the multi-fold magnetic interactions and the intrinsic structural inhomogeneity. The magnetic relaxation behavior of the spin-glass phase can be well described using the stretched exponential dynamics. The magnetic hysteresis under field-cooling condition and spin dynamics further demonstrate the low temperature cluster spin-glass behavior. It is revealed that the Co atoms play an important role in modulating the physical properties of the present Sm-based ternary metallic glasses.