The impact of negative factors on the population of anchovy sprat (Clupeonella engrauliformis, Borodin, 1904) continues, and therefore in recent years there has been a steady downward trend in the abundance and density of the species. Research catches of anchovy sprat are declining. One of the conditions contributing to the population recovery is an optimal, without critical pathologies condition of reproductive system of individuals. The purpose of this work is to study the condition of testes and ovaries of anchovy sprat. According to the histological picture of germ cells it is possible to objectively assess the state of reproductive ability of individuals. The study was carried out using the methods of classical histology. The material was gonads of females and males sampled in the summer of 2023 in the Middle Caspian Sea. According to the results of histological study it was found that gonads have different stages of maturity (II–III, III, IV and V). The presence of direct correlations between maturity indices (gonad weight, gonadosomatic index, maturity coefficient) in individuals of both sexes was found. In females, the size of oocytes of different stages of maturity is described, and the absence of correlation between cell diameter and length and mass of the individual is revealed. Distinctive features of resorption of oocytes of III and IV stages of maturity by such characteristics as shape, color and transparency of the cell are given. The proportion of females with resorbed oocytes (67%) and the average proportion of cells with developmental abnormalities (24%) were noted. The results of this study may contribute to a better understanding of the processes occurring in the reproductive glands of male and female anchovy sprat, which is very important for fish reproduction.