Clove Production Research Articles

Yield and morphological characteristics of cloves from Semarang plantation, Indonesia

Abstract Cloves, originating from Indonesia’s Moluccas Islands, have spread across various regions over time. Semarang, Central Java, is a notable clove production center, showcasing distinct advantages. Despite originating in the 1980s, Semarang’s clove production remains robust, boasting longevity and high yields. This study focuses on Semarang’s clove plantation, which belongs to the Samyo Rahayu Farmers Group in Gebugan Village, Bergas. The research aimed to evaluate clove yield and morphological traits. The methodology involved selecting high-yield blocks followed by the selection of mother trees. Morphological characteristics like canopy shape, stem dimensions, leaf attributes, and inflorescence traits were examined. Additionally, GC-MS analysis identified oil chemical components. Findings revealed an average plant height of 11.72 m and trunk circumference of 115.55 cm. Canopy shape primarily exhibited a cylindrical form with 1-3 main branches. Leaves displayed green, glossy, and smooth textures upon maturity, transitioning from reddish to bright red in their young shoots, with petiole length of 2.17cm, leaf length of 10.96 cm, and leaf width of 4.39 cm and ratio 2.5. Inflorescences followed a short type, with pink to red mature flower tubes, rounded or slightly pointed corollas, and distinctive red corollas – characteristics typical of the Zanzibar type. Inflorescences were characterized by short arrangements, with an average of 12-20 flower buds per inflorescence. There were tree-to-tree fresh flower yield fluctuations between 40 to 100 kg. Dried clove bud with water content 5.73-6.82 % contained oil 14.67 – 17.96 %. Essential oil compounds analysis indicated the presence of 15-20 chemical components, with eugenol constituting over 70%, signifying its primary compound. This population may be recommended as genetic material for breeding high-yielding cloves.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION AND THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF CLOVE FARMING IN JAWAPOGO VILLAGE, MAUPONGGO DISTRICT, NAGEKEO REGENCY

Cloves are one of the suitable commodities in Nagakeo Regency, but data from the last five years shows that clove productivity tends to decline. The decline in productivity is thought to be due to inefficient use of production factors. This study was conducted to answer research questions related to the technical efficiency of production factors. The study was conducted in Jawapogo Village, Mauponggo District, Nagekeo Regency. The location was determined deliberately with the consideration that Jawapogo village is one of the clove producing villages in Nagakeo Regency. This research involved 41 farmers who were taken randomly from households that had cloves. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and quantitatively. Quantitative analysis used Cobb-Douglas analysis and Technical Efficiency. Technical efficiency calculations are used by Frontier software. 4.1C. The results of the simultaneous regression analysis of the production factors included in the model have a significant effect on clove production. Meanwhile, partially the variable number of productive plants has a significant effect on clove production. Meanwhile, the variables of land area, plant age and labor did not have a significant effect. Meanwhile, the average technical efficiency is 0.50, so it is concluded that the use of production factors is not efficient. Inefficiency in clove farming is influenced by non-formal education and the age of the farmer. On the other hand, formal education has no significant effect. Therefore, increasing non-formal education through clove farming extension or training is needed to reduce technical inefficiencies in clove farming management.

The Theory of Reasoned Action and The Prospects of Waqf-Muzar’ah-Supply Chain Model in Zanzibar

The contribution of the agricultural sector to the development of Zanzibar Islands is considerable. This very important sector through the clove industry was the economic backbone upon which the government of Zanzibar relied for its foreign exchange and national revenue. However, since 1964, agricultural productivity particularly clove production has continually and significantly decreased due to many problems and challenges, especially financial ones. For example, financial intermediaries including banks, cooperatives and micro-enterprises provide micro-financing to the farmers but with high interest rates along with collateral requirements. The numerous programmes, measures and policies adopted by the relevant parties to find solutions to the dwindling clove production have failed. This study has therefore proposed a Waqf-Muzara’ah- Supply Chain model (WMSCM) to address the challenges. The study has used Theory of Reasoned Action adopt the model. To the model, SPSS, AMOS and SEM have used accordingly. The results show that, both the attitude and subjective norm of the clove farmers in Zanzibar towards using the proposed model are statistically significant and have influence on their behavioral intention in using the model.

The economic landscape of clove production in India: challenges and opportunities

The economic landscape of clove production in India: challenges and opportunities

Competitiveness and Factors Influencing Indonesian Clove Exports to Eight Export Destination Countries from 2005-2020

Indonesia is the largest clove producer and exporter in the world, but from 2005 to 2020 the average clove export was dominated by Madagascar. As the largest clove producer, Indonesia should be able to dominate the export market, especially cloves. Therefore, this study aims to determine the competitiveness position of Indonesian cloves and analyze the economic factors that affect Indonesian cloves exports. In this study, the analysis method use Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamics (EPD), and a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) for panel data of eight export destination countries from 2005-2020. The results show that the competitiveness of Indonesian cloves is above the world average. The competitive position of Indonesia's clove exports in the Netherlands, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United States, and Vietnam is a rising star. At the same time, the other two markets (India and Singapore) are falling stars. In addition, the export prices have a significant effect on the volume of Indonesian clove exports. Indonesian clove production and destination countries' GDP per capita have a positive effect, while economic distance has a negative effect on the volume of Indonesian clove exports.

Rainfall Anomaly and Its Effect on the Clove Productivity in Two Regions with Different Rain Pattern In Maluku

Clove production in Maluku fluctuates from year to year, one of which is influenced by rainfall anomalies. This study aimed of describing extreme rainfall events and analyzing the relations between rainfall and clove productivity in two areas with different rainfall patterns in Maluku. This study used a survey method by using interviews and Focus Group Discussions with several farmer respondents as well as collecting climatic data from related agencies. Data analysis was divided into rainfall data generation, rainfall analysis in extreme conditions, and regression analysis to assess the effect of rainfall on clove productivity. The results showed that a very extreme El Nino event caused a decrease in rainfall on Nusalaut Island by 1868 mm or 57% of its normal condition, and in Air Buaya District by 875 mm or 42% of its normal condition. Very extreme La Nina events caused rainfall to increase in Nusalaut Island by 2059 mm or 62% of its normal condition, and in Air Buaya District by 1193 mm or 37% of its normal condition. The results of the regression analysis showed that the value of the coefficient of determination (R²) for Nusalaut Island by 84.8% and for Air Buaya District by 70.8%; this shows that rainfall has a significant effect on clove productivity.

Field and Laboratory Detection of Clove Sumatra Disease Caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. syzygii in Java, Indonesia

The significant decrease in clove production in Indonesia is mainly due to the Sumatra disease caused by bacterial Ralstonia syzygii subsp. syzygii. It is necessary to manage the disease broadly based on disease detection in the field and the laboratory. This study aims to determine the technique for detecting the distribution pattern of Sumatra disease using geographic information systems and validate the presence of R. syzygii subsp. syzygii in clove plant tissues by molecular analyses based on the endoglucanase gene. This research was conducted by acquiring aerial photos using uncrewed aerial vehicles processed using photogrammetric techniques to produce geographic information system outputs as a thematic map of the clove Sumatra disease distribution pattern. The plant samples were collected for molecular analysis of the pathogens causing clove Sumatra disease in the laboratory. DNA extraction was performed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using UGMRss-specific primers followed by Sanger sequencing. The aerial photo images showed that the distribution of clove Sumatra disease has a random pattern, which tends to spread between healthy and diseased plants. Furthermore, the PCR and phylogenetic analyses revealed that all symptomatic clove plant samples (leaves, twigs, and roots) were positively infected by R. syzygii subsp. syzygii.

Analyzing Supply and Demand Response of Indonesian Cloves in International Market

Indonesia is the world's largest clove producer and consumer. In addition, Indonesia is also a world exporter and importer of cloves, with the largest harvest area in the world. This study aims to analyze the supply and demand responses of Indonesian cloves in the international market. The study used time series data for the period 1985–2019. The research used an econometric design by building a simultaneous equation model. Data analysis using the two-stage Least Square method. The results showed that the factors that are responsive in the short term are the exchange rate of the rupiah against the US dollar, demand for Indonesian cloves, Comoros and Tanzania clove production, world clove prices t-1, and United Arab Emirates GDP per capita, while in the long term are Indonesian and Madagascar clove harvest area, the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar, Indonesian clove demand, Comoros, Madagascar and Tanzania clove production, world clove prices t-1, and United Arab Emirates GDP per capita.

Econonomic Feasibility of Certified Seed Business Performance for Supporting a Sustainable Clove Production: An Analysis of High-Production Block of Zanzibar Variety

Sustainability of Indonesian clove depends on the seed availability and seed quality. The percentage of immature and damaged plant area reached 67% from total 580,441 ha of Indonesian plantation. Seed quality is an essential factor for the success of replanting and development. For standing integrity, the certification is one of the key guaranty system providing standard seed quality to maintain yield, quality, and preventing propensity of pest and diseases attack. The objective of this study was to analyze feasibility of some certified seed production models to support certified seed availability for clove development in West Sumtra Province. The study was done at the Bernas Nursary Farmers Group, Solok Regency. Data was calculated based on the Zanzibar Clove High-Production Block (HPB) performance and certified seed production. The obtained data were analyzed quantitatively through economic approach using Benefit/Cost Ratio. The finding results confirmed that the most need of clove seed of West Java Province could be fulfilled by the High Production Block (HPB) from Bernas Farmers Group nursary. Type of clove seed sold in that nursery: 1) unshelled seed of clove, 2) sprouted clove seeds with age of 10 days after sowing, and 3) Clove seed in polybag with age 6-9 months. All seed was harvested originally from mother plant of Zanzibar clove high production. The seedlings clove sprout and the seed in polybags form provide a positive flow of income and those seedling model providing good benefit revenue with an R/C ratio of 1.59 and 2.60, respectively. The certified clove seed in nursery of Bernas Farmers’ Group, in West Sumatra has a good economic feasibility and can be implemented in other clove center province.

Zanzibar'da Karanfil İhracatının Belirleyicileri: Politika Önerileri

Clove is one of the high value spices that have supported the economy of Zanzibar for many decades since the 18 th Century. However, clove production and exports have been declining significantly and consistently since the 1980s. The declining of the clove exports most likely jeopardizes the Zanzibar efforts to improving human development with positive changes in living standards. This paper analyses factors for the declining trend in clove exports using time series data that were collected between 1980 and 2020 and analysed using the vector error correction model, complemented with qualitative data collected from 39 key informants. The time series results show that clove production, producer price, world price, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Exchange Rate had positive and statistically significant impact on clove exports in a long-run at 1% level of significance; while Foreign Direct Investment, human population and Cross Capital Formation showed significant negative impact. Only inflation showed insignificant negative impact. Based on qualitative results, there were two major determinants: (i) factors that affected clove production, and (ii) low and fluctuation of the clove price. The time series results coincided with qualitative information. We conclude that some factors affected clove exports indirectly through clove production. Other factors affected exports through fluctuation of clove price. Therefore, we recommend an integrated policy approach that aims at improving clove production and price stabilization in order to rectify the decreasing trend in clove exports.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Ekspor Cengkih Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Ekspor Cengkih Utama

One of the plantation commodities that has the potential to become a source of foreign exchange for Indonesia is cloves (Syzigium aromaticum L. Marr. and Perr.). National cloves production fluctuates, so that in cloves production it is known as the big harvest, medium harvest and small harvest. The clove cigarette industry is the main consumer of cloves because it absorbs 95% of the national clove production which is used as the main raw material in producing. This causes the volume of cloves to exported reduced, therefore research related to the analysis of the factors that affect the volume of clove exports to the main export destination countries needs to be carried out in order to produce recommendations to the government regarding the development of Indonesian clove exports, especially in the main clove export destination countries. The main destination countries selected in this study are India, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Pakistan, and the United States which consistently import cloves from Indonesia in large volumes. This study uses a panel data analysis method using time series data for the period 2002-2019 and a cross section in six main destination countries for Indonesia's clove exports.

The Analysis of Household Economic Behavior of Clove Farmers in Ponggiha Village Lasusua District North Kolaka Regency

This study analyzes the economic behavior of clove farmer households in Ponggiha Village, Lasusua District, North Kolaka Regency. The household economy includes a discussion of the economic behavior of clove farmer households in terms of production, working time, and income. This research was conducted from September – November 2021. The population in this study were clove farmer households in Ponggiha Village. The research sample comprised 76 respondents from farmer households selected using the Slovin formula. The variables of this study were the characteristics of the respondents consisting of age, education, family dependents, and farmer status, as well as the characteristics of household economic behavior, which included the amount of production, working time, and income. The data analysis applied is the econometric model of multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the research that has been done, it is found that the level of clove farming production is influenced by land area with a contribution of 21.6%, production costs and working time of clove farming. The working time of non-clove farming significantly affects the working time of clove farming with a contribution of 49.5%. For the contribution of clove, farming household income is influenced by the amount of clove production with a contribution of 22%, and clove farming income is higher than non-clove farming income.

The clove (Syzygium aromaticum) genome provides insights into the eugenol biosynthesis pathway

The clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an important tropical spice crop in global trade. Evolving environmental pressures necessitate modern characterization and selection techniques that are currently inaccessible to clove growers owing to the scarcity of genomic and genetic information. Here, we present a 370-Mb high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly for clove. Comparative genomic analysis between S. aromaticum and Eucalyptus grandis—both species of the Myrtaceae family—reveals good genome structure conservation and intrachromosomal rearrangements on seven of the eleven chromosomes. We report genes that belong to families involved in the biosynthesis of eugenol, the major bioactive component of clove products. On the basis of our transcriptomic and metabolomic findings, we propose a hypothetical scenario in which eugenol acetate plays a key role in high eugenol accumulation in clove leaves and buds. The clove genome is a new contribution to omics resources for the Myrtaceae family and an important tool for clove research.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI USAHATANI CENGKEH DI KECAMATAN KUWUS BARAT KABUPATEN MANGGARAI BARAT

Research on The Analysis of Factors Influencing the Production of Clove Farming (Syzigium Aromaticum) in West Kuwus District West Manggarai Regency Aims to analyze factors that affect the production of clove farming and to analyze the production rate of clove farming in West Kuwus District West Manggarai Regency. Field research was conducted during September 2020 in the West Kuwus Subdistrict area of West Manggarai Regency. Data used are primary and secondary data. The determination of respondents is done using a simple random sampling method. The number of samples taken amounted to 15% of the total population of 180 people so that 35 respondents were clove farmers. Data analysis using regression through Cobb-Douglas production function approach. The results showed that, factors that have a positive and significant effect on the production of clove plants are plant age, fertilizer use, and number of plants. While factors of crop area, and the use of pesticides have a negative relationship and have no significant effect on the production of clove crops. Furthermore, the use of labor has no significant effect on clove production but has a positive relationship. These results indicate that the addition of labor at a certain time especially at the time of harvest can increase the production of clove crops. The income of clove farming is largely determined by the age of the plant and the amount of plant ownership. The lowest income per plant in the 5 - 10 year plant age group is Rp 175 thousand and the highest at the age of plants over 25 years is Rp 1,625,000,-. Income by crop ownership is the lowest of Rp 3.500.000,- with the ownership of as many as 20 trees in the age group of 5 - 10 years; and the highest amount of Rp 339.250.000,- with the ownership of 230 trees in the age group of 21 - 25 years.

Income Analysis of Clove Farmers in Katoi Village Katoi District North Kolaka Regency

This study aims to determine clove farmers' total costs and income in Katoi Village, Katoi District, North Kolaka Regency. The study was conducted in July 2019. The population in this study were clove farmers, totaling 142 people, using the simple random sampling method, and 30 clove farmers were obtained as research samples. Data collection techniques in the research used were surveys and interviews. Analysis of the data used in this study using income analysis. Based on income analysis, the results showed that the income of clove farmers in Katoi Village, Katoi District, North Kolaka Regency was IDR. 71,732,455/year with total clove production of 911 kg. Year. While the total cost of clove farmers is IDR. 7,524,545/year.

In Praise of the Phytogenic Medicinal Plant Syzygium Aromaticum: A Review

Syzygium aromaticum commonly known as Clove is considered to be the most precious spice among others, which has been continued to be utilized for centuries for different biological and therapeutic purposes. It is a tropical tree which belongs to the Myrtaceae family and natively originated from Indonesia. However, in current times it is found in a few other places of the world including Brazil. Clove is viewed as perhaps the most extravagant source of phenolic mixes, for example, eugenol, eugenol acetic acid derivatives and so on. These mixtures have incredible potential for restorative, organic and other rural applications. In this review we have tried to figure out some of the important medicinal or therapeutic as well as phytobiotic and agricultural utilizations of the products prepared from Clove. We have tried to give an extra emphasis on the application of clove as a product of herbal contraception however for this purpose dose of the extract (either aqueous or ethanolic) of clove plays the vital role in this case. Although for establishing or making clove products commercially available as a safe product for herbal contraception or other medicinal impacts, more studies are required, and it could open a new era in the field of herbal medicine that would be much safer and feasible.

Factors Affecting Cloves Production in Woewolo Village, Nagekeo District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

To plant cloves is very promising for the farmers in Woewolo. The cloves plantation in Woewolo Village, Mauponggo District is an effort to obtain added value for economic life. the purpose of this study was to determine whether capital, labor, and land area affect the production income of clove farmers in Woewolo Village, Nagekeo Regency. This research is a type of quantitative research. The population determined in this study were all clove farmers in Woewolo Village with 75 samples. Primary data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Based on the Multiple Linear Regression Test the Variables Capital (X1), Labor (X2), and Land Area (X3) have a positive regression coefficient direction on Clove Production in Woewolo Village, Mauponggo District. The statistical test results prove that capital affects clove production as indicated by the acquisition of t-test results, namely the t-count value of 2.452 with a significance of 0.017 at the 5% significance level where 0.017 <0.05. The results of statistical tests prove that labor affects clove production as indicated by the acquisition of t-test results, namely the t-count value of 2.489 with a significance of 0.015 at the 5% significance level where 0.015 <0.05. The results of statistical tests prove that land area affects clove production as indicated by the acquisition of t-test results, namely the t-count value of 5.347 with a significance of 0.000 at the 5% significance level where 0.000 <0.05. the percentage of the contribution of the influence of the independent variables including the capital, labor, and land area on the clove production variable is 35.8%.

The strategy to improve Indonesian clove production

Indonesia is one of the major clove producing country in the world. The broad trends Indonesian clove production and the production tends to increase every year. Indonesian clove export competitiveness in the international market is included in the very strong category because it has an RCA value above the world average, but Indonesian clove export competitiveness is still below the five competing countries. The purpose of this study was to formulate a strategy to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian clove exports. Based on SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) strategies that can be formulated to increase the competitiveness of Indonesian clove exports, namely: optimizing clove land, improving the quality of processed cloves, expanding markets, developing existing farmer institutions, collaborating with clove processing companies in major consumer countries, promoting organic farming systems in clove plantations, improving national economic conditions that support clove commodities.

Agroforestry innovation by smallholders facing uncertainty: The case of clove-based cropping systems in Madagascar

Clove production in the eastern coastal region of Madagascar is typical of an export crop grown by particularly vulnerable smallholders. Products from clove trees, along with vanilla, account for the largest proportion of Madagascar’s agricultural exports. There is a marked contrast between the national economic stakes and the situation of smallholders hampered by fluctuating world market prices, a particularly erratic climate in this cyclone-prone area, and land fragmentation due to high demographic pressure. Clove trees were first introduced by French settlers and grown in monospecific plantations according to their development model. These clove plantations dominate the landscape but appear at first sight to be deteriorating, thus mobilizing R&D actors with the intention of improving the sector. What if it turned out, on the contrary, that farmers had gradually developed, over generations, diverse and diversified clove systems adapted to the prevailing uncertainty? This is what we wanted to test by implementing a method combining farmer surveys and field observations. We assumed that the density of associated and clove trees, the identification of species within these stands, and the clove tree growth status, reflected the past and present dynamics and the sought-after functions. In two Fenerive-Est villages, we analysed findings from a sample of thirty clove plots, and revealed six different types of system in terms of vegetation structure, species combinations and ages. The trend was in favour of clove tree maintenance and renewal, but also diversification of associated tree species and uses of the underlying layers, to the detriment of the per-hectare clove tree density. The systems had also evolved according to the age of the clove trees. Interventions to improve clove production in Madagascar must be designed within the framework of these diversified, multifunctional and evolving systems, without overlooking other derivative components and products.

DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN SOSIAL EKONOMI PADA MASYARAKAT KINDANG KABUPATEN BULUKUMBA

This study aims to describe how the factors and processes of socio-economic change and the impact of socio-economic changes that occur in the Kindang Society of Bulukumba Regency. This type of research uses qualitative research. The technique in determining informants uses snowball sampling techniques, that is, without determining the criteria for informants, so the number of informants will always increase according to the information needs of the Kindang community in Bulukumba Regency. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques used by researchers through three stages of work, namely: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Validation of the data used is triangulation. The results of this study indicate that (1) the factors that determine the socio-economic changes of the kindang community are farm produce from clove production which is a familiar commodity with a very high economic value at this time with a high level of productivity in Bulukumba district. (2) The process of socio-economic change in the kindang community occurs between different circumstances and times, where the kindang community experiences an economic crisis in the new order, the formation of the BPPC (Clove Management Agency) which regulates and buys cloves at unreasonable prices, then occurs significant changes during the reform period, with the openness and freedom of the reform period until the price of cloves began to recover and freedom of the reformation period until the price of cloves began to recover and increase so that the welfare of the kindang community could prosper. (3) The impact of socio-economic changes that occur in the kindang community of Bulukumba district. namely improving the economic system of the Kindang community to become a prosperous society and higher social stratification, as well as growing public awareness in the fields of education, politics and culture. Culture in this case encompasses lifestyles and relationships and modern lifestyles so that eroding local cultures such as mutual cooperation have begun to diminish.