Clove Plantations Research Articles

Reforestation Impact: Contrasting Carbon Stock and Biodiversity of Clove in Monoculture and Mixed Gardens Over 25 Years

Tropical forests, vital for absorbing CO2 and maintaining ecosystem balance, are threatened by deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices. Mixed garden or clove agroforestry systems, which combine clove cultivation with other crops, offer a sustainable alternative to traditional monoculture practices. This study aims to assess the biomass potential, carbon storage, and biodiversity in clove monoculture and mixed garden systems. The research was conducted in February 2024 at smallholder clove plantations and secondary forests in Pesaren, Sukorejo, Kendal, Central Java. The study involved primary data collection on clove monoculture and mixed garden systems using standardized plot sampling techniques. Biomass, carbon storage and carbon sequestration was calculated through field measurements utilizing allometric equations, while biodiversity was assessed using the Shannon-Wiener index based on species richness and evenness within the sampled plots. The mixed garden system closely approximates secondary forests in terms of biomass, carbon storage, CO2 sequestration, biodiversity, and species evenness, with respective values of 100.36 tons/ha, 47.17 tons/ha, 173.11 tons/ha, 2.837, and 0.91. In contrast, the clove monoculture system recorded the lowest values across all parameters: 67.03 tons/ha for biomass, 31.50 tons/ha for carbon storage, and 115.61 tons/ha for CO2 sequestration, with a dominance of one species and a Shannon-Wiener index and evenness value of 0. These results highlight the superior ecological benefits of mixed garden systems over monoculture clove plantations.

Yield and morphological characteristics of cloves from Semarang plantation, Indonesia

Abstract Cloves, originating from Indonesia’s Moluccas Islands, have spread across various regions over time. Semarang, Central Java, is a notable clove production center, showcasing distinct advantages. Despite originating in the 1980s, Semarang’s clove production remains robust, boasting longevity and high yields. This study focuses on Semarang’s clove plantation, which belongs to the Samyo Rahayu Farmers Group in Gebugan Village, Bergas. The research aimed to evaluate clove yield and morphological traits. The methodology involved selecting high-yield blocks followed by the selection of mother trees. Morphological characteristics like canopy shape, stem dimensions, leaf attributes, and inflorescence traits were examined. Additionally, GC-MS analysis identified oil chemical components. Findings revealed an average plant height of 11.72 m and trunk circumference of 115.55 cm. Canopy shape primarily exhibited a cylindrical form with 1-3 main branches. Leaves displayed green, glossy, and smooth textures upon maturity, transitioning from reddish to bright red in their young shoots, with petiole length of 2.17cm, leaf length of 10.96 cm, and leaf width of 4.39 cm and ratio 2.5. Inflorescences followed a short type, with pink to red mature flower tubes, rounded or slightly pointed corollas, and distinctive red corollas – characteristics typical of the Zanzibar type. Inflorescences were characterized by short arrangements, with an average of 12-20 flower buds per inflorescence. There were tree-to-tree fresh flower yield fluctuations between 40 to 100 kg. Dried clove bud with water content 5.73-6.82 % contained oil 14.67 – 17.96 %. Essential oil compounds analysis indicated the presence of 15-20 chemical components, with eugenol constituting over 70%, signifying its primary compound. This population may be recommended as genetic material for breeding high-yielding cloves.

Evaluasi Status Hara N, P, K Berdasarkan Toposekuen pada Tanah Lahan Cengkeh di Desa Puulemo Kecamatan Lembo Kabupaten Konawe Utara

This research was carried out on a clove plantation in Puulemo Village, Lembo District, North Konawe Regency from June to July 2022. The purpose of this study was: to determine the nutrient status of different toposequences on community clove plantation in Puulemo Village, Lembo District, North Konawe Regency. The method used in the field is a survey method based on toposequence. Soil samples were taken by purposive sampling at three points, namely the top, middle and bottom of the slope with a depth of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. The samples were brought to the laboratory for analysis of the content of pH, Organic-C, nitrogen nutrients, phosphorus, soil potassium and soil CEC. The results showed that the assessment of some soil chemical properties in clove soil based on toposequences in Puulemo Village, Lembo District, North Konawe Regency, it can be stated that the total-N content in layers 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm were classified as moderate, available-K and available-P were classified as very low, pH values were classified as acidic, organic-C content was classified as very low and CEC content was classified as moderate at the top and bottom. in the middle and bottom at the 0-30 cm layer is classified as moderate while at the 30-60 cm layer it is classified as low.Keywords: Clove plant soil, nutrient status, toposekuen

The Influence of Clove Leaf Size Variations on the Characteristics of Clove Leaf Essential Oil Production

Clove leaves are waste products from clove plantations in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. Most clove utilization is limited to the buds, while clove leaves have the potential to be a source of essential oil. Essential oil from clove leaves can be extracted using steam-water distillation. One factor influencing the characteristics of clove leaf essential oil production is the variation in material size. In this study, essential oil extraction was conducted using the steam-water distillation method with different clove leaf sizes, namely 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm. The differences in clove leaf size were intended to determine the most suitable leaf size for extraction using the steam-water distillation method. This study showed that a clove leaf size of 2 cm produced a volume and yield of clove leaf oil of 53.5 ml and 5.45%, respectively. The density value of clove leaf oil obtained from this study was 1.019 grams/mL. The clove leaf oil produced was clear yellowish and had the characteristic aroma of clove oil. These criteria meet SNI 06-2378-2006 for clove leaf oil.

Diversity of arthropods on clove plantations (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Lemba Harapan village, Dampal Selatan district

This study aims to determine the value of the arthropod diversity index in clove plantations (Syzygium aromaticum L.) in the Dampal Selatan District. This research was conducted in Lemba Harapan Village, Dampal Selatan District, Toli-Toli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, at a coordinate point of 00.711228N 120.224933E with a coordinate point of 178 m. Sampling is carried out using light traps and pitfall traps. The data analyses used were the Diversity index Shannon Winner (H), the evenness index (E), and the richness index (R). The results showed that 865 individuals were obtained consisting of 3 classes, 8 orders, 17 families, and 19 species (morphospecies) with different functional roles. The results of the analysis of arthropod diversity in cloves showed moderate diversity, it can be seen that the diversity index value (H) of arthropods was 2.099, Evenness (E) was 0.713, and richness (R) was 2.662.

Intensitas Kerusakan Tanaman Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Akibat Serangan Hama dan Penyakit di Negeri Hitu Lama, Kecamatan Leihitu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah

This study aims to determine the main pests and diseases of tuni and forest clove and to get data of the damage intensity caused by them in clove plantation (“dusung”) in Hitu Lama village, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. The method used is a survey method in four dusung of each tuni clove and forest clove. The observation of plant damage was done on 10% of plants in each dusung. The results showed that the main pest on tuni clove is stem borer (Nothopeus sp.) while on forest clove is a leaf eater. The main diseases found on both cloves plants is leaf spot disease (Cylindrocladium quinguseptatum and Pestalotia palmarum). The damage intensity of stem borer on tuni clove was 31.76% (moderate category) and leaf eaters on forest clove was 12.11% (mild category). The intensity of damage due to leaf spot disease on tuni and forest cloves was 23.39% and 20.76% respectively, both are mild category.

Dillem Wilis Agro-Tourism Branding Designs to Increase Regional Competitiveness in Tourism

Dillem Wilis plantation tour is a coffee bean processing company owned by the Dutch government with an area of 40 hectares. The location is in Dompyong Village, Bendungan District, Trenggalek Regency. This company has the potential for clove plantations, dairy farming, and nature tourism with natural potential surrounded by rivers and locations in hilly areas with attractive views. The ancient buildings of the Dutch government still stand strong with the revitalization that has been carried out by the local government. Agrotourism development is currently a priority program for local governments with the construction of road access and supporting infrastructure. Dillem Wilis Agrotourism also has superior products, such as packaged pasteurized milk and Dillem coffee. The visual architecture of the building, packaging of superior products, and sign systems as well as media for publication of tourist destinations do not have unity. To get the attention and awareness of tourists, a creative strategy is needed through the design of the Dillem Wilis agro-tourism brand. The steps that need to be taken in brand design are: (1) designing a visual identity for Dillem Wilis agrotourism, (2) designing physical communication media, (3) designing digital communication media, and (4) marketing visual property and stationary. To create the right brand awareness, it is very much determined by a consistent visual identity. The visual identity will describe non-physical attributes such as vision and mission, tourism value, and tourism culture. This study aims to: (1) produce a brand identity for Dillem Wilis Agrotourism, (2) Integrate the resources owned by Dillem Wilis Agrotourism in order to form a tourism ecosystem, and (3) generate brand awareness through the implementation of the visual identity design into the Dillem Wilis Trenggalek Agrotourism promotion media project using Tim Brown’s design thinking method which refers to Simon Anholt’s regional branding model for the city branding hexagon.
 Keywords: brand identity, visual branding, Dilem Willis

Pawning Clove Plantation Land in Tolitoli Regency: The Perspective of Fiqh Muamalah

Purpose: Implementation of pawning of clove plantation land in the Tolitoli community, the clove plantation land is temporarily owned by the pawn recipient, and the produce from the land is taken by the pawn recipient. The practice of clove pawning by the Tolitoli people greatly benefits those who receive the pledge of garden land and conversely causes losses to the pawnbroker or land owner. Methodology: This research is qualitative research. Findings: The practice of pawning clove land carried out by the community in Tolitoli Regency is not in accordance with mu’amalah fiqh. The discrepancy lies in the utilization of pawn goods and the results from clove land are fully utilized by the pawn recipient.

Soil Health: Indicators of Soil Management for Vegetable Cultivation under the Clove Plant

Low soil health indicates poor productivity soil optimal for supporting agricultural businesses because it will reduce the production of agricultural commodities for vegetable crop farmers in Ternate City which are carried out under plantation crops. This study aims to determine the level of soil health of vegetable farms under clove plantations. Field observation methods and laboratory analysis were carried out to observe the characteristics of the land (soil and plants) which became the research variables. The drill and soil profile approach is used in observing and taking soil samples. Research data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by using a scale (scoring value) and then determined the level of soil health of agricultural land in the study location. Soil variables observed were physical properties (including soil morphology), chemical properties soil, and soil biological properties. The results showed that the level of soil health on vegetable farms under clove stands in Tobololo Village was in the medium (53-58%) and high (63-67%) classes. Soil health indicators which are variables that affect the decline in the value of soil health on vegetable farms under clove stands are C-organic, base saturation, total nitrogen, and available potassium. The provision of organic matter, nitrogen, and potassium fertilizers will increase base saturation as well as soil fertility and health.

Inventory of Weed Types on Clove Plants (Syzygium aromaticum L.) with Different Altitudes in Waai Village, Salahutu District, Central Maluku.

This study aims to determine the dominant type of weed in the clove plantation area at an altitude of 63 m above sea level and 120 meters above sea level. This study uses a purposive sampling method of vegetation analysis with a sample plot of 1m´1m. The results showed that at an altitude of 63 m dpl found 23 types of weeds from 16 families consisting of 12 types of broad leaf weeds (broad leaf) from 11 families, 5 types of grass weeds (grass) from 3 families, 2 types of tekian weeds (cyperaceae). from 1 tribe, 2 types of ornamental plants from 2 tribes and 2 types of fern weeds from 2 tribes. Meanwhile, at an altitude of 120 m above sea level, 26 types of weeds were found from 22 tribes consisting of 13 types of broad leaf weeds from 12 families, 4 types of grass weeds (grasses) from 4 families, 5 species of fern weeds (fern) from 4 tribes. , 1 type of fern weed from 1 tribe and 3 types of tekian weed from 1 tribe.

The existence of black macaque (Macaca nigra) population in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Bolaang Mongondow, North Sulawesi of Indonesia: The valuable economical investment of the endemic fauna in the forest environmental sustainability

The existence survey of the black macaque (Macaca nigra) population was conducted at the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (BNWNP), Bolaang Mongondow, and North Sulawesi of Indonesia from December 2021 to November 2022. The survey using line transect by ‘Complete Count’ method was used to determine population size. The direct observations and questionnaire surveys of the local people were applied to identify the potential threats to the macaque existence. The population comprised 183 individuals from four multimale-multifemale groups and fourteen solitary individuals. The group density was 1.22 groups/km2, and the group size ranged from 34 to 55 individuals (mean of 42.25 ± 9.53). The mean ratio of adults to non-adults were 1:1.35, and the adult male to female ratio was 1:0.96. Macaca nigra was observed to forage and sleep inside range forest adjacent to the limited production forest. The survival of the macaque was threatened by the habitat loss, fragmentation, illegal logging and illegal mining. Other local human activities in opening forest for clove plantation were identified as potential stressors. Therefore, it should be recommended strictly to implement the existing management plan by the Directorate General of Natural Resources Conservation of the Republic of Indonesia. The monitoring and strengthening the capacity of forest departmental staffs should be focused to conserve the endemic fauna including M. nigra and flora vegetation of the animals’ habitats as the valuable economical investment in the forest environmental sustainability of the BNWNP.

Assessment of Production Rate and Quality Analysis of Essential Oil of Clove Oil Obtained from Hydro-Distillation of Clove Leaves

Clove is one of the leading and potential commodities of the plantation in Madigondo. Currently, the community earns the economic advantage of clove plantation only from the buds. However, other parts of the clove plant have varied potential utilization. For instance, the abundant clove leaves are a valuable and potential source of essential oil. The community considered clove leaves as plantation waste due to a lack of knowledge on further clove leaves processing. The isolation of essential oil from clove leaves can be conducted by applying hydrodistillation. In this research, the hydrodistillation of clove leaves was conducted to characterize the essential oil of clove leaves as well as to investigate the production potency of clove leaves essential oil. The research was also conducted to determine the production rate and capacity of the hydrodistillation of clove leaves. The research shows that the optimum duration of the clove leaves hydrodistillation is 90 minutes. The yield of clove leaves hydrodistillation is 5.4%. The obtained essential oil of clove leaves has to have a density of 1.019 gram/mL and a typical odor of clove oil with a bright and yellow color. Those criteria meet the SNI 06-2387-2006 for oil of clove leaves.

POTENSI USAHA PENGOLAHAN MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN CENGKEH DI KECAMATAN SIPORA SELATAN KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI

Clove (Syzigium aromaticum) is a spice plant which commonly used as raw material in cigarette, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, perfume and insecticide industries. All parts of the clove plant contain of essential oils. However, in Sipora District, Mentawai Islands, who have the majority of clove plantation businesses was use the flower part only. Fallen clove leaves with a potential of 15.9 tons/week only become plantation waste. Therefore, this study was conducted to determined the business potential of essential oils and economic value addition of clove leaves by using a purposive sampling survey method on clove farmers/entrepreneurs in the Sipora district. The results showed that 87.91% of cloves in the South Sipora Sub-district agreed to develop a waste distillation process. Meanwhile, 12.09% were not agree. The essential oil from clove leaves produced has physical characteristics of yellow-brown color, an average refractive index of 1.531, and an average yield of 2.13%. Prediction of the economic value of the estimated business income received is Rp. 921,600,000.00/year, R/C ratio of 1.79, NPV with a value of Rp. 778,730,880.00 BEP of 266 kg product and BEP of price of Rp. 42,525,092.45. IRR MARR 10% by 12% and Payback Period for 2 years 8 months. Moreover, the utilization of clove leaves as essential oil raw material in Sipora District, Mentawai Islands Regency provided some benefit

Identifikasi Produk Unggulan Subsektor Tanaman Perkebunan Setiap Kecamatan di Kabupaten Jombang

This study aims to determine the sub-sector of annual plantation crops which are the superior products of each sub-district in Jombang Regency. This research was conducted from June to August 2020. The data collection method in this study used descriptive quantitative. Secondary data were taken from related sources and calculated using location quotient (LQ) analysis. The results of the LQ analysis of land area and production of each sub-district are described and identified to determine the influencing values. The annual plantation products in Jombang Regency during the period 2014-2018 are clove, cocoa, coconut, and coffee plants. The sub-districts that have a production base value and clove plantation area are Together and Wonosalam Districts. For cocoa plants, the sub-districts that have a production base value and cocoa land area are Bareng and Wonosalam sub-districts. For coconuts, the sub-districts that have a coconut production base value are Bandar Kedung Mulyo, Mojowarno, Wonosalam, Sumobito, Peterongan, Jombang, Megaluh, Tembelang, Kesamben, Ploso, Kabuh, and Plandaan sub-districts. Mulyo, Mojowarno, Wonosalam, Sumobito, Peterongan, Jombang, Megaluh, Tembelang, Ploso, and Plandaan. For coffee plants, the sub-district that has a coffee production base value is the Bareng sub-district and Wonosalam for the sub-district which has a coffee base area is the Wonosalam sub-district.

Soil Moisture Analysis and Rainwater Management at Clove Plantation to Meet the Water Requirement of Clove Plants During Dry Season

In 2015, the clove plants on Ternate Island experienced a drought and dead in the dry season. This study aimed to discover the potential for rainwater and soil moisture as well as the management to meet the water needs of clove plants. This research was conducted from October 2018 to March 2019 on Ternate Islan. The soil data (pF 2.4 and 4.2) and effective depth at 12 land units. The climate data for 2008 to 2017. The data analysis used the water balance approach of the Thornthwaite-Mather method, the Penman-Monteith method, Darcy's law of the SPAW model, and the CropWat 8.0 software. The results showed that the total rainfall was 2307.3 mm/year. The average soil moisture storage (STo) was 134.5 mm. During the dry season, the total rainfall was 1660.4 mm/year. The potential evapotranspiration was 1561.2 mm/year. The water needs for the clove plantation in the tree phase during the dry season was 640.1 mm/year or 53.3 mm/month and increased from the water needs for clove plants in normal conditions which was 607.1 mm/month. The strategies for managing the water needs for the clove plants during dry season were harvesting rainwater during surplus in December and January for storage and increasing soil moisture during water deficit in February and March, using the biopore infiltration hole technology made from organic material from clove leaf litter. Further research on the water needs for clove plants in the vegetative phase. <strong></strong>

Studi Keragaman Anggrek Epifit di Kepulauan Sula

Exploration of epiphytic orchids is very important at this time because the natural habitats of the orchids have begun to be damaged due to the forest conversion into plantations. Epiphytic orchids is a plant that grows upon another trees are scattered in limited, permanent and converted production forests. However, the expansion of coconut, clove and cocoa plantations has resulted in a narrowing of the forest area, resulting in reduced natural habitat for epiphytic orchids. The study aimed to establish the species of epiphytic orchids in Sula Islands, North Maluku. The study used a survey method with a descriptive approach and plots were determined by purposive sampling. The results found 6 species of epiphytic orchids in 8 plots i.e. Cymbidium finlaysonianum, Grammatophyllum scriptum, Trichoglottis latisepala, Brachypeza sp., Pomatocalpa spicata, and Aerides sp. Epiphytic orchids, C. finlaysonianum dominate the forest area reaching 77,29% respectively. There were 9 host trees that had been found, i.e Shorea sp., Cythea sp., Mangifera indica, Heritiera sp., Thesphesia macrophylla, Artocarpus sp., Calophyllum inophyllum, Ficus sp., and Cocos nucifera.&#x0D; Keywords: Epiphytic orchids, host trees, diversity, Sula Islands

Erosion prediction of several land utilization in Dadakitan Village, Baolan sub-district, Toli-Toli Regency

This study aims to determine the amount of soil erosion and the danger index of erosion in several lands uses in Dadakitan Village, Baolan Sub-District, Toli-Toli Regency. In this study, slope class maps and land use maps were overlaid, in order to obtain six land uses include the use of paddy fields, coconut plantation, cocoa plantation, cloves plantation, and forests. Erosion prediction was carried out for all land uses. The survey was then carried out on six land uses to observe the slope and the dominant vegetation. Soil samples were taken deliberately for each land use; three samples for each sample of intact soil and disturbed soil. Erosion prediction analysis was using the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation). The results showed that the erosion hazard index occurred in Dadakitan Village was classified as low, high, and very high. Low erosion occurred in paddy fields, coconut plantation, and cocoa plantation. In contrast, high levels of erosion occurred on clove plantation, and very high erosion level occurred on forest lands. The dominant factors affecting the occurrence of erosion in this area were soil erodibility, topography, plant management, and conservation measures.

The strategy to improve Indonesian clove production

Indonesia is one of the major clove producing country in the world. The broad trends Indonesian clove production and the production tends to increase every year. Indonesian clove export competitiveness in the international market is included in the very strong category because it has an RCA value above the world average, but Indonesian clove export competitiveness is still below the five competing countries. The purpose of this study was to formulate a strategy to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian clove exports. Based on SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) strategies that can be formulated to increase the competitiveness of Indonesian clove exports, namely: optimizing clove land, improving the quality of processed cloves, expanding markets, developing existing farmer institutions, collaborating with clove processing companies in major consumer countries, promoting organic farming systems in clove plantations, improving national economic conditions that support clove commodities.

Improvement of soil moisture storage in clove plantation land using biopore technology and organic material litters

The biopore infiltration hole with organic material litter can increase the soil capacity to accommodate and store soil moisture. This study was aimed to determine the effect of biopores and organic material litter on soil moisture storage and the relationship of climatic conditions on soil moisture storage. The experiment was carried out on clove plantations on Ternate Island, North Maluku from December 2018 to February 2019. This study used a factorial randomized block design. The first factor was the biopores with a depth of 50 cm and 90 cm, and the second factor was 4 types of organic material litters in the form of nutmeg leaves, clove leaves, Guinea grass leaves and a mixture of clove leaves and Guinea grass. The factors observed were total soil water storage and at depths of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm; organic matter content; C/N ratio and soil total N. Data analysis used the GenStat program with analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Distance Test. Results of the study showed that evaporation and percolation are climatic factors that affect water loss. Increase in soil water storage at 20-40 cm soil depth of 107.56 mm was yielded by the treatment of 50 cm biopore and Guinea grass leaf litter but it was not significantly different from the 50 cm biopore and clove leaf litter + chicken manure treatment. The treatment of biopore and organic material litter also increased the organic matter and soil total N and decreased the soil C/N ratio, but it did not have a significant effect.

Agroforestry innovation by smallholders facing uncertainty: The case of clove-based cropping systems in Madagascar

Clove production in the eastern coastal region of Madagascar is typical of an export crop grown by particularly vulnerable smallholders. Products from clove trees, along with vanilla, account for the largest proportion of Madagascar’s agricultural exports. There is a marked contrast between the national economic stakes and the situation of smallholders hampered by fluctuating world market prices, a particularly erratic climate in this cyclone-prone area, and land fragmentation due to high demographic pressure. Clove trees were first introduced by French settlers and grown in monospecific plantations according to their development model. These clove plantations dominate the landscape but appear at first sight to be deteriorating, thus mobilizing R&D actors with the intention of improving the sector. What if it turned out, on the contrary, that farmers had gradually developed, over generations, diverse and diversified clove systems adapted to the prevailing uncertainty? This is what we wanted to test by implementing a method combining farmer surveys and field observations. We assumed that the density of associated and clove trees, the identification of species within these stands, and the clove tree growth status, reflected the past and present dynamics and the sought-after functions. In two Fenerive-Est villages, we analysed findings from a sample of thirty clove plots, and revealed six different types of system in terms of vegetation structure, species combinations and ages. The trend was in favour of clove tree maintenance and renewal, but also diversification of associated tree species and uses of the underlying layers, to the detriment of the per-hectare clove tree density. The systems had also evolved according to the age of the clove trees. Interventions to improve clove production in Madagascar must be designed within the framework of these diversified, multifunctional and evolving systems, without overlooking other derivative components and products.