Cloudy Swelling Of Hepatocytes Research Articles

A STUDY OF HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE GILL AND LIVER TISSUES OF FRESHWATER FISH HETEROPNEUSTES FOSSILIS EXPOSED TO CYPERMETHRIN TOXICITY

The synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin toxicity was studied in fresh water fish 'Heteropneustes fossilis and the tissues like gill and liver were chosen for Histopathological effects by light microscopy, for 4 days and 7 days under sublethal concentrations. No Histopathological effects were observed in control group and 4 days group. Hence 7 days group was selected for the present study. Significant changes in Hepatic cells of liver were observed like cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, vacuolour degeneration, and dilation of sinusoids, Hepatic lesions, and Karyo Lexis. In Gill, oedema, Epithelial lining, curling of lamellae were observed. This study demonstrates the potential of electron microscopy in particular SEM, as a tool for detecting cypermethrin induced damage to liver and surface of gill lamellae.

Environmental Risk of Atrazine (Herbicide) to Brain, Gills and Liver Tissues of Fish <i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> (Valenciennes, 1844)

The current study investigates the toxic effects of acute dose of an endocrine disruptor atrazine on Grass carp (Ctenepharyngodon idella) using histopathological changes as biomarkers. Histopathology is promising field for research in aquatic toxicology, in this manner vital organs; brain, gills, and liver tissues were inspected histological after exposing to sublethal groupings of atrazine 0.025 and 0.03 μl/L for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days individually with equal untreated control group. Against various doses, rapid movements, gulping of air and jumping of fish to scat from toxic medium were noticed. Various severe (+++) morphological modifications in tissue were documented in comparison with control group comprised of degenerated neurons, vacuolization, inflammatory cells infiltration and neural necrosis in brain tissue. The most well-known gills tissue alteration at all concentrations of atrazine was epithelial hyperplasia, desquamation, epithelial lifting and smaller aneurism while hepatic injuries were described by overcast expanding of hepatocytes esteemed as cloudy swelling of hepatocytes followed by karyolysis, karyohexis and dilation of sinusoids which shows that atrazine introduction upgraded the toxicosis impacts with the increase concentration, influenced the strength of the fish, inferable from histological inconsistencies.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of the root extracts of Fagaropsis hildebrandtii in mice and evaluation of their antimicrobial effects

Background: Among the Kamba community of Kenya, roots ofFagaropsis hildebrandtii(FH) are boiled and used in managing cough, fertility problems, and microbial infections. The safety of this plant in oral administration and the validity of the ethnomedical claims are unverified. This study evaluated the toxicity of the aqueous and hexane root extracts of FH in mice and antimicrobial effects againstStaphylococcus aureus,Salmonella typhimuriumandCandida albicans.Methods: Doses (300 and 2000 mg/kg) of the extracts were administered orally to mice for 14 days. The weight, feed, and water consumption, organ weight of mice and gross macroscopy of the liver were used in evaluating acute toxicity. Mice were additionally treated with 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body-weight doses of the extracts for 28 days and haematological, biochemical, and histological parameters noted. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MIC; MBC/MFC) of the extracts against the aforementioned pathogens were determined by broth dilution.Results: Acute oral toxicity of the extracts was >2000 mg/kg, there were dose dependent changes in haematological and biochemical parameters, all female mice died when treated with doses of 1000mg/kg and doses ≥500 mg/kg caused tubular degeneration and haemorrhage of the kidney, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, and multifocal necrosis and pyknosis in the liver. The MBC/MIC ratio of each of the extracts againstStaph. aureusandS. typhimuriumwas 2, whileC. albicanswas not sensitive to any of the extracts.Conclusions: Long term use of FH root extracts was associated with dose-dependent changes in the mice kidney, liver and in biochemical and haematological parameters. Root extracts of FH are bactericidal againstStaph. aureusandS. typhimuriumbut have no effect onC. albicans. Future work should aim at identifying the metabolites responsible for the observed toxic and bactericidal effects of the FH root extracts.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of the root extracts of Fagaropsis hildebrandtii in mice and evaluation of their antimicrobial effects

Background:Among the Kamba community of Kenya, roots ofFagaropsis hildebrandtii(FH) are boiled and used in managing cough, fertility problems, and microbial infections. The safety of this plant in oral administration and the validity of the ethnomedical claims is unverified. This study evaluated the toxicity of the aqueous and hexane root extracts of FH in mice and antimicrobial effects againstStaphylococcus aureus,Salmonella typhimuriumandCandida albicans.Methods: Doses (300 and 2000mg/kg) of the extracts were administered orally to mice for 14 days. The weight, feed, and water consumption, organ weight of mice and gross macroscopy of the liver were used in evaluating acute toxicity. Mice were additionally treated with 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg body weight doses of the extracts for 28 days and haematological, biochemical, and histological parameters noted. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MIC; MBC/MFC) of the extracts against the aforementioned pathogens were determined by broth dilution.Results:Acute oral toxicity of the extracts was >2000mg/kg, there were dose dependent changes in haematological and biochemical parameters, all female mice died when treated with doses of 1000mg/kg and doses ≥500mg/kg caused tubular degeneration and haemorrhage of the kidney, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, and multifocal necrosis and pyknosis in the liver. The MBC/MIC ratio of each of the extracts againstStaph. aureusandS. typhimuriumwas 2, whileC. albicanswas not sensitive to any of the extracts.Conclusions:Long term use of root extracts of FH was associated with dose-dependent changes in the kidney and liver of mice and changes in biochemical and haematological parameters. Root extracts of FH are bactericidal againstStaph. aureusandS. typhimuriumbut have no effect onC. albicans. Future work should aim at identifying the metabolites responsible for the observed toxic and bactericidal effects of the roots of FH.

Assessment of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) and copper (II) oxide (CuO) induced hemato- and hepatotoxicity in Cyprinus carpio

Recently, Cu-based nanoparticles have drawn considerable attention for their various fascinating roles in multiple biological systems. It is recognized that their frequent use can create compatibility challenges for the recipient systems. Nevertheless, it is unclear how various biological interactions affect the compatibility of Cu oxide II (CuO) and Cu oxide nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) for different organisms. Consequently, it has been difficult to perform structured risk assessments for their use in biological systems. Therefore, this study compared the effects of different doses of waterborne Cu-NPs and CuO on the blood and liver of selected groups of Cyprinus (C) carpio. These fish while housed in suitable water tanks were exposed to one of the following treatments for 14 d: control (no added Cu) or 0.5 or 1 or 1.5 mg Cu as Cu-NPs or CuO l–1 of water. We found significant changes in all assessed blood parameters of fish in response to increasing doses from 0 to 1.5 mg of Cu-NPs or CuO. Similarly, increased levels of lipid peroxide and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also observed in the livers of C. carpio in Cu-NPs or CuO treated groups. Enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation and GSH were also recorded in the Cu-NP treated groups compared with the CuO treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The lowest catalase activity was observed in the liver of C. carpio treated with the higer dose of Cu-NPs. Cu-NP or CuO exposure induced significant histological alterations in the liver of C. carpio including focal necrosis, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, degenerative hepatocytes, vacuolization, pyknotic nuclei, damaged central vein, nuclear hypertrophy, dilated sinusoid, vacuolated degeneration, congestion, and complete degeneration in a dose dependent manner. Substantial alterations in blood and liver specimens were observed in the Cu-NP treated fish when compared with the CuO treated fish. It appeared that the Cu-NPs were more toxic than the CuO as shown by the hemato- and hepatotoxicity in C. carpio of this study.

Effects of profenofos induced histopathology and recovery patterns in silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus)

Histopathology is promising field for research in aquatic toxicology as it provides the real picture of the toxic effects of xenobiotics in vital functions of a living organism. The present study aims to evaluate the toxic effect of pesticide namely profenofos on silver barb. Liver and kidney of silver barb were examined histologically after exposure to sublethal concentrations (0.01 ppm, 10% of LC50 and 0.05 ppm, 50% of LC50) of profenofos for 0, 7, 15 and 30 days. Histological recovery was also studied by maintaining the pesticide‐exposed fish in a freshwater system for an additional 7, 15 and 30 day. Kidney and liver of exposed individuals exhibited some remarkable changes in their histology in comparison to control and recovery group. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fish were characterized by cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, lipoid vacuoles, pycnotic nuclei and focal necrosis. Epithelial hypertrophy, narrowing of the tubular lumen, atrophy of the glomerulus, broader Bowman's capsule, necrosis in the epithelial cells and pycnosis in the hematopoietic tissue were observed in kidney tissues of experimental fish. These lesions grew with increasing concentration. Although some of the changes were reversible, the rest were less pronounced after a recovery period.Progressive Agriculture 28 (3): 240-248, 2017

Histopathological study of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin-contaminated diet on histopathological alterations of the gill, liver, kidney and intestine tissues in common carp. Fish were randomly distributed into 15 tanks, i.e. in five experimental groups; (I) control fed with normal diet without solvent and aflatoxin, (II) positive control received feed with only solvent, and (III-V) fed on diets containing 0.5, 0.7 and 1.4 mg kg -1 of aflatoxin, respectively. After 21-days, 12 fish per treatment were randomly caught, anesthetized and euthanized. Then, histological sections of the tissues were prepared. The main aflatoxicosis symptoms in the gills were fusion and disorganisation of the secondary gill lamellae, shortening of the secondary lamellae, inflammation of mucous membranes, and exfoliation of the gill epithelium. Liver of the infected fish indicated cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, cellular hypertrophy, formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and necrosis of liver parenchyma. Expansion of Bowman’s space, necrosis of urinary tract, exfoliation and degeneration of the urinary tract epithelium, expansion of the urinary lumen and dilation of the urinary space were observed symptoms in the kidney. Changes in the intestine of the aflatoxin-treated fish were; expansion of goblet cells, necrosis of mucous layers, exfoliation of the mucous epithelium, and bleeding in the intestinal wall. The results indicates that feeding common carp with diets contaminated with aflatoxin, even in low concentrations (≤ 1.4 mg kg -1 feed) can cause histopathological damages and disturb their physiological balance.

Immunohistopathological Studies on Rats Injected with CCl4 and Treated with Propolis and Honey Bee

Background: liver and kidney play a pivotal role in metabolism of nutrients, drugs, hormones, metabolic waste products and thereby maintaining body homeostasis. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the protective effects of honey and propolis on liver and kidney tissues of rats injected with CCl4. Material and method: rats were divided into 4 groups (10 rats in each group). Normal control group: received standard food and water; CCl4 group: injected with CCl40.5 ml/kg b. wt. mixed in olive oil(v/v) twice a weekfor six weeks; CCl4 & honey group: injected with CCl4 0.5 ml/kg b. wt. mixed in olive oil(v/v) twice a week for six weeks and 10% honey in drinking water. CCl4 & Propolis: injected with CCl4 0.5 ml/kg b. wt. mixed in olive oil(v/v) twice a week for six weeks and 200 ml/kg b.wt/rat/day of propolis. After 6 weeks, rats were anesthetized, then liver and kidney organs were collected, washed in normal saline, fixed in 10% formalin, then processed for the histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: marked histopathological alterations were observed in CCl4 group, the most common changes were cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, fatty changes, clear vacuolation of renal cells and congested blood vessels. Treatment with honey or propolis improved the histopathological changes induced by CCl4 in liver and kidney tissues of rats. Conclusion: the present study indicated that CCl4 has a toxic effect on liver and kidney tissues, but administration of honey and propolis can protect rats against form the toxic effect of CCl4.

Immunohistopathological Studies on Rats Injected with CCl4 and Treated with Propolis and Honey Bee

Background: The liver and kidneys play apivotal role in the metabolism of nutrients, drugs, hormones, metabolic waste products and thereby maintaining body homeostasis. The present study was planned to demonstrate the favorable hepatonephroprotective effect of honey or propolis against CCl4 histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemistry. Material and methods: Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: The first group of 10 rats serves as control. The second were maintained as CCl4, then third and fourth maintained as honey and propolis respectively for period of experiment (6 weeks). Pieces of liver and kidney were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemistry procdures and the obtained sections (5 μm thick) were stained with H&E also with silver nitrate stain and anti laminin antibody for immuno- histochemistry. Result: Marked histopathological alteration were observed in the studied sections under the influence of CCl4, the most common changes were cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, fatty changes, clear vacuolation of renal cells and congested blood vessels. After treated with honey and propolis showed improvement of hepatocytes and renal tissues. Conclusion: This study indicated that CCl4 has a toxic effect on liver and kidney. Honey and propolis improve the structural integrity of the cell membrane and ameliorates histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemistry changes.

감성돔(Acanthopagrus schlegelii) 치어의 포르말린에 대한 내성 및 조직학적 반응

Black seabream juveniles Acanthopagrus schlegelii held at <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX> were exposed to formalin at concentrations of 50 to 400 ppm, and tolerance values were determined by calculating median lethal concentration values (LC50) through probit analysis. The 12-, 24, 48, 72- and 96-h LC50 values for formalin were 297, 233, 171, 162 and 157 ppm, respectively. The histological effects of formalin on gill and liver tissues in this fish were determined. No histological effects were observed in the control group. The intensity of cell damage increased with the concentration of, and duration of exposure to, formalin. Hyperplasia, separation and epithelial necrosis, epithelial lifting, lamellar synechiae and collapsed lamellae were observed in gill tissues exposed to formalin. Hepatic lesions in liver tissues of fishes exposed to formalin were characterized by cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, necrosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization, deposition of pigments, spongiosis hepatis, nuclear hypertrophy, dilation of sinusoids and bile stagnation. The LC50 values and histological results obtained in this study will aid in designing treatment regimens to minimize toxic side effects and increase efficacy.

Observation on the Histopathological Alterations in the Liver of Cypermethrin Affected Fish,Cirrhinus mrigala(Hamilton)

The freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala, was exposed to lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin (5.13 μg/l and 1.026 μg/l) and the histopathological changes were observed in liver tissues. Compared to the structure of control fish, exposed tissues were initially exhibited disarray of liver lobes, mild degree of degeneration of cytoplasm, occasional blood clots, congregation of nuclei, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, granulisation of cytoplasm, hypertrophic, pyknotic nuclei, atrophic, hepatocytic nuclei, focal necrosis, vacuolation, shrinkage of hepatocytes, granular degeneration, rupture of blood vessels, necrosis dissolution of laminar structure and cytoplasmic disintegration in hepatocytes. In the sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin, tissues initially exhibited few changes like slight disarray of liver lobes, mild degree of degeneration of cytoplasm, occasional blood clots, congregation of nuclei and cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, granulisation of cytoplasm, hypertrophic and pyknotic nuclei on 1 and 7 days. But on 14 and 21 day, certain degree of reorganisation in the structure of liver cords was observed.

Histopathological effects of cypermethrin on gill, liver and kidney of fresh water fish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), and recovery after exposure

Gill, liver and kidney of Clarias gariepinus were examined histologically after exposure to sublethal concentrations (10.05, 20.10 and 30.15 µg/L) of cypermethrin for 10 days. Histological recovery was also studied by maintaining the pesticide‐exposed fish in a fresh water system for an additional 10 days. Epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, oedema, fusion of secondary lamellae, necrosis and desquamation were histopathological changes in the gills of fish exposed to cypermethrin. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fish were characterized by cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, lipoid vacuoles, pycnotic nuclei and focal necrosis. Epithelial hypertrophy, narrowing of the tubular lumen, atrophy of the glomerulus, broader Bowman's capsule, necrosis in the epithelial cells and pycnosis in the hematopoietic tissue were observed in kidney tissues of fish. These lesions grew with increasing concentration. Although some of the changes were reversible, the rest were less pronounced after a recovery period; a period of 10 days was not long enough for complete recovery.

Histopathological changes in the gill and liver tissues of freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to dichlorvos

The histopathological effects of dichlorvos, an organophosphate pesticide, on the gill and liver tissues in Cirrhinus mrigala were determined by light microscopy. The fishes were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.91 and 1.82 ppm) of dichlorvos for 10 days with parallel untreated control. No histopathological effects were observed in control group. Hyperplasia, desquamation, and necrosis of epithelial, epithelial lifting, oedema, lamellar fusion, collapsed secondary lamellae, curling of secondary lamellae and aneurism in the secondary lamellae were observed in gill tissues exposed to dichlorvos. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fishes exposed to dichlorvos were characterized by cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, congestion, vacuolar degeneration, karyolysis, karyohexis, dilation of sinusoids and nuclear hypertrophy.

Evaluation of CT perfusion imaging for the hemodynamics on liver ischemia reperfusion injury

Objective To evaluate the value of CT perfusion imaging (CTPI) on liver ischemia reperfusion injury. Methods Twenty-one adult dogs were divided into three groups randomly: CON group, IV group and SMA group, each group consisted of 7 dogs. Under general anesthesia and laparotomy, porta hepatis were occluded for 45 minutes and reperfused 60 minutes later to establish IR injury models. Lipo-PGE1 administration was conducted 5 minutes before porta occlusion and 60 minutes after reperfusion in Ⅳsodium chloride administration was slowly conducted 5 minutes before porta occlusion and 60 minutes after reperfusion in CON group as control, the rate of injection was 2 ml/kg. CTPI free portal pressure measurement (FPP) and pathological sampling were performed in succession and compared before and after IlL Paired-sample t test was used for self control study on parameters of liver perfusion before and after IR in each group, and One-way ANOVA was used for comparison of different values of each parameter of liver perfusion among groups. Results (1) Each liver blood perfusion value decreased in different levels after IR. The different values of hepatic arterial perfusion (HAP), portal vein perfusion (PVP), total liver group , respectively. There were significant difference in each parameter of liver perfusion among groups (F=5.286, 2. 894, 4. 705 ;P 0. 05). (3) Microscopically, the structures of liver were poorly defined with cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, stasis of erythrocytes in hepatic sinusoid, and neutrophilic granulocyte infiltration of portal area in control group. Evidence of liver injury was moderately improved in IV group and markedly improved in SMA group. Conclusion CT perfusion imaging can objectively and quantitatively estimate the alterations on liver hemodynamics on IR injury following administration of medication. Key words: Reperfusion injury; Tomography; X-ray computed; Perfusion

The effects of fenvalerate on different tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala

The histopathological changes of fenvalerate on the gill, kidney, liver and intestine tissues of the Cirrhinus mrigala were determined by light microscopy. The fish were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of fenvalerate (1.5–3.0 ppb). The most common gill changes at all concentrations of fenvalerate were epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial necrosis, desquamation and lamellar fusion. Besides, epithelial lifting, oedema, swelling at the tips of secondary lamellae and curling of secondary lamellae were other histopathological changes. Necrosis of tubular epithelium, pycnotic nuclei in the hematopoietic tissue, hypertrophied epithelial cells of renal tubules, narrowing of the tubular lumen, expansion of space inside the Bowman's capsule and contraction of the glomerulus were observed in kidney tissues of fish. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fish exposed to fenvalerate were characterized by congestion, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes and focal necrosis. Atrophy of epithelial cells, necrosis of epithelial cells, desquamation of mucosal epithelium and infiltration of lymphocytes into the lamina propria were detected in intestine tissues of fish after exposure to fenvalerate.

Effects of high-energy shock wave on organs adjacent to the kidney in the growing rat

To assess the effects of high-energy shock waves (HESW) on organs adjacent to the kidney, in the growing rat. We studied 60 Wistar male rats. Upon completing 30 days of age, a radiopaque marker was placed in the animals' left renal cavity. With 40 days of age, after radiologically confirming the markers' position, the rats were divided into 2 groups: control-group--30 rats that did not receive shock waves; experimental group--30 rats exposed to 1000 shock waves of 17.2 KV in intensity. The rats were sacrificed 7, 90 and 180 days after exposure to HESW. The bodily growth was assessed and the analysis of macro- and microscopic morphology of liver, spleen, pancreas, lungs and adrenals. There was no statistical difference in the animals' bodily growth. The microscopic morphologic analysis demonstrated significant alterations in spleen (proliferative changes in the red pulp) and liver (cloudy swelling) of the animals submitted to HESW and sacrificed on the seventh day. These changes completely disappeared in subsequent analyses. HESW applied to rat did not inhibit the animals' growth and caused transitory histological lesion in spleen (proliferative changes in the red pulp) and in liver (cloudy swelling of hepatocytes). Such changes were observed only in the group that was exposed to HESW and was sacrificed 7 days following the experiment, presenting spontaneous recovery.