Closed Water Systems Research Articles

Results of iodine-based treatment application in carp aquaculture within closed water systems

The study aimed to monitor the prevalence of ectoparasites and bacterial infestations in carp and to determine effective dosages of a new iodine-based treatment for disease prevention. The research found that carp were affected by ectoparasites G. kobayashii at 43.32%, L. cyprinacea at 46.67%, and P. lusiana at 31.71% in fish farming facilities within the Sumy Region. Treatment with the iodine-based product resulted in a reduction of infestation levels to 0.2%, including a decrease in the incidence of gyrodactylosis by 89.92-97.35%, lernaeosis by 79.13-95.91%, and philometroidosis by 81.30-91.16% compared to monitoring results. In investigations of bacterial infestations, it was found that the contamination of carp was higher for E. coli at the PC “Shmatukha” by 8.0%, Aeromonas hydrophila by 47.97%, and Aeromonas salmonicida by 31.39%. Additionally, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica was detected at 19.48%, Streptococcus iniae at 13.27%, and Micrococcus spp. at 38.14% at LLC “Ryasnyanske”. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus was recorded at 21.37%, and Listeria monocytogenes at 11.43% at LLC “Bdzhola”; these figures were lower than those observed in other farms. Following treatment with the iodine-based agent, contamination of fish by E. coli decreased by 98.96% at the PC “Shmatukha”, 99.2% at LLC “Bdzhola”, and 84.32% at LLC “Ryasnyanske”. Contamination of carp by A. hydrophila decreased by 94.51% at the PC “Shmatukha”, 80.28% at LLC “Bdzhola”, and 99.15% at LLC “Ryasnyanske”. The presence of A. salmonicida was reduced by 97.23% at the PC “Shmatukha”, 94.00% at LLC “Bdzhola”, and 79.06% at LLC “Ryasnyanske”. Contamination by S. aureus decreased by 92.15% at the PC “Shmatukha”, 98.74% at LLC “Bdzhola”, and 93.89% at LLC “Ryasnyanske”. The levels of S. iniae decreased by 80.90% at the PC “Shmatukha”, 99.63% at LLC “Bdzhola”, and 83.30% at LLC “Ryasnyanske”. Contamination by L. monocytogenes was reduced by 96.25% at the PC “Shmatukha”, 96.08% at LLC “Bdzhola”, and 98.13% at LLC “Ryasnyanske”. Furthermore, Micrococcus spp. levels decreased by 93.74% at the PC “Shmatukha”, 96.37% at LLC “Bdzhola”, and 92.26% at LLC “Ryasnyanske”, in comparison to the monitoring results. The practical value of this study lies in controlling the spread of ectoparasites and developing preventive measures to eliminate ectoparasites and bacterial infestations in carp prior to their release into water bodies

The analysis of potentially toxic heavy metal contamination in the Lake Bogoria geothermal springs

Lake Bogoria geothermal system is a natural geological site in Kenya that boasts a habitat for Flamingos which attract tourists, and its water find applications in agriculture and recreation. Accordingly, its geological processes, closed water systems and anthropogenic activities may lead to accumulation of potential toxic metal contamination. The present study focused on the analysis of potentially toxic metals — manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in geothermal spring water samples after acid digestion method, and evaluated their health risks through dermal and ingestion exposures. Principal component analysis (PCA), enrichment factors (EF) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were performed to determine the sources and correlation between the metals investigated. Manganese, Cu and Ni recorded mean concentrations (ppm) of 0.19 ± 0.08, 0.02 ± 0.02 and 0.03 ± 0.02, respectively, which were below the permissible World Health Organisation (WHO) limits, whereas Pb (0.06 ± 0.04) and Cd (0.05 ± 0.02) levels were above the threshold standards. PCA revealed that these metals may have originated from geological regimes and surface run-offs. Copper and Cd metals were highly enriched indicating an anthropogenic origin. The Hazard quotients (HQ) of Pb and Cd were >1,\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$>1,$$\\end{document} hence they are potential precursors for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in both children and adults. The findings of this study showed possible Pb and Cd metal contamination from geothermal waters. Therefore, there is need for remediation, continuous monitoring and assessment of geothermal waters before utilization for recreation, crop production and geothermal energy exploitation to ensure environmental conservation and human safety.

Phagocytosis in the Fish <i>Oreochromis Niloticus</i> against the Background of Candidaemia Development under Aquarium Conditions

In recent years, pathogenic forms of Candida albicans have been activated and isolated in aquariums of commercially valuable fish and in closed water systems (CWIs). They largely colonise the digestive tube and lead to the death of 95‑100% of fish. Treatment methods for aquarium fish bred for food purposes are ecologically and economically unjustified, as the preparations retain a certain toxicity. In this regard, it is necessary to search for environmentally friendly methods of prevention and therapy of candidaemiasis in aquariums and CWIs. It was found that propolis in complex with methylene blue promotes complete elimination of toxicity and suppressive action of sensitizers, inhibition of increased reproduction of Candida in the organism of Oreochromis niloticus, strengthening of haematopoiesis processes, increase of neutrophils, monocytes and activation of phagocytosis. In comparison with the data of the infected fish of group 2, the level of neutrophils increased by 1.63, 1.6, 1.82 and 1.67 times, monocytes by 1.94, 2.58, 3.08 and 3.1 times on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th day of the experiment. This contributed to the restoration of the functional activity of cells and phagocytic reactions in the organism of O. niloticus, increasing the ecological environment, productivity and quality of the obtained dietary protein, meat rich in essential fatty acids omega‑3 and -6.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE EFFECTS OF 010K - LACTOBACILLUS PARACASEI AND THE "ECOPROBIOTIC" PROBIOTIC PREPARATION ON THE GROWTH AND INTESTINAL MICROFLORA OF FISH

The most important result of fish rearing in closed water systems is to achieve the highest possible growth rate while creating optimal aqueous environment factors. The growth of fish is influenced by many factors, including probiotics in artificial diets. In this sense, functional food supplements, including pro-, pre- and synbiotics, are gaining increasing attention as an environmentally sound strategy to improve fish health. Probiotics, participating in digestive processes, affect the metabolism of the host organism, promote protein synthesis and increase the degree of their assimilation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the 010K - Lactobacillus paracasei strain that isolated from Kazakhstan koumiss and the "Ecoprobiotic" probiotic preparation on the growth of intestinal microflora in Nile tilapia. The study outcomes displayed that live weight of fish in the experimental groups (010K - Lactobacillus paracasei and probiotic preparation "Ecoprobiotic") was higher than in the control group. Moreover, fish fed with the "Ecoprobiotic " probiotic and 010K - Lactobacillus paracasei strain had a significantly higher number of yeast cells compared to the control group. In summary, the 010K - Lactobacillus paracasei and probiotic preparation "Ecoprobiotic" may be a promising candidate for the improving growth and intestinal microbiota of Nile tilapia.

Disinfection of Dental Chair Water Using Aqueous Chlorine Dioxide

Chlorine dioxide is a safe, environmentally friendly disinfecting agent. In this study, aqueous chlorine dioxide (ACD) was used to improve the water quality of dental chairs. However, chlorine dioxide is readily released from ACD solutions under open atmosphere conditions. Described herein is a water purification and disinfection system using ACD. The system was designed, fabricated, and integrated into an existing dental chair water system. This system is referred to as an ACD dental chair. Because ClO2 readily degasses from ACD, there needs to be a way to maintain and measure the ACD solution in real time. In our studies, we found that pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) change as a function of chlorine dioxide concentration and are easily controlled and measured. The dosing of the ACD was designed to begin at 800 mV and stop dosing at 810 mV in the ACD dental chair. Through use of this continuous monitoring and automatic dosing system, the water ORP was controlled between 800 and 860 mV. This range is the effective concentration of chlorine dioxide that is without chlorine-like odor and microorganism growth. The ACD dental chair controlled the total bacterial count to <5 CFU/mL and the chlorite concentration was less than 0.0004 mg/L, meeting legal standards of Taiwan, the USA, and China. In addition to the application of ACD in dental chairs, it may also be used in closed water systems for food, cosmetics, beverages, and other industries.

Recycled paper mill process water pre-treatment using ultrafiltration for water system closure

The use of membranes in integrated water systems has garnered increasing attention in paper mills operating with virgin fibres, with documented closed water loops in industry. However, limited research exists on the performance of ultrafiltration (UF) in mills operating with 100% recycled fibres (RCF) and closed water systems, as these result in the introduction and accumulation of insoluble contaminants in the effluent. This study investigated the effect of transmembrane pressure (TMP) and feed organic load on the flux, types of fouling, and organic separation with UF membranes in a recycled paper mill using 100% RCF. The high feed organic load caused inevitable fouling, limiting the highest achievable flux. However, the TMP could be manipulated to improve on or exacerbate the process performance, within the range that was set as a result of the feed's characteristics. Low TMP (1.35 bar) generated the highest permeability and chemical oxygen demand removal, while higher TMPs produced higher fluxes and recoveries. The process was characterised by high initial fluxes, followed by cake formation, which dominated, and pore blockage. The excess cake formation induced cake filtration. This study shows the potential of UF membranes to be used as pre-treatment in filtering the process water in a recycled paper mill operating with 100% RCF, a critical step forward in implementing an integrated water system, and eventually closing the water loop.

Wastewater free supply in animal husbandry

The main component of waste water of livestock enterprises is the urine of cattle and pigs. The chemical composition of urine is determined by diet and animal species and can not be changed under any techniques. Analysis of water balances allows to make the conclusion that the termination of the reset of highly concentrated waste water by recycling in hydroponicum opens up the prospect of the creation of undrained water supply in animal breeding farms. The use of household waste water for the purposes of technical water supply will allow dramatically reduce the withdrawal of fresh water from a natural water pool, and discharge into it of waste water. Implementation of complex of measures on rational use of water in livestock enterprises allows to move from the closed water systems of individual plants (production of green feed by hydroponic method) to undrained water supply enterprises at all.

Application of foamed additives to the surface of wet handsheets

We explored the application of foamed wet-end additives onto wet handsheets to qualify our method of application and to demonstrate the method’s usefulness for prescreening additives and foaming agents for packaging applications. We modified a laboratory drawdown coating machine to allow coating of wet handsheets with foamed additives. Initial sheet solids were adjusted to a target of 8%–25% by vacuum. Foam layer thickness was set mechanically. After application, the foamed additives were drawn into the sheet with vacuum. The additive dosage was adjusted by altering its concentration within the foaming formulation. We evaluated more than 100 foaming agents and 10 strength additives, comparing wet-end and foam-assisted addition with no addition on recycled linerboard and virgin linerboard furnish. Foam-assisted addition typically displayed a much steeper dose-response curve and much higher maximum strength levels than wet-end addition. Our results suggest potential target applications for this technology, such as lightweighting, and improved strength performance in mills with relatively closed water systems, where strength aids added into the wet end are adversely influenced by accumulation of inorganic ions and organic species.

Monitoring the Change of Water Level and Its Effect on Water Quality in Sawa Lake, Southwest Iraq

Sawa Lake is considered one of the distinct closed water systems located in the southwestern part of Iraq. In last years, the lake has suffered from a significant decrease in the water depth reached 1.5 m, thus the current study aims to monitor and analyse the change in water level, and identify causes and effect of this change on the lake hydrochemical properties by using analyzing cations and anions with the assistance of sub bottom profilers technique as well as obtained information from scientific diving.
 The results revealed that the lake had an equilibrium state between feed up and withdrawal water as well as evaporation during history. In spite of the high evaporation rates in the region, this equilibrium state made the lake doesn't dry up completely or become as a high salinity water system as brine lakes or as the Dead sea system. The equilibrium state is due to recycling and washing process of salt water by filtration and leakage under the bottom of the lake through the recharge site, so, there is a replacement of water, the decreasing in the lake level is not only attributed to evaporation factor, the main reason for this decreasing resulted in reducing the supply of Dammam aquifer, which is considered the main water supply effecting of the lake.

Capture and Release of Phosphorus by Periphyton in Closed Water Systems Influenced by Illumination and Temperature

Periphyton is known to play an important role in the self-purification of aquatic ecosystems. However, little attention has been paid to the understanding of P distribution and its partitioning influenced by the physical parameters when periphyton is separated from the sediment. In this work, the effect of periphyton on the capture and release of phosphorus in closed water systems was studied and the influence of illumination and temperature conditions were investigated. Results showed that phosphorus was transferred from water to periphyton during the experiment at 15 °C, but periphyton turned from a sink to a source of phosphorus in a few days at 25 and 35 °C. Phosphorus capture in periphyton was more enhanced when illuminated at 70 than 20 μmol photons m−2 s−1 at 25 and 35 °C, but not at 15 °C. At the end of the experiment, cyanobacteria became more abundant at 25 and 35 °C and phosphorus fractionation showed that labile-P was predominant in periphyton. The release of the captured phosphorus could be related to the disaggregation of periphyton following the depletion of nutrients. Therefore, periphyton act as a temporary storage of phosphorus following nutrient input in closed water systems and the capture and release of phosphorus is strongly influenced by the environmental conditions.

Industrial pollution of the hydrosphere and problems of water treatment in Russia

The statistical data of water use by various industries in Russia were presented and analyzed for the years 2010 to 2016. The problems of saving water resources and developing market for environmental services in Russia were considered. The dynamics of industrial water consumption and water treatment was estimated. The structure of water use and the wastewater disposal for different branches of economy is represented. The constructive proposals for industrial water treatment systems were made. It was shown that sorption method is one of the most promising and environment friendly. The composite sorbents were synthesized from reagents being produced in Russia. For comparison the use and effectiveness of the composite sorbent and imported ion-exchanger was investigated. The developing closed water systems based on the composite sorbents was suggested.

Behavior of 137Cs in ponds in the vicinity of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant

137Cs activity concentration in the water of four ponds, Suzuuchi (SU), Funasawa (FS), Inkyozaka (IZ), and Kashiramori (KM), that are within 10 km of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant were observed from April 2015 to August 2016. 137Cs inventories in soils surrounding SU, FS, IZ, and KM were 6.4, 2.9, 2.1, and 0.9 MBq m−2, respectively. 137Cs inventories in the bottom sediments of SU, FS, IZ, and KM were 13, 8.9, 1.6, and 1.1 MBq m−2, respectively. Higher 137Cs inventories in bottom sediment than those of soil in SU and FS suggest that 137Cs was delivered to and accumulated in these ponds. Mean total 137Cs activity concentrations in SU, FS, IZ, and KM were 41, 13, 9.5, and 1.4 Bq L−1, respectively. Particulate 137Cs concentration accounted for 71–90% of total 137Cs in the water samples, on average. The mean distribution coefficient, Kd, in SU, FS, IZ, and KM was 1.3 × 105, 2.1 × 105, 1.7 × 105, and 6.2 × 105 L kg−1, respectively. These Kd values were higher than the Kd values observed in the Chernobyl area by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Although no significant decreasing trends were found, dissolved 137Cs activity concentration tended to be low during winter in all four ponds. Dissolved 137Cs activity concentrations were proportional to K+ and DOC concentrations in all the ponds. The results from principal component analysis performed for 137Cs activity concentration and water chemistry data sets suggested that there were different mechanisms behind variability of dissolved 137Cs activity concentrations for each pond. Continuous monitoring is required to reveal temporal trends in 137Cs activity concentrations of these waters and controlling factors of such in closed water systems in Fukushima.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ БІОФІЛЬТРІВ З РІЗНИМИ ТИПАМИ НАПОВНЮВАЧА В УСТАНОВКАХ ЗАМКНУТОГО ВОДОПОСТАЧАННЯ В АКВАКУЛЬТУРІ

The review of literature sources that reflect the peculiarities of closed water systems (RAS) in aquaculture using bio filters with different types of filler for water cleaning. Deals with the importance of mechanical and biological filtration for RAS. Biochemical and microbiological processes inside the bio filters with movable and immovable fillers were deliberated. The attention on the need to maintain the viability of denitrification bio filters microflora. The basic factors that influence the efficiency of industrial enterprises with growing rainbow trout. The necessity of daily monitoring of water quality in RAS to prevent epizootic and nitrite poisoning grown fish. It is noted that veterinary measures in accordance with established diagnosis should be carried out in such a way that by helping one body (rainbow trout), does not affect the other (bio filters of the filtration filler). The conclusion about the need for more detailed study of the composition, physiological characteristics and biofilters role as a concomitant body during the growing aquaculture objects.

Factors of constructive process optimization in velocity-layer devices

The work objective is to study the fundamental parametric solutions to create the equipment for the oxygen enrichment of water in the closed water systems in recycling. It is assumed to achieve the effect of disinfection excluding the addition of oxygen into water from special containers. For a variety of advantages, velocity-layer devices (VLD) are chosen as a target of research. In the known development of these devices there are some questions on the fundamental solutions; besides, the effectiveness of factors for the oxygen enrichment of water is not determined. The logical analysis of the existing data on the processes taking place in the VLD, analytical methods of problem-solution, screening studies on the impact of some factors by applying a known control equipment, and statistical data processing, are used as research techniques. As a result of the work performed, the most significant factors operating in the velocity-layer devices are identified. The searching and screening experiments have shown that the cavitation and occurrence of free air in the treatment chamber have the greatest impact on the oxygen enrichment of water and the water disinfection for aquaculture. Besides, to reduce energy losses, the gaps between the magnetic conductors should be reduced as much as possible. The results of these experiments allow offering the design that provides the prevalence of the mentioned factors in the treatment of the wastewater for aquaculture.

Sterilization requirements for miniscrew placement

Sterilization requirements for miniscrew placement

Peering into dirty waters: the potential and implications of a new approach to monitoring drug consumption

Peering into dirty waters: the potential and implications of a new approach to monitoring drug consumption

Use of a fishery model (FAST) to explain declines in the stocked barramundi ( Lates calcarifer ) (Bloch) fishery in Lake Tinaroo, Australia

Electrofishing, a fishery-independent technique, was used to determine the size structure of a stocked impoundment barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fishery in Australia, in order to determine their size and age structure. Along with known recruitment values (stockings), this information was used to back-calculate the mortality on each successive age class of fish. Using the fisher model, Fishery Analysis Simulation Tool (FAST), it was found that the fishery biomass reached a peak in the 1990s, and has since fallen rapidly because of the lack of successful recruitment until 2003. The fishery sampled in 2002 was dominated by older age fish classes (10+ to 14+ years old), which is opposite to that naturally found in wild fisheries. Although no juvenile L. calcarifer was found in the gut contents, cannibalism is suggested as an overriding cause for recent recruitment failure. Possible future management options for stocking apex piscivorous fish species into closed water systems also are suggested.

Development of a methodology to predict sticky deposits due to the destabilisation of dissolved and colloidal material in papermaking—application to different systems

Due to trends in papermaking like closed water systems or higher use of recovered paper (RP) as a raw material, a large number of contaminants are accumulated in the system as dissolved and colloidal material (DCM). When the DCM is destabilised by a sudden change in the system conditions, it produces sticky deposits, called secondary stickies that affect the papermaking processes and the quality of the final product. The existing laboratory methods to predict DCM destabilisation have limitations such as low reproducibility or they do not distinguish between sticky and non-sticky materials or high volumes are necessary to perform the test. In order to solve these problems, a methodology to predict the depositability potential of DCM has been developed by the Complutense University of Madrid. The methodology incorporates the destabilisation of the DCM by polymer addition, DCM deposition on collector surfaces and the quantification of the formed deposits by image analysis. Results show that the methodology has good reproducibility with a margin of error less than 10%. The methodology was applied to study: the potential of different formulations of adhesives to form stickies; the formation of deposits with different contaminant types and several concentrations; the efficiency of deposit control agents and the behaviours of different recovered paper grades.

Impact of indigenous egg eaters on the early survival of exotic smallmouth bass

Exotic species become invasive aliens when they have an adverse effect on the community of the recipient ecosystem, and their spread among closed water systems is of recent concern for the conservation of native biodiversity in Japan. Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède) is recognized as one of the worst 100 alien species, being undesirable because of its trophic level as a top predator. Smallmouth bass that have been illegally introduced into Lake Aoki, central Japan, in the 1990s for the purpose of sports fishing have seriously affected the lower trophic levels in the lake including fisheries resources, while a strong effort to remove them has proved to be limited in usefulness. We intended to identify indigenous agents that have a potential to control smallmouth bass in the lake. Snorkeling observations in the daytime revealed that Japanese dace (Tribolodon hakonensis Günther) intruded into smallmouth bass’ spawning nest as a school and were able to consume the eggs while the male bass was guarding the nest. Consequently, the proportion of lost eggs owing to the predation reached 92.4% per clutch on average, proving that native cyprinids are able to function as an efficient egg predator that reduces the survival of smallmouth bass. We consider that employing the indigenous egg predator can be a practical means to eradicate exotic smallmouth bass, combined with the removal of stones on the nest as a subsidiary step to expose smallmouth bass eggs to predation by Japanese dace.

Genetic diversity in the Japanese rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus (Cyprinidae)

Comparison of meristic characters (pored lateral line scales, vertebrae, and fin rays), and PCR-RFLP analysis in the D-loop and ND1 regions of mitochondrial DNA were performed to estimate the genetic diversity in local populations of the Japanese rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus. In terms of meristic characters, the Fukuoka population was the largest in both range and variance of the number of pored lateral line scales and vertebrae (abdominal and caudal), and Osaka was the second, whereas the Kagawa population showed the smallest range and variance in these characters. In PCR-RFLP analysis, 11 haplotypes (3 in Fukuoka, 2 in Okayama, 2 in Kagawa, and 4 in Osaka) were observed, and nucleotide sequence divergence (NSD) was approximately two times larger in ND1 (mean, 0.61%) than in D-loop (mean, 0.31%). In the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree, based upon the NSD value in ND1, haplotypes were arranged into four clades, which corresponded to the locality of each haplotype. The Fukuoka population was conspicuously apart from the other populations (mean, 0.90% in NSD), but the remaining three showed a similar genetic distance with each other (mean, 0.48%–0.52% in NSD). In haplotype diversity of mtDNA, half the stations in Osaka and all in Kagawa were monomorphic. Especially, two haplotypes endemic to Kagawa were randomly distributed, irrespective of drainages. Rhodeus o. kurumeus in Fukuoka inhabits small rivers and creeks (open water systems), while that in Kagawa and Osaka lives in small ponds (closed water systems). Taking the information of morphology, mtDNA, and habitat into consideration, the low genetic diversity in Kagawa and Osaka populations of R. o. kurumeus is thought to be mainly the result of the isolation of their habitat.