Closed Brayton Cycle Research Articles

The Design and Performance Analysis of a 15 g/mol Helium–Xenon Mixture Centrifugal Compressor

One of the primary parts of a closed Brayton cycle that uses a helium–xenon mixture as the working medium is a centrifugal compressor. Nowadays, there has been minimal research on the theoretical underpinnings and design procedures of a helium–xenon mixture centrifugal compressors, and the internal flow mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we present a redesign of the 15 g/mol helium–xenon centrifugal compressor originally developed by Bruno M, utilizing a helium–xenon mixture as the working fluid to enhance compressor performance and facilitate an in-depth analysis of the internal flow dynamics. The findings indicate a significant expansion of the stable operating range of the redesigned compressor under identical outlet conditions, with a 33.27% increase in flow margin and substantial improvements in the pressure ratio. Furthermore, under consistent inlet conditions, at an operational flow rate of 0.8657 kg/s, the redesigned compressor exhibits a pressure ratio that is 2.11% greater than that of the original design, along with a variable efficiency increase of 1.1%.

The Bimodal Epithermal Astronuclear Reactor (BEAR): A Long-Lived, Universal Space Nuclear Powerplant

A neutronic model of a Nuclear Thermal Propulsion reactor based on the NERVA Peewee design using High Assay Low Enriched Uranium (HALEU) fuel in a Zirconium Carbide matrix has been thoroughly characterised and continuously modified over the last few years at the CSNR. The initial design (Emu, for the flightless bird) created in the summer of 2020 and presented at the NETS 2021 conference, has undergone significant adjustments in this time. Two major investigations have been undertaken and evolved over time; one into the requisites for the provision of electrical power to the propelled spacecraft via the circulation of a noble gas mixture in a closed Brayton cycle, and another into the use of planetary regolith as a reflector, reducing neutron leakage at what would otherwise be the reactor’s end of life in vacuo, rekindling it for an extended period of time as well as providing a very easy ultimate disposal solution, replacing the control drums with rods. It was determined that there are no insurmountable obstacles to performance in either mode.

A micro-channel cooling system with two-phase looped thermosyphon for a supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle

The supercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO2) closed Brayton cycle is a promising power generation technology, while the efficient cooling of CO2 and precise control of Compressor Inlet Temperature (CIT) is crucial for the high cycle efficiency and stable compressor operation due to the acute variation of thermophysical properties in the near-critical region. In conventional indirect cooling scheme, an intermediate single-phase water circuit is used to transfer heat from CO2 to water at the precooler, and then from water to the environment at the cooling tower, having the disadvantage of large pumping work consumption and high thermal resistance. In this work, a self-driven two-phase looped thermosyphon that significantly enhances the heat transfer by internal evaporation and condensation, is proposed to replace the water circuit. An experimental ultra-compact cooling system, consisting of a looped thermosyphon combined with micro-channel evaporator and condenser, filled with R134a coolant, is designed, fabricated, and tested. Visualized observation of the two-phase flow pattern and simultaneous measurement of the temperature, pressure and mass flow rates are conducted. A nodal analysis method is adopted, and a MATLAB code is developed for analyzing the internal fluid flow and the coupled sCO2-R134a-Air heat transfer, which is validated by experiment data. The results show that, the CO2 temperature could be accurately maintained at a specified near-critical point with a fluctuation of less than 1 K, and the average heat-releasing temperature can be reduced, while considerable pumping work, usually accounting for 2–5 % of the rated power output can be saved, thus contributing to increased cycle efficiency and system compactness.

Design optimization and performance analysis of a dry-cooled Helium-Xenon Brayton cycle for nuclear microreactor based on detailed models of the cycle components

Nuclear microreactors offer reliable, low-carbon dispatchable power and heat for various end use and applications. The gas-cooled reactor coupled with the dry-cooled closed Brayton cycle has a simple plant layout and can be deployed in water-deficient areas. To evaluate the system performance more precisely and optimize the mole fraction of the He-Xe mixture for the gas-cooled microreactor, an integrated design method based on detailed models of the cycle components was developed. Three designs using 4 g/mol pure helium, 15 g/mol, and 40 g/mol He-Xe were first established as demonstration examples, and performances of the cycle and components were compared. Furthermore, the effects of the He-Xe’s molecular weight on the system’s size and efficiency were discussed, and a parametric analysis of crucial design parameters like specific speed and pressure ratio was conducted. In contrast to the previous results obtained from simplified component models, the current results revealed that a Brayton cycle using 40 g/mol He-Xe could achieve a higher thermal efficiency of 44.42 % compared with 37.65 % of pure helium, which resulted from the improved efficiency in turbomachinery and reduced pressure loss in heat exchangers. Concerning the system size, it was recommended to use the 20∼30 g/mol He-Xe for reduced volume as the stage number of the turbomachinery decreased from 5 of pure helium to a single stage of the 20 g/mol He-Xe. Although the turbomachinery occupied a relatively small volume, increasing the compressor inlet temperature could reduce the volume of the precooler, thus significantly reducing the system volume.

Thermodynamic and mass analysis of a novel two-phase liquid metal MHD enhanced energy conversion system for space nuclear power source

The higher-efficiency and more lightweight space nuclear power source is one of the most important prerequisites for future deep space exploration. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation is the potential technical route to achieve significant improvement in energy conversion performance, but technology is not yet mature. By combining the characteristics of MHD and closed Brayton cycle (CBC) power generation systems, a novel quasi-Ericsson cycle with performance advantages is proposed in this study. The estimation method for the MHD power generator is refined and the thermodynamic and mass analysis models for the novel system are established. Comparative studies between the LMMHD-CBC cycle and the traditional CBC cycle are conducted under various boundary conditions and internal parameters. The results indicate that the LMMHD-CBC cycle increases the electricity generation per unit mass flow rate of working fluid under the same temperature conditions, thereby achieving a reduction in the specific mass of the power generation system. The LMMHD-CBC system is more suitable in lower reactor temperatures and higher radiator temperature conditions. Within the parameters range considered in this study, the relative reduction in specific mass compared to traditional CBC systems reaches up to 30.84 %.

Simulation and Mitigation of False Data Injection Cyberattacks on a Space Nuclear Reactor Power System

This paper investigates the response of the DynMo-CBC space nuclear reactor power system to simulated cybersecurity attacks during a startup transient and demonstrates the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. The system nominally generates 134 kW(electric) continuously for 12 years and does not have a single-point failure in reactor cooling and energy conversion. The reactor core is divided into three hydraulically independent sectors, each having a separate loop with a single shaft, closed Brayton cycle (CBC) turbomachinery unit. A He-Xe gas mixture with a molecular weight of 40 g/mol cools the reactor core sectors and is the CBC unit’s working fluid. This paper examines the effects of simulated false data injection attacks (FDIAs) on the operation parameters of the power system. The simulated FDIAs decrease or increase the external reactivity insertion beyond nominal to cause spikes in the reactor’s power and temperatures. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the programmable logic controller regulating the control drums’ drive motors. It mitigates the effects of the simulated FDIAs on the transient operation of the power system and shortens the recovery time after the termination of the simulated cyberattacks.

Coupling study of onboard power generation system of Magnetohydrodynamics enhanced Brayton Cycle

Closed cycle power generation systems offer a possible solution to meet the high electricity needs of hypersonic vehicles, but the power generation is limited by the finite cold source and cycle temperature. Introducing two-phase flow liquid metal (LM) MHD power generation based on Closed-Brayton-Cycle (CBC) is a potential solution that can enhance the thermal-electricity conversion process at the system level. However, it is difficult to reflect the complex coupling relationship between the power generation system and the vehicles propulsion system and the limitations of finite cold sources by relying only on ideal system analysis, especially the contradiction between the void fraction and the mass flow of working fluid after the introduction of LMMHD power generation. The study utilizes a multi-dimensional model to evaluate the performance of the CBC enhanced by multi-stage LMMHD generators coupled with hydrocarbon fuel scramjet. The multi-stage mixing-separation LMMHD generator is proposed to decouple the void fraction of the MHD channel and the wall cooling process, and control the void fraction by change number of stages. The calculation result indicate that the void fraction significantly affects the overall power generation performance, including output power, performance boundary, etc. Increasing the void fraction is beneficial, and the optimal void fraction is 0.65. At the same Mach number, the fuel cooling capacity available to the system increases with the fuel equivalence ratio, resulting in higher total power output. The maximum Mach number for thermal protection of the combustor walls alone may surpass 9.5. For gas void fractions of 0.35/0.5/0.65, the maximum power generation reaches 182.8/167.1/156.9 kW, respectively. The novel system is compared with other advanced thermal-electricity conversion cycles under nearly the same conditions and demonstrated clear performance advantages.

The influence of lunar environment exposure on characteristics of nuclear energy He–Xe closed Brayton cycle

Compared with Earth, the lunar surface's environment is more complex, which suggests that the nuclear energy Helium–Xenon closed Brayton cycle (NHCBC), supplying electricity to the lunar base, may operate under off-design conditions. A thermodynamic model coupled with the lunar surface environment is established in this paper to analyze the effects of lunar environment exposure, including solar radiation exposure, lunar dust toxicity, and meteorite impact, on a given NHCBC. The results show that the output capacity of a given NHCBC is suppressed during the daytime and enhanced during the nighttime. The lunar dust will improve the system's output capacity at night but will also significantly inhibit the output capacity of the cycle during the daytime, resulting in a fluctuation of 824 % of the system without lunar dust. The output fluctuation of NHCBC is reduced after meteorite impact, while the output capacity of the NHCBC is suppressed, destroyed even worse. The optimization of cycle parameters can alleviate the influence of the lunar environment exposure on NHCBC to a minimal extent. This paper aims to analyze the impact of lunar surface environment exposure on the cycle parameters and output work characteristics of NHCBC and to provide some guidance for the subsequent application of nuclear energy in the lunar base.

Approximating printed circuit heat exchangers dynamics in a sCO2 RCBC as a low-order system via an optimal time constant

The low-order approximation emerges as a promising method for capturing the dynamic behavior of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHEs) in sCO2 Recompression Closed Brayton Cycles (RCBCs). However, two primary challenges hinder widespread adoption: concerns regarding feasibility and the determination of key parameters, such as the time constant. To address these challenges, this study first affirms the feasibility of approximating PCHE's dynamic behaviors with a low-order system. In specific, the validity of first-order approximation on the dynamics of high-temperature recuperator (HTR) with mild non-linear property variations is initially assumed. However, a discrepancy is noticed under various operating conditions by employing the same time constant after being compared with the reference model (SCOPE). Then, a novel concept of the optimal time constant, τop, is introduced to underscore the influence of operating conditions on parameter accuracy. Through extensive parameter sweeping, the impact of operating conditions on approximation error is evaluated from two perspectives. First, utilizing τop effectively reduces approximation errors to acceptable levels. The mean squared error remains below 2°C2 for mass flow rate fluctuations below 32.5 kg/s, and below 4°C2 for temperature variations below 40°C. Second, the optimal time constant is significantly influenced by mass flow rate, notably affected by geometry configuration, and minimally influenced by hot inlet temperature. Additionally, this study provides insights for design optimization and control strategy selection, as the findings highlight the trade-off between response speed and thermal performance, and the relatively rapid response of sCO2-PCHEs to temperature control, compared with mass flow rate control.

Enhancing robustness and accuracy of supercritical CO2 compressor performance prediction in closed Brayton cycles: A thermodynamic properties-based numerical method

The optimization of the closed Brayton cycle results in the inlet condition of supercritical CO2 (sCO2) compressors being near the critical point. However, this proximity leads to decreased robustness and accuracy during numerical simulations. To enhance computational fluid dynamics (CFD) robustness and accuracy, a method utilizing Cubic B-spline smoothing is proposed to reconstruct thermodynamic properties using property look-up tables (LUTs). After revealing the characteristics and action mechanism of sCO2 thermodynamic properties on the solver, effects of the method on solution robustness, accuracy, and the relationship with resolution are systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that this method effectively addresses the deficiencies arising from the inability of original LUTs to adapt to the high resolution and the presence of pseudo-convergence. The residuals achieve the convergence requirement in half the iteration steps compared to the original method, resulting in an over one-fold reduction in calculation time. The solution robustness is significantly enhanced by over tenfold, and the calculation accuracy is improved. This improvement increases the sensitivity of friction loss and secondary flow loss to drastic changes in thermodynamic properties. As a result, a highly robust and accurate performance prediction scheme for centrifugal compressor components is established.

Investigation of an integrated liquid air energy storage system with closed Brayton cycle and solar power: A multi-objective optimization and comprehensive analysis

Energy storage has garnered global attention as a promising solution to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. For large-scale (>100 MW) energy storage technology, there are only three types: Pumped Hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), Compressed air energy storage (CAES) and Liquid air energy storage (LAES). The limitation of PHES is that several natural geological features are needed. The traditional CAES needs a combustion chamber, which will result in environmental problems. LAES offers several advantages over traditional CAES systems, including higher energy density, scalability, flexibility in site selection, lower environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with renewable energy sources. Under these conditions, LAES is more suitable than other systems. This investigation examined a novel zero-carbon system integrating LAES with CBC and solar power. The primary objective is to maximize the round-trip efficiency (RTE) of the system while simultaneously minimizing the total investment cost per unit of output power (ICPP). By systematically exploring the trade-offs between RTE and ICPP, the study seeks to identify the proposed system’s most efficient and economically viable configurations. Each subsystem was simulated using Aspen Plus® V12 and validated against actual plant data. The analysis indicates that the proposed optimal LAES-CBC system could achieve a remarkable increase in RTE up to 67.81 %, representing an increase of 11.18 % compared to the baseline. Additionally, the total ICPP could be reduced to 0.2739 $/kWh, marking a decrease of 5.96 %. The charging process of the LAES system emerges as a critical focal point due to its significant contributions to exergy destruction and equipment costs. This study provides valuable insights into enhancing and achieving maximum efficiency and cost-effectiveness. These insights are essential for accelerating the transition towards a carbon–neutral energy system, highlighting the importance of research in advancing sustainable energy technologies.

Evaluation of the high-robustness nuclear power cycle against lunar surface environmental threat

Heat sinks exposed to the lunar surface environment cause fluctuations in the energy cycle due to variations in lunar thermal conditions, leading to non-design operations of the energy system. Such suboptimal operations decrease energy efficiency and shorten the lifespan of system components. This paper introduces an innovative design for a highly robust lunar nuclear power cycle that mitigates environmental threats on the lunar surface. A reverse closed Brayton cycle increases the waste heat discharge temperature. Higher waste heat temperatures allow the heat sink panels to have greater heat radiation per unit area, countering the negative disturbances from lunar environmental changes on the energy system. Under the dual threats of lunar dust toxicity and intense solar radiation, the output reduction of this robust nuclear cycle is only 0.96% that of traditional nuclear power cycles with the same thermoelectric parameters. Moreover, even under severe environmental threats, the power quality of this robust nuclear cycle remains 10.8 times better than that of conventional designs with the same nighttime output design baseline. In conclusion, employing a reverse Brayton cycle to increase waste heat emission temperature effectively enhances the robustness of the nuclear power cycle. This paper proposes a new nuclear thermoelectric system framework to withstand threats from the lunar surface environment.

An integrated system based on liquid air energy storage, closed Brayton cycle and solar power: Energy, exergy and economic (3E) analysis

In pursuing net zero emissions amid increasing energy consumption, renewable energy sources offer a path towards environmental sustainability. However, they are plagued by instability and intermittency. Energy storage systems have emerged as a solution to address these challenges, ensuring a stable power supply despite the fluctuations of renewables. Liquid air energy storage (LAES) has advantages over compressed air energy storage (CAES) and Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) in geographical flexibility and lower environmental impact for large-scale energy storage, making it a versatile and sustainable large-scale energy storage option. However, research on integrated closed Brayton cycle (CBC) systems with LAES is still in infancy. A novel integrated system is proposed, incorporating LAES, CBC and solar power. Steady-state models for LAES and CBC were developed and validated in Aspen Plus® V12. A comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the proposed LAES-CBC system was performed. The optimal round-trip efficiency (RTE) reaches up to 68.82 %, improving 11.70 % compared to the base LAES-CBC system. Parametric analysis reveals that higher compressor outlet pressures enhance both exergy efficiency and RTE. Compressors contribute significantly to exergy destruction, particularly in the charging process. The optimal outlet pressure for PUMP1 is found to be 80 bar. Economic analysis shows a reasonable payback period of 8.60 years and 0.307 $/kWh of LCOS, confirming the system's financial viability.

The influence of turbulators on the flow and heat transfer characteristic of helium-xenon mixture inside the tight lattice rod bundles

The gas-cooled nuclear reactor combined with the closed Brayton cycle is the ideal choice for future high-power space missions. The helium-xenon mixture is a suitable working medium for the reactor due to its good compressibility and heat transfer capacity. For the further development and application of a more lightweight compact reactor, the influence mechanism of turbulator structures with different angles and layouts on the heat transfer enhancement of a helium-xenon mixture in the sub-channel of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor is numerically studied. The results show that the heat transfer is effectively enhanced due to the vortex and secondary flow induced by the turbulator, leading to periodic fluctuations in the Nusselt number. When comparing the results at different angles, it is observed that the heat transfer enhancement from the turbulator at a 90° angle is relatively small, while the pressure drop is significant. Due to the secondary flow in a narrow triangular space induced by a turbulator with a 45° angle, the mixing between high and low-temperature fluids is effectively enhanced, leading to a more significant improvement in heat transfer. The heat transfer performance and thermal efficiency index of different turbulator layouts are summarized and compared, providing a reference for the heat transfer design of gas-cooled nuclear reactors.

The Integration of Renewable Energy into a Fossil Fuel Power Generation System in Oil-Producing Countries: A Case Study of an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle at the Sarir Power Plant

Libya is facing a serious challenge in its sustainable development because of its complete dependence on traditional fuels in meeting its growing energy demand. On the other hand, more intensive energy utilization accommodating multiple energy resources, including renewables, has gained considerable attention. This article is motivated by the obvious need for research on this topic due to the shortage of applications concerning the prospects of the hybridization of energy systems for electric power generation in Libya. The 283 MW single-cycle gas turbine operating at the Sarir power plant located in the Libyan desert is considered a case study for a proposed Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) system. By utilizing the common infrastructure of a gas-fired power plant and concentrating solar power (CSP) technology, a triple hybrid system is modeled using the EES programming tool. The triple hybrid system consists of (i) a closed Brayton cycle (BC), (ii) a Rankine cycle (RC), which uses heat derived from a parabolic collector field in addition to the waste heat of the BC, and (iii) an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), which is involved in recovering waste heat from the RC. A thermodynamic analysis of the developed triple combined power plant shows that the global power output ranges between 416 MW (in December) and a maximum of 452.9 MW, which was obtained in July. The highest overall system efficiency of 44.3% was achieved in December at a pressure ratio of 12 and 20% of steam fraction in the RC. The monthly capital investment cost for the ISCC facility varies between 52.59 USD/MWh and 58.19 USD/MWh. From an environmental perspective, the ISCC facility can achieve a carbon footprint of up to 319 kg/MWh on a monthly basis compared to 589 kg/MWh for the base BC plant, which represents a reduction of up to 46%. This study could stimulate decision makers to adopt ISCC power plants in Libya and in other developing oil-producing countries.

Efficiency and mass optimization for space nuclear power systems with closed Brayton cycle loops

Space nuclear power systems should be strictly limited in mass and size. Lack of detailed designs, mass estimation in the general design phase usually relies on simple and empirical models that leave too much design margin from the limits. Accurate mass estimation of space nuclear power systems is key to minimize the design margin and maximize the system performance in the general design phase. In this paper, new mass estimation models are proposed for the main components of space nuclear power systems, including nuclear reactor, shield, turbine, compressor, heat exchanger, and thermal radiator. The mass estimation models are more accurate by incorporating principles of nuclear physics, thermal hydraulics, and structural mechanics to the component designs. Combined with thermodynamic models and genetic algorithm, the MEGREZ code is developed to optimize the system performance by setting efficiency and mass as dual objectives. The code verification results indicate that the deviations between and the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter project parameters and the code calculated values are only 0.4% for system efficiency and 2.1% for system mass. The optimization for the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter project shows that the optimal molecular weight of helium-xenon mixture is the minimum value for single-stage turbomachinery limits. Additionally, the impacts of potential technological degradation, such as increased heat exchanger thermal resistances, higher frictional factors, and decreased turbomachinery efficiency, on system performances are discussed. The results show that turbomachinery efficiency presents the strongest influence on the system-specific mass; a 0.04 reduction in the polytropic efficiency of the compressor or turbine results in more than a 10% increase in system-specific mass.

Comparative study of different layouts in the closed-Brayton-cycle-based segmented cooling thermal management system for scramjets

The segmented cooling thermal management system based on the closed-Brayton-cycle (CBC) is an excellent technology for thermal protection and power generation of scramjets. In this paper, a comparative study is conducted to investigate the system performance under different supercritical carbon dioxide CBC layouts. A zero-dimensional thermodynamic model was established to analyze the effects of compressor inlet temperature (T1), turbine inlet temperature (T3), and compressor outlet pressure (p2) on fuel mass flow rate for cooling (mf) and net power (Pnet). A quasi-one-dimensional flow and heat transfer model was developed to study the cooling effectiveness. Results indicate that higher T3 and p2 reduce mf while increasing Pnet in the simple layout (SL) and simple recuperated layout (SRL). However, in the recompressing layout (RCL), the effects of T1, T3, and p2 on mf are more complex due to the split ratio. Moreover, RCL has the lowest maximum wall temperature among the three layouts. Finally, after optimization, RCL has the lowest mf about 0.332 kg/s, which is a 19.8 % reduction compared to the regenerative cooling system. Correspondingly, RCL achieves the highest Pnet, reaching 109.89 kW. In general, the recompressing layout is most suitable for the CBC-based segmented cooling thermal management system for scramjets.

Design and cooling of permanent magnet generator in MW-class space closed Brayton cycle system

The closed Brayton cycle (CBC) system is a prime energy conversion technology to convert heat from the reactor to electric power for space missions due to its light weight, compact and stable operation. The CBC system incorporates a permanent magnet generator (PMG) mounted on the CBC shaft with the turbine and compressor. To ensure safe operation of the CBC system, a small fraction of the working fluid is used to provide the required cooling. In this study, four different cooling schemes used in CBC system are concluded and the key dimensions of the PMG are obtained through mechanical design theory and electromagnetic theory. Comprehensive research on the electromagnetic field and loss calculation is then performed. Furthermore, the cooling paths of the PMG are designed and the resulting temperature profiles are calculated. Finally, different cooling schemes are compared and the appropriate cooling advice is proposed.

Highly-turbulent packed bed heat exchange: modelling, experiment and validation

SynchroStor Ltd. is developing a system for Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) based on the closed Brayton cycle principle. A numerical model of the gas-solid heat exchanger used by the cycle was developed in MATLAB to both evaluate the performance of the proposed arrangement and act as a design tool. A series of physical tests were run on a reduced-scale experimental test rig to assist with validation of the model. Thermal resistance due to radial conduction through the solid particles was found to be a critical feature of the model for SynchroStor’s design conditions; model outputs matched temperatures measured at each thermocouple station of the test rig with accuracies better than ±4.0%. The model was experimentally-validated for flows with superficial Reynolds numbers (Re) in the range 4,300 to 11,100.

Performance assessment and comparison of a catalytic steam reforming enhanced closed-brayton-cycle power generation system for hypersonic vehicles

Hypersonic vehicles as next-generation aircraft have broad applications, but existing technologies of onboard power generation are hardly applicable due to the change of engines. In this research, a catalytic steam reforming enhanced closed-Brayton-cycle power generation system based on is developed. This system combines the closed Brayton cycle (CBC) and catalytic steam reformed fuel vapor turbine (CSRFVT) to supply electric power. The zero-dimensional models of CBC and the CSRFVT are established to evaluate system performance. Results indicate the products with a water content of 30% have the strongest working ability, which can reach 330 kJ/kg. Moreover, the thermal efficiency and electric power of the parallel arrangement are higher than that of the series arrangement. Besides, the lower pressure of water is beneficial to the electric power. However, the difference in electric power between various pressures is less than 1 kW. In addition, under the same heat absorption, the total electric power of the system based on fuel and water is higher, and the former's outlet temperature of cooling channels is lower. The maximum total electric power of the novel system is about 120 kW. This research provides an innovative technical solution for the power generation of hypersonic vehicles.