Clo Value Research Articles

Cotton–Cork Blended Fabric: An Innovative and Sustainable Apparel Textile for the Fashion Industry

Cotton is a preferred textile fiber for apparel textiles and is used primarily for summer wear. However, cotton has drawbacks, such as poor wrinkle resistance, and therefore, blends of cotton with other fibers have gained acceptance in the industry. In this study, a novel 90:10 cotton–cork blended fabric was studied for its physical and performance properties and benchmarked against a 100% cotton fabric. Fabric samples were analyzed to determine the wrinkle recovery angle, tenacity, abrasion resistance, shrinkage, CLO value, moisture absorption, and dyeability. The samples were further analyzed using SEM, DSC, and FTIR. The results showed significant differences between the two fabrics. Cotton–cork blended textile fabric had higher performance properties with the potential to be a viable, sustainable apparel textile.

Manufacturing and Properties of Various Ceramic-Embedded Composite Fabrics for Protective Clothing in Gas and Oil Industries Part II: Thermal Wear Comfort via Thermal Manikin

Thermal wear comfort for workwear clothing plays a vital role in maintaining comfortable water- and moisture-vapor-permeable properties while wearing clothing. In particular, thermal wear comfort measured using a thermal manikin is required in the protective workwear clothing market because their use provides objective data concerning the actual wearing performance of the clothing. This paper investigated the thermal wear comfort properties of various ceramic-embedded composite fabrics for workwear clothing worn in gas and oil industries produced from new schemes. The thermal insulation rate (Clo value) of Al2O3(Aluminum oxide)/graphite, ZnO(zinc oxide)/ZrC(zirconium carbide) and ZnO/ATO(antimony tin oxide)-embedded clothing was greater (25.5, 24.7 and 16.9%, respectively) than that of regular clothing (control), which was in accordance with the results (15.0, 13.8 and 11.3% higher, respectively) of the heat retention rate (I) of fabric specimens. It revealed that ZnO- and ATO-embedded yarns mixed with ZrC particles enhanced thermal wear comfort and had superior anti-static and UV-protective properties. Considering UV-protective and anti-static protective clothing worn in gas and oil industries and cold weather regions, it can be concluded that ZnO/ZrC-incorporated fabric is suitable because it showed superior thermal wear comfort with excellent UV-protective and acceptable anti-static properties. Meanwhile, assuming high functional performance for protective clothing worn in winter and factories, ZnO/ATO-incorporated fabric is pertinent to fabricating protective clothing for cold weather regions.

Tri-Layered Bicomponent Microfilament Composite Fabric for Highly Efficient Cold Protection.

Functional thin fabric with highly efficient cold protection properties are attracting the great attention of long-term dressing in a cold environment. Herein, a tri-layered bicomponent microfilament composite fabric comprised of a hydrophobic layer of PET/PA@C6 F13 bicomponent microfilament webs, an adhesive layer of LPET/PET fibrous web, and a fluffy-soft layer of PET/Cellulous fibrous web is designed and also successfully been fabricated through a facile process of dipping, combined with thermal belt bonding. The prepared samples exhibit a large resistance to wetting of alcohol, a high hydrostatic pressure of 5530 Pa, and brilliant water slipping properties, owing to the presence of dense micropores ranging from 25.1 to 70.3µm, as well as to the smooth surface with an arithmetic mean deviation of surface roughness (Sa) ranging from 5.112 to 4.369µm. Besides, the prepared samples exhibited good water vapor permeability, and a tunable CLO value ranging from 0.569 to 0.920, in addition to the fact that it exhibited a very suitable working temperature range of -5°C to 15°C. Additionally, it also showed excellent clothing tailorability including high mechanical strength with a remarkably soft texture and lightweight foldability that suitable for cold outdoor clothing applications.

Single-Sided Jacquard Knit Fabric Development and Seamless Ski Underwear Zoning Design based on Body Mapping Sportswear

Abstract In order to meet the functional requirements of professional skiers for ski underwear, such as warmth, breathability, moisture absorption, sweat drainage, and stretch elasticity, six single-sided jacquard knit fabric structures were designed and then knitted with polyester and DRYARN. Then, 12 fabrics were acquired and ranked comprehensively by the one-way analysis of variance and grey correlative analysis based on entropy. According to the fabric properties and sweat distribution on the human skin surface, the professional ski underwear was zoning designed and the wearing experiment and evaluation were carried out on the “Newton” sweated manikin system. The analysis results show that the fabric with DRYARN® material has better air permeability and moisture permeability. Thermal resistance, Clo value, and permeability play important roles in comprehensive evaluation. The results of wearing experiment show that the seamless professional ski underwear woven based on body mapping sportswear has superior function and reasonable design, which can provide technical support for the design of professional seamless ski underwear.

Wear comfort and thermal insulation of ceramic-imbedded fabrics with different yarn structures by thermal manikin experiment

PurposeThis study examined the wear comfort and thermal insulation properties of Al2O3/graphite particle-imbedded sheath/core and dispersed fabrics via a thermal manikin experiment.Design/methodology/approachAl2O3/graphite sheath/core and dispersed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) yarn (POY 120d/24f) were spun using a pilot melt bi-component conjugated spinning machine, which was texturized as 75d/24f on the belt-type texturing machine. The woven fabric specimens were made using nylon 70d/34f in the warp with three types of weft yarn: Al2O3/graphite sheath/core, dispersed and regular PET yarns. Thermal insulation properties were measured and compared in terms of the heat retention rate (I) by KES-F7 apparatus and the maximum surface temperature by light heat emission equipment, as verified by the emissivity of various fabric specimens by far-infrared ray experiment. In addition, this study examined the thermal insulation (Clo value) characteristics of the clothes made of Al2O3/graphite sheath/core and dispersed fabrics using a thermal manikin apparatus, which were compared with the properties of regular PET clothing.FindingsThe thermal insulation of the dispersed fabric was superior to that of the sheath/core fabric, which was tentatively attributed to the higher emissivity of the dispersed yarn with Al2O3/graphite particles distributed over the whole yarn cross-section than that from the core of the sheath/core yarn. This result for the clothing measured using a thermal manikin was consistent with the higher heat retention rate (I) and the maximum surface temperature of the dispersed fabric than that of the sheath/core fabric. In addition, the thermal insulation of the dispersed and sheath/core fabrics was superior to that of the regular PET fabric, which revealed that the Al2O3/graphite particles imbedded in the dispersed and sheath/core yarns exerted a greater effect on the heat storage and release characteristics compared to that of the TiO2 particles in regular PET yarn. The Clo values of the dispersed and sheath/core fabrics under the light-on condition were much higher than those under the light-off condition, and furthermore, the difference of the Clo value between the sheath/core and regular PET fabrics under light-on condition was approximately 1.7 times greater than that under the light-off condition. These results revealed that the far-infrared rays emitted from the Al2O3/graphite particles imbedded in the sheath/core and dispersed yarns enhance the heat storage and release characteristics from the fabric under the light-on condition, i.e. under the sunlight.Originality/valueThe previously examined thermal wear comfort properties of the various inorganic particle-imbedded fabrics were measured with the fabric state, not clothing, which could not provide objective data related to the actual wearing performance of clothing.

Evaluation of yarn and fabric properties of environmentally friendly and sustainable chiengora fibers from Pomeranian dog breed for textile applications

ABSTRACT This study envisages prospective usage of chiengora fibers from pomeranian dog breed for textile applications. The pomeranian dog hair which is otherwise thrown as waste is made into knitted fabrics of 2 × 2 rib structure. The chiengora fibers are blended with polyester and acrylic in seven different blend proportions and yarns are produced using rotor spinning machine. The yarn and fabric properties are evaluated, compared with previous studies and the results are presented. The fiber loss in carding is higher at 5.83% for 100% chiengora yarns. The yarn properties depreciate with higher content of chiengora in the yarn. However, yarn quality index is better for 50/50 chiengora polyester content yarns at 6.77 similar to 6.78 of 25/75 chiengora acrylic yarns. The fabric properties dwindle with more chiengora content but better thermal insulation property with a clo value of 0.524 is observed for 100% pomeranian fabric. It is 29% higher than 100% woolen fabrics. One way ANOVA confirms significant difference in all the yarn and fabric properties between different blend proportions of each group. Specific end uses are provided for all the produced fabrics thereby leading to effective utilization of a sustainable fiber.

Using Deep Learning in Real-Time for Clothing Classification with Connected Thermostats

Thermal comfort is associated with clothing insulation, conveying a level of satisfaction with the thermal surroundings. Besides, clothing insulation is commonly associated with indoor thermal comfort. However, clothing classification in smart homes might save energy when the end-user wears appropriate clothes to save energy and obtain thermal comfort. Furthermore, object detection and classification through Convolutional Neural Networks has increased over the last decade. There are real-time clothing garment classifiers, but these are oriented towards single garment recognition for texture, fabric, shape, or style. Consequently, this paper proposes a CNN model classification for the implementation of these classifiers on cameras. First, the Fashion MNIST was analyzed and compared with the VGG16, Inceptionvv4, TinyYOLOv3, and ResNet18 classification algorithms to determine the best clo classifier. Then, for real-time analysis, a new dataset with 12,000 images was created and analyzed with the YOLOv3 and TinyYOLO. Finally, an Azure Kinect DT was employed to analyze the clo value in real-time. Moreover, real-time analysis can be employed with any other webcam. The model recognizes at least three garments of a clothing ensemble, proving that it identifies more than a single clothing garment. Besides, the model has at least 90% accuracy in the test dataset, ensuring that it can be generalized and is not overfitting.

A study on comfort properties of oak Tasar silk waste and acrylic blended fabrics

Oak Tasar is wild silk with natural golden brown colour and unique texture available in Himalayan region of India. A lot of fibre waste is generated during hand spinning of oak Tasar silk yarn which can be utilized by blending it with compatible fibre to incorporate the properties of both fibres in the yarn. The present study aimed to develop Oak Tasar silk waste and acrylic blended fabrics and study their comfort properties. The oak Tasar silk and acrylic blended plain weave and twill weave fabrics were prepared with five different blend ratios viz. 100:0, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 0:100. The prepared fabrics were studied for comfort properties like thermal insulation (clo, TIV %), Q-max (warm/cool feeling), air permeability, water vapour transport rate and were statistically analysed. Results revealed that thermal insulation and clo value were found to be increased with increasing acrylic content in the fabric whereas Q- max, air permeability, water vapour permeability values were reduced with the addition of oak Tasar silk fiber in the blend. The 50:50 blended plain weave fabric among the blended fabrics had the highest clo value, i.e. 0.52 and 50:50 blended twill weave fabric had highest Q max value i.e. 0.109W/cm2. It was found from the study that the developed fabrics are comfortable and can be used for light winters.

Development of a Data-Driven Predictive Model of Clothing Thermal Insulation Estimation by Using Advanced Computational Approaches

Clothing condition was selected as a key human-subject-relevant parameter which is dynamically changed depending on the user’s preferences and also on climate conditions. While the environmental components are relatively easier to measure using sensor devices, clothing value (clo) is almost impossible to visually estimate because it varies across building occupants even though they share constant thermal conditions in the same room. Therefore, in this study we developed a data-driven model to estimate the clothing insulation value as a function of skin and clothing surface temperatures. We adopted a series of environmental chamber tests with 20 participants. A portion of the collected data was used as a training dataset to establish a data-driven model based on the use of advanced computational algorithms. To consider a practical application, in this study we minimized the number of sensing points for data collection while adopting a wearable device for the user’s convenience. The study results revealed that the developed predictive model generated an accuracy of 88.04%, and the accuracy became higher in the prediction of a high clo value than in that of a low value. In addition, the accuracy was affected by the user’s body mass index. Therefore, this research confirms that it is possible to develop a data-driven predictive model of a user’s clo value based on the use of his/her physiological and ambient environmental information, and an additional study with a larger dataset via using chamber experiments with additional test participants is required for better performance in terms of prediction accuracy.

The relationship between thermal environments and clothing insulation for rural low-income residents in China in winter

China is developing rapidly, but there is an obvious imbalance in the development level between urban and rural areas. Differences in economics, living conditions and life style contribute to differences in indoor thermal environments, and may result in differences in the perceptions of thermal comfort between urban and rural areas. Clothing insulation as one of the most important parameters that affect thermal comfort is studied in this research. A field study is conducted in the rural areas of Lankao, China. A total of 384 valid samples were acquired. 54.97% researched houses suffered extreme cold indoor temperatures between 2°C and 6°C. Clothing insulation value of researched population is significantly larger than in other research. Clothing insulation value of female is significantly larger than that of male. It was also found that clothing insulation value correlates positively with age, that clo grow with the increase of age significantly. 7-days running mean outdoor temperature was selected from four temperature indices to predict clothing insulation value. Clo value is negatively correlated with 7-days RM outdoor temperature. But, the slope is quite small in such an extreme cold condition. A case study was conducted to estimate influence of adaptive clothing insulation on heating energy consumption (from Nov. to Mar.). Results show that 863 heating hours are reduced by using adaptive clothing insulation model. The total Heating Degree Hours (HDH) is reduced from 6445 to 1367 by 78.8% which means the same percentage of heating energy conservation. Besides, this case study also concluded that “adaptive clothing insulation model” has higher influence on heating energy consumption in transition season.

Influence of air leakage from building façade on the energy efficiency of air conditioning system in Tropic Asia

Many buildings are being built in Southeast Asian cities due to rapid economic growth. Because large-scale buildings, such as office buildings, in particular, consume a large amount of energy, it is essential to construct environmental buildings for global climate change. Despite the improving airtight performance of building envelopes for effective energy saving, almost no research regarding them in Southeast Asia is done at present. Therefore, this paper aims to determine the current state of energy conservation effects of office buildings in Asian cities. This research adopts on-site measurement and energy-simulation methods to evaluate the sealing performance of the office building envelope in Bangkok, Hanoi, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei. In the field survey, the CO2 leakage rate from the building envelope, covered with a vinyl cloth, is investigated using the tracer gas method. In addition, air quality, internal and external differential pressure, and energy consumption are measured. Furthermore, indoor environmental quality such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, CO2 density, clo value and MRT are measured. The evaluation of the energy conservation performance of the target buildings is multifaceted. In the energy simulation part of this study, actual data are used with simulation software to calculate the energy performance of the heating and cooling load. This research is focused on energy conservation in Hanoi because the amount of air leakage was higher there than the other cities in Tropical Asia. Furthermore, we verified how much of the energy conservation is realized by changing the performance of the air leakage in the model. This paper discusses the current situation of Asian buildings in terms of the results and suggests an appropriate energy conservation model for Asian tropical office buildings.

Assessment of method for measuring clo value using human body – Assessment of method for measuring clo value that assumes human body temperature adjustment

In order to make it possible to measure the clo value in various postures, we are studying the measurement method using the human body. Our previous researches showed that clo value measured with the human body is less than that measured with a “constant temperature control”-type thermal manikin. In our previous experiments, human body changes its skin temperature in response to the amount of clothing or changes in the temperature to maintain heat loss, while a “constant temperature control”-type thermal manikin changes its heat loss in response to the temperature or amount of clothing. Human body reaction is similar to “constant heat dissipation” -type thermal manikin. In order to improve the clo value measurement method using the human body, clo value of same clothing by thermal manikin which changed control method to “constant temperature” and “constant heat dissipation” were measured. Relational expressions of thermal insulation of clothes measured by different control methods were shown.

High Sensitive CNT Imbedded Knit Fabrics for Heat Comfort

The functional improvement and high sensitivity of textiles should be combined with advanced technology and aesthetic of environmental sustainability to cope with the ever-changing environment. In this study, the physical properties of a shaggy double knit of carbon nanotube (CNT) and ceramic composite thermal yarn (TYn) with napping and shaggy finished textiles were investigated to achieve high sensitivity and comfortable heat retention. The surface properties of the shaggy double knit were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mechanical properties by the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) and the elements of the CNT composite yarn by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Experiments on the heat retention of the shaggy double knit were conducted to determine the warmth retention, thermal resistance by Clo value, and surface temperature compared with those of regular polyester (PET) and PET/TYn/polyurethane (PU). Comfort properties determined by measuring the water vapor permeability (WVP) and air permeability demonstrated that the double knit can be used to produce comfortable garments. Durability was confirmed by measuring the warmth retention, Qmax, and the washing fastness was analyzed by the satisfactory maintenance of the physical appearance. The farinfrared (FIR) emissivity properties of PET/TYn/PU contributed to its enhanced performance, but it is necessary to ensure that the effect is stable. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that shaggy double knit with insulation composite yarn can be used in high sensitivity fashion clothing due to its improved and comfortable heat retention properties, and further advanced research is expected to be performed in this field.

Wear comfort properties of ZrC/Al2O3/graphite-embedded, heat-storage woven fabrics for garments

This study examined the different wear comfort properties of ZrC/graphite and Al2O3/graphite-embedded, heat-storage woven fabrics. ZrC/graphite and Al2O3/graphite-embedded, heat-storage polyethylene terephthalate (PET) filaments were spun on the pilot spinning equipment. The various wear comfort properties of the ceramic-embedded fabrics made from ZrC/graphite and Al2O3/graphite-embedded filaments were measured and compared with those of the regular PET/polyamide (PA) woven fabric. Surface temperatures of the ZrC/graphite and Al2O3/graphite-embedded fabrics, when irradiated by the light of a heat-emission bulb, were 5.1℃ and 8.4℃ higher than that of the regular PET/PA fabric, respectively. The water-absorption rate of the ceramic-embedded fabrics was 5 and 14 times higher than that of the regular PET/PA fabric, respectively. The breathability by the water vapor resistance ( Ref) of the ZrC/graphite-embedded fabric was superior to that of the regular PET/PA fabric. The heat-retention rates of the ceramic-embedded fabrics were more than two times higher than that of regular PET/PA fabrics. Furthermore, the Clo value of the ZrC/graphite-embedded fabric by the thermal manikin experiment was more than 10% higher than that of the Al2O3/graphite and regular PET/PA fabrics. The skin and microclimate temperatures of the ZrC/graphite-embedded fabrics during the wearer trial were higher than those of the Al2O3/graphite and regular PET/PA fabrics, which revealed the good heat-storage and -release properties of the ZrC/graphite-embedded fabric. However, the Al2O3 particles embedded in the yarns were assumed to give a unpleasant tactile effects.

Preparation and Warmth Retention of down Fiber Grafted with Zirconium Oxychloride

A new product, referred to herein as modified down, was produced by grafting down fiber with zirconium oxychloride. Grafting modification brings new functionalities to down fiber. For example, the warmth retention of modified down is greatly improved. The reaction mechanism and reason for the improved warmth retention of the modified down was investigated. Using response surface methodology (RSM), we found that the optimal preparation conditions for modified down were 15.1% zirconium oxychloride, 15.06% sodium tripolyphosphate, and 1.39 h duration. The warmth retention of the modified down was 80.95%, the CLO value increased by 35.38%, the thermal resistance increased by 35.43%, the filling power substantially increased by 31.35%. The zirconium oxychloride was successfully modified and grafted onto the down fiber, as was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The ultimate residual quantities of the modified down fibers were 30.06%. The results show that the active groups of zirconium and down fibers firmly combined via chemical bonds, which made the warmth retention of modified down a lasting property.

Diurnal variations of heart rate, urine flow and catecholamine excretion in subjects wearing clothing that provides different thermal insulation

This study investigated the effects of clothing providing different Clo values upon the circadian rhythm of sympathetic nervous activity, as inferred from urinary catecholamine excretion and heart rate, in a thermoneutral environment. Seven health female subjects were studied for 37.5 h, from 21:00 h on the first day to 10:30 h on the third day, in an isolated climatic chamber controlled at 23.8 ± 0.2 °C and 60 ± 5% RH. Light intensity was 500 lux from 06:30 to 19:30 h, 100 lux from 19:30 to 22:30 h and 0 lux from 22:30 to 06:30 h. Subjects were tested while wearing two different types of clothing: Type L, offering 1.048 Clo of thermal insulation and with the subjects’ extremities covered; and Type H, 0.744 Clo of thermal insulation and the subjects’ extremities exposed. Urine samples were collected every 4 h, their volumes were measured and they were later assayed for their contents of adrenaline and noradrenaline; the mean heart rate for each of these 4-h periods was also calculated. The daily profiles of the variables were assessed by ANOVA, which indicated that the amplitudes and phases of the daily rhythms differed between the clothing types. This result was examined in more detail by assessing the profiles by single and group cosinor analysis (period = 24 h). All four physiological variables showed clear and statistically significant group cosinor rhythms with both types of clothing. The mean amplitudes of urine flow, the excretion rate of urinary adrenaline and heart rate were greater when wearing Type H rather than Type L clothing (p = 0.01 for urine flow and heart rate; p = 0.072 for rate of excretion of adrenaline). Also, the acrophase of the rate of urinary adrenaline excretion was earlier in all subjects wearing Type H rather than Type L clothing (p = 0.048), and the acrophases of urine flow and urinary noradrenaline excretion rate were earlier in six and five of the subjects, respectively. These results show that clothing which is worn in an environment of moderate temperature (23.8 °C) and which offers a lower Clo value (especially if the distal extremities are exposed) might induce an increase in amplitude and/or an advance of acrophase in circadian rhythms of urine flow, excretion of urinary catecholamines and heart rate. It is suggested that these rhythmic changes, which imply changes in the daily profile of sympathetic nervous system activity, might be important when daily thermoregulation and comfort in response to the type of clothing being worn in daily life are considered.

The role of the chief legal officer in corporate governance

The CLO shapes and enforces corporate governance, but is faced with a dual-role paradox that requires her to act as both monitor of corporate governance and executive of the firm. We study the role of the CLO under environments that are most likely to impact governance and pressure the firm to either emphasize or marginalize the CLO's role as monitor or facilitator. Using the financial shock of a securities class action lawsuit on large corporations, we measure changes in CLO value through the metrics of total and relative compensation of the CLO and other C-suite members. After controlling for relevant variables such as growth and total assets, we find that when firms have more insiders on their board of directors, the CLO's compensation declines when the preceding year's Tobin's Q is high. CLO compensation increases under conditions of high opacity, but that compensation partially erodes in high Tobin's Q environments. We also find that a lawsuit increases CFO and CEO turnover but not the CLO's. Our results have implications for corporate governance, the dual and potentially conflicting role of CLO as gatekeeper and monitor, executive compensation, and agency costs.

Thermal adaptation and insulation opportunities provided by different drapes of Indian saris

Women across South Asia wear the sari. It is a very versatile garment as not only does the fabric affect its thermal properties but also the way it is draped over the body can significantly modify its clothing insulation. We tested three Indian sari ensembles (each of four drapes) with a thermal manikin following ISO: 9920 protocols. The insulation values on all of the 16 selected body parts and over the whole body were recorded. These data provide the information needed for advanced thermal comfort modelling that requires clothing insulation values at the segmentation level. The apparently simple sari offered in reality a wide range of insulation values (0.94 to 0.62) for a given set of garments. Winter ensembles provided 1.11–1.39 clo, while the summer and monsoon ensembles had 0.62–0.96 clo. The findings of this research are more than a correction of clo value of saris, but highlight the potential significance of the garment in the process of adapting to higher temperatures in a warming world.

The Value of the Chief Legal Officer to the Firm

The CLO shapes and enforces corporate governance, but is faced with a dual-role paradox that requires her to act as both monitor of corporate governance and executive of the firm. We study the role of the CLO under environments that are most likely to impact governance and pressure the firm to either emphasize or marginalize the CLO’s role as monitor or facilitator. Using the financial shock of a securities class action lawsuit on large corporations, we measure changes in CLO value through the metrics of total and relative compensation of the CLO and other C-suite members. After controlling for relevant variables such as growth and total assets, we find that when firms have more insiders on their board of directors, the CLO’s compensation declines when the preceding year’s Tobin’s Q is high. CLO compensation increases under conditions of high opacity, but that compensation partially erodes in high Tobin’s Q environments. We also find that a lawsuit increases CFO and CEO turnover but not the CLO’s. Our results have implications for corporate governance, the dual and potentially conflicting role of CLO as gatekeeper and monitor, executive compensation, and agency costs

한국 남성용 단일의복의 앙상블 조합시의 온열특성 변화에 관한 연구 - 무풍, 풍속환경하에서 -

The purpose of this study is to analyze the thermal characteristics of garments marketed for Korean males and to investigate the influence of each garment on ensemble, by measuring their insulation values(clo) using thermal manikins. The results are as follows. The total insulations(clo) of ensembles for S/S seasons are between 1.46 and 2.6 clo, with the mean of 2.12 clo. The insulation in the still air condition is 1.23 clo, which means a decrease of 42% compared to the total insulation of all the component garments. The insulation of ensembles for S/S seasons in the dynamic air condition decreased by 46.8%, compared to the still air condition. The total insulation(clo) of ensembles for F/W seasons is between 3.84 and 7.36 clo with the mean of 4.74 clo. The insulation in the still air condition is 2.26 clo, which means a decrease of 53.6% compared to the total insulation of all the component garments. The insulation of ensembles for F/W seasons in the dynamic air condition decreased by 36.2%, compared to the still air condition. As the clo value of each component garment gets higher, the insulation of ensembles gets higher. Especially, the insulation of ensembles was more influenced by outer wear than inner wear. The insulation of ensembles could be predicted by the insulation of outerwear better.