Urease Test Research Articles

Role of Oral Yeast in Replenishing Gastric Mucosa with Yeast and Helicobacter pylori.

The relationship between oral and gastric yeasts and their role in the colonization of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach was studied. Four groups of 221, 7, 44, and 10 patients were used for the isolation of H. pylori and oral and gastric yeasts. In Group 1, gastric biopsies were used for the isolation of H. pylori and yeast, rapid urease test (RUT), staining with Gram's and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. In the other three groups, DNAs extracted from H. pylori and yeasts were used for the amplification of H. pylori-specific genes. Wet mounts of yeasts in Group 2 were examined to observe intracellular bacteria and released EVs. Among 221 patients, 65 (29.3%) had oral yeast, 35 (15.8%) H. pylori, and 31 (14%) gastric yeast. Culture of oral yeasts showed a significant correlation with the detection of H. pylori by IHC (10.3%), Gram stain (9%), RUT (6.3%), H&E (4.9%), and culture (4%) (p < 0.05). Gram-stained biopsies showed the occurrence of yeast and H. pylori, and the release of EVs from yeast. Detection of similar H. pylori genes in oral and gastric yeasts from patients in Group 2 showed their common source. Oral yeasts in Groups 3 and 4 also carried H. pylori genes. Wet mount preparations of yeasts showed intracellular bacteria inside the yeast vacuole and the release of EVs that could carry H. pylori. Oral yeast protects its intracellular H. pylori and releases it inside EVs to safely reach gastric mucosa. Yeast, as the environmental reservoir of H. pylori, plays a crucial role in bacterial reinfection after successful eradication.

EGS SO18 - Entero-enteric intussusception secondary to a capillary haemangioma of the small bowel: A case of a diagnostic conundrum

Abstract Background This is a case of a 50 year-old female who presented with acute on chronic abdominal pain, and she was intra-operatively diagnosed with entero-enteric intussusception secondary to a large small bowel tumour . The video demonstrates the findings during the diagnostic laparoscopy. The lead point appeared to be a tumour and histopathology confirmed it is a benign capillary haemangioma. The patient had a long standing history of abdominal pain that was previously investigated on multiple occasions, but without a definitive diagnosis. Method This is an interesting case of a challenging diagnosis of a rare disease. The patient has been suffering for four years with unexplained upper abdominal pain not associated with weight loss, rectal bleed, or change in bowel habit, but had occasional anaemia. The patient had a normal abdominal US, multiple CTs where she was found to have a right renal stone and an OGD that showed gastritis and positive CLO test initially. A repeat OGD and colonoscopy were negative. While the patient was awaiting further investigations for profound iron deficiency anaemia she presented with acute abdomen and required emergency surgery. Results The patient presented to ED with excruciating colicky pain for one day, one episode of melena and nausea. She was haemodynamically stable, peritonitic with increased inflammatory markers, hb 86 g/dL and lactate of 2 mmol/L. The CT abdomen and pelvis showed small bowel intussusception with possible ischemia, therefore the patient underwent an emergency operation.The laparoscopy showed small bowel intussusception and the patient underwent mini laparotomy. The intussusception was reduced, the small bowel was viable and the lead point was a large size tumour.The patient underwent small bowel resection and primary anastomosis, and made good post operative recovery. Conclusion Rare conditions are hard to diagnose. Small bowel intussusception is rare and in adults is usually linked to serious underlying pathology. Capillary haemangioma of the small bowel is very rare too. The patient's symptoms and occassional anaemia can now be explained. Although the patient went through an appropriate work up at the time, her symptoms remained unexplained to some extent or they were linked to other potential causes. Only when the anaemia became profound the patient warranted further investigations. In retrospect, capsule endoscopy would have been inevitable, however the patient became acutely unwell and required an emergency surgery.

Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Dyspepsia Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Puducherry

Background: Dyspepsia is a relatively common clinical condition characterized by chronic / recurrent upper abdominal pain or discomfort. Dyspeptic individuals were found to be infected with H-pylori than asymptomatic individuals. Though most individuals are asymptomatic, H. pylori plays a key role in the etiology of many upper gastrointestinal disorder. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional prospective analytical study was done in Department of General surgery, IGMCRI Pondicherry from February 2022 to June 2022. Both male and female patients attending surgery OPD of age 20 to 60 years with upper gastrointestinal symptoms like dyspepsia and epigastric pain were subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and scopy findings noted and a Rapid urease test done for them. Results: The prevalence of H-Pylori was found to be 53%. Gender wise distribution shows more prevalence among females (61%) compared to males (44%). Of the total patients, 72% presented with abdominal pain, 34% presented with associated nausea, vomiting and 50% presented with regurgitation, 47% presented with bloating sensation. 11% present with other associated symptoms like malena and dysphagia. 9 patients with dyspepsia had ulcers in the antral wall and duodenum with 33% RUT positivity. 11 of them presented with pangastritis with 72% RUT positivity, 47 of them had antral gastritis with 66% RUT positivity, and 15 of them were found to have normal endoscopic findings with 33% RUT positivity.47% of the patients with esophageal varices and 20% of the patients with ulceroproliferative growth showed RUT positivity. Conclusion: This study validates that more than half the patients with dyspepsia in our population are H-pylori positive. Early referral for Upper GI endoscopy can help diagnose the same and associated clinical condition and initiate an early anti-H. Pylori regimen to achieve quicker symptom relief in these patients.

Features of the endoscopic picture of the upper gastrointestinal tract in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients of different ages

The aim. To evaluate the features of the endoscopic picture of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients of different ages.Materials and methods. The study involved 126 adult patients aged 18 to 76 years (mean age 44.75±15.05 years) and 19 children aged 9 to 17 years (mean age 14.26±2.68 years) infected with H. pylori. All subjects underwent gastroscopy with an assessment of inflammatory and atrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the upper gastrointestinal tract, cardia insufficiency, sliding hernia of the esophageal orifice of the diaphragm (HE), duodenogastric reflux (DGR), as well as the presence of H. pylori (rapid urease test). Statistical data processing was carried out using the SPSS Statistics 27.0.1 program. Results. According to the endocropic data, in adult patients, signs of catarrhal esophagitis were detected in the esophagus: in 32.7% of cases, esophageal erosion was detected in 4.8% of the examined patients, HE occurred in 15.6%, and cardia insufficiency – in 23.3% of patients. When visualizing the gastric mucosa, its atrophy and hyperemia were observed in 8.8% and 77.9% of cases, respectively, erosive changes were detected in 2.8% of patients. Endoscopic signs of atrophy of the mucous membrane of the antrum of the stomach occurred in 34.0%, hyperemia – in 85.5%, and erosive changes – in 10.95% of the examined, DGR was observed in 8% of cases, pyloric deformity was detected in 13.5% of patients. Pathology of the mucous membrane of the duodenal bulb (duodenum) was noted in 89.9% of cases: signs of mucosal atrophy were detected in 2%, hyperemia in 79%, erosion in 21% of the examined, ulcerative defects of the mucosa were detected in 44% of patients: ulcer on the anterior wall – 47.8%, on the posterior wall – 25.4%, along the upper wall – 16.4%, ulcer of unspecified localization – 10.5%, two or more ulcers were detected in 9% of cases. According to the endoscopic data, the following changes in the esophagus were detected in children: 31.5% of patients showed signs of HE, cardia insufficiency and catarrhal esophagitis – in 57.9% and 15.8% of patients, respectively. When visualizing the mucous membrane of the stomach body, it was revealed: in 10.5% of cases – atrophic changes, in 63.2% of cases – signs of hyperemia. Hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the antrum of the stomach occurred in 100% of children. The frequency of detection of DGR was 42.1% of cases. Hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the BPC bulb was present in 84.2% of cases. No other changes were observed. A comparative analysis of the frequency of detection of gastrointestinal pathology in adults and children found that patients infected with H. pylori in childhood and adolescence are more likely to have cardia insufficiency (p&lt;0.0001) and DHR (p&lt;0.001). At the same time, the detection of erosions and ulcers of the mucous membrane of the BPC bulb was higher in patients over 18 years of age (p=0.023 and p&lt;0.001, respectively).Conclusion. The age-related features of the endoscopic picture in patients infected with H. pylori are characterized by a predisposition of children and adolescents to impaired motility of the digestive tube, and adults to erosive and ulcerative changes, which may be a consequence of higher acid production. The fairly frequent detection of endoscopic signs of atrophy of the gastric mucosa dictates the need for histological examination in this category of patients using the OLGA system to establish the degree and stage of pathological changes, determine management tactics and follow-up of patients.

First Report of Lelliottia amnigena Causing Soft Rot on Purple Stem Mustards in China.

The purple stem mustards (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis var. purpuraria) (Govaerts R, 2003) are widely cultivated along Yangtze River Valley in China, which is famous for its flavorful and nutritious edible stalks (Wang et al., 2022). In February 2023, a disease of soft rot was observed in multiple purple stem mustards planting fields in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China (30.41°N, 114.22°E). Disease incidence rates were almost 20 to 30% in the planting area (5 ha in size), causing severe economic loss. Infected plants displayed water-soaked symptoms at the base of the petioles, emitting a foul soft rot odor. The severely infected petioles, stems and roots exhibit pus symptoms leading to plant death. To identify the causal agent, small pieces of soft rot symptomatic tissue were cut from the margin of necrotic lesions and surface disinfected with 75% (v/v) ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by three successive rinses with sterile distilled water. The exudates from the clipped tissues were serially diluted and then incubated onto nutrient agar (NA) plates to obtain purified strains at 28°C for 48 hours (Koike et al., 2002). After incubation, 15 strains were obtained and the colonies of all strains were Gram-negative, aerobic, small, round, convex, whitish to dull white, and had smooth slimy edges. Three single bacterial strains CT020801 - CT020803, which were individually isolated from three different diseased samples, were selected as representative strains for further study. Biochemical tests using the BIOLOG GENIII microplate system (Biolog, Hayward, CA, USA) revealed that these strains were positive for methyl red, pectin, dextrin, D-Cellobiose, β-galactosidase, citrate, and maltose, but negative for indole, arginine dihydrolase, urease, ornithine decarboxylase, and gelatinase tests. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the three housekeeping genes, atpD, rpoB, and recN were amplified using genomic DNA of Lelliottia amnigena NCTC12124T as the template, with specially designed primers. All amplified fragments were sequenced and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OQ954706-OQ954707, OQ954713, and OQ953873-OQ953881. BLAST alignments of the 16S rRNA, atpD, rpoB and recN sequences revealed that the sequences of Strain CT020801-03 exhibited the highest identity (100%, ≥97.97%, ≥98.85% and ≥94.52%, respectively) with L. amnigena （Figure S2）. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on multilocus sequence joint 16S rRNA - atpD - rpoB - recN revealed that CT020801 - CT020803 and L. amnigena clustered together in the same clade (Carrie et al., 2013). These results were consistent with those reported for Lelliottia amnigena (Osei et al., 2022). To confirm pathogenicity, healthy base petioles of three-week-old purple stem mustards seedlings were stab inoculated with 20 μL bacterial suspensions (approximately 108 CFU/mL) and then incubated at 28°C and 80% relative humidity in a growth chamber. A sterile liquid NB medium served as the negative control. The test was repeated thrice with each test consisting of five seedlings per treatment. After three days, soft rot symptoms appeared on the stem bases of the inoculated plants, consistent with the initial symptoms observed in the field. Control plants showed no symptoms. The strains were successfully re-isolated from symptomatic plants and identified as L. amnigena, fulfilling Koch's postulates. L. amnigena, a member of the Enterobacter genus (Birlutiu et al., 2023; Brady et al., 2013; Izard et al., 1981), is commonly found in soil and has been identified as an opportunistic pathogen responsible for plant soft rot disease (Reyes-García et al., 2020; Schroeder et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2023). Previous studies have linked L. amnigena to soft rot disease in potato tubers in China. However, this study marks the first documented case of L. amnigena causing soft rot disease in purple stem mustards in China. This discovery expands the known host range of the pathogenic bacteria and will help to provide essential information for making effective measures to manage this disease.

Characterization and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Street Food: A Public Health Concern

Food samples containing Staphylococcus aureus pose a serious health risk. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of S. aureus strains in various food samples sourced from Mailsi and Multan. Many food samples including yogurt, bakery products, and raw and cooked food were examined for S. aureus. The isolated strains were confirmed through Mannitol agar fermentation, catalase, coagulase, and urease tests. Hemolysis on blood agar and biofilm formation were also assessed to determine toxin production. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was conducted using the Kirby Bauer method on MH agar, and multiple antibiotics were tested. Out of all samples, a total of 50 S. aureus strains were obtained, mainly from milk and milk-based products. Yellow colonies on mannitol salt agar confirmed S. aureus presence, with all isolates testing positive for coagulase, catalase, and urease. The presence of hemolysins: beta, gamma, and alpha were revealed by hemolysis assays. Biofilm assay results showed variation among the strains, with some categorized as strong, moderate, or weak biofilm formers. Regarding antibiotic sensitivity, most strains exhibited multidrug resistance, particularly against certain antibiotics. Vancomycin showed varying susceptibility patterns, some strains showed susceptibility and intermediate resistance, whereas only milk samples showed resistance. This study emphasizes the prevalence of MDR S. aureus strains in food samples. The study underscores the significance of antimicrobial stewardship programs and stringent food safety measures in preventing the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains and reducing foodborne illnesses. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms behind antibiotic resistance and toxin production in S. aureus strains from food samples.

Association Between Rapid Urease Test For H. Pylori Incidence And Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia In Bangladeshi Patients

Introduction: Dyspepsia is a fairly common group of symptoms including epigastric pain, epigastric burning, postprandial fullness, early satiation, bloating in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting and belching. Interestingly the majority of them are found to have no ulcer, and they are termed as non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD). However. Different studies worldwide have found there is an association between H. Pylori infection and NUD. Objective: To evaluate the infection rates of H. pylori in patients, presenting with dyspepsia without any evidence of ulcer on endoscopy. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June, 2022 to December, 2022. The study included 100 patients (46 males and 54 females) with NUD and recruited by convenient sampling method. Result: In the study, the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with NUD is 53% on the basis of (Rapid urease test) RUT. Gender-based prevalence was found to be 53.7% and 52.17% for women and men, respectively. The highest prevalence rate was found in the age group of 25-34 years. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was slightly higher for urban people. Conclusion: H.Pylori infection can be easily identified by RUT. The study has found significant correlation of H. pylori infection with NUD by using RUT. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2023; 32(1) : 4-8

Histopathological Features of Chronic Gastritis and its Association with Helicobacter pylori Infection.

A Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most common cause of chronic gastritis (CG), with approximately 50% of the world's population infected. Long-term infection increases the risk of progression to gastric cancer. This study evaluated the histopathological changes in CG using the Updated Sydney System (USS) to estimate the prevalence and correlation of H. pylori gastritis with other histological variables. This research was a prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Central India. The study was conducted between Feb 2017 to April 2018. Two antral biopsies were taken per patient, one for a Rapid Urease Test and the second for routine histopathology. All samples were analyzed according to the USS. CG was found in 83.84% of total dyspeptic patients. The most common age group was 31-40 years, with a male preponderance. Of 109 gastric antral biopsies with histopathological evidence of chronic gastritis, neutrophilic activity, intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, and lymphoid aggregates were present in 50 (45.87%), 10 (9.2%), 23 (21.10%), and 11(10.09%) cases, respectively. The prevalence of H. pylori was 46.78%, and its association with the degree of chronic inflammation and intestinal metaplasia was statistically significant. H. pylori was significantly associated with the degree of chronic inflammation and intestinal metaplasia. Hence, this study suggests a vigorous search for H. pylori should be initiated if chronic inflammation and intestinal metaplasia are seen in antral gastric biopsies.

Clinical Study Of Helicobacter Pylori Infection In Operated Patients Of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer During Post‐Operative Period Of 6 Weeks With Endoscopic Cup Mucosal Biopsy And Rapid Urease Test

Clinical Study Of Helicobacter Pylori Infection In Operated Patients Of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer During Post‐Operative Period Of 6 Weeks With Endoscopic Cup Mucosal Biopsy And Rapid Urease Test

Rapid urease test according to the rules and without

The article discusses the problems of diagnosing Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) using a rapid urease test (RUT). Features of H.pylori colonization and persistence are highlighted, which affect the results of RUT and determine the preferential use of biopsy specimens for the study, rather than gastric mucus aspirate, the localization of biopsy collection and their optimal number and the factors influencing the urease activity of H.pylori are indicated. Based on the described properties, the main causes of erroneous results and methods for preventing false negative and false positive results are given, the basic rules for working with RUT are formulated to obtain optimal results.

A survey of practice patterns and adherence to national and international guidelines on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection among gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows in India.

Patients and primary care providers alike benefit greatly from the expertise of gastroenterologists when it comes to managing Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. However, information on gastroenterologists' practices in the management of H. pylori infection is scarce in this part of the world. This study aimed at evaluating the practice patterns of gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows in India. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows working in India. Total 207 gastroenterologists and 53 fellows filled out the questionnaire. Responses were received from all around India. Approximately 70% of respondents perceive H. pylori to be a gastric pathogen, while 20% regard it as a commensal bacterium. While the proportion of respondents who chose a test and treat method (34.6%) for uninvestigated dyspepsia without alarm symptoms was comparable to empirical proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy (38.8%), about one-fifth chose a scope and treat strategy in this setting. Even in the absence of alarm signs, more than half of respondents (61.5%) preferred endoscopic biopsy to detect H. pylori. While rapid urease testing (RUT) was the preferred modality (80%) for detecting H. pylori, about one-third preferred single-site RUT (from the antrum). Only 40% followed the Updated Sydney protocol, while performing biopsies and a majority (78.8%) are unable to discontinue PPIs before testing for H. pylori. PPI-clarithromycin-based triple treatment was the preferred regimen (67%) for first-line eradication, while nearly a quarter of respondents did not utilize bismuth due to concerns about adverse effects. The survey reveals a lack of adherence to the currentH. pylori guidelines for diagnosis, testing and treatment among gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows in India. It is vital that scientific societies simplify guidelines, investigate challenges to their effective implementation and execute targeted interventions to increase adherence.

Incidence of Typhoid Fever Infection among Febrile Patients attending FUDMA Clinic

Typhoid fever remains a public health concern in Nigeria, with its incidence poising substantial challenges to health care systems. Widal agglutination test is largely the only used diagnostic test method for the laboratory diagnosis of Typhoid infection which has been proven to be neither sensitive nor specific. This paper delves into the incidence, contributory factors as well as sensitivity and specificity of commonly used diagnostic tests of typhoid fever infection among febrile patients attending the FUDMA Clinic. A total of 55 Blood and stool samples were analyzed using standard procedures for slide agglutination test (Widal) and stool culture, before culturing, the samples were first inoculated in an enrichment medium (Selenite-F broth). After 4 hours of pre-enrichment, the samples were inoculated into Salmonella Shigella Agar and Mackonkey agar, while catalase, TSI, citrate utilization test, Indole test, and urease tests served to identify the organism biochemically. Socio-demographic data revealed that 55 Participants, 52.8% were males, 72.7% were students and 80% were singles. Slide agglutination test recorded a 90.9% incidence rate, stool culture had an incidence rate of 18.18%. Among the age groups that enrolled in this study, a 44.1% incidence rate was recorded among the age Group 20-26 years. Stool culture was to found have performed better diagnostically with a sensitivity of 60% as well as a specificity of 40%. Conclusively, A high Incidence of typhoid fever was observed in this study. This Therefore suggests that there is an urgent need for improved personal hygiene and more accessibility to potable drinking water.

Prevalence, Predictors, and Treatment Outcomes of Anemia in Vietnamese School-Age Children With Helicobacter pylori Infection.

Background A growing number of studies suggest that anemia caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is prevalent in developing countries. A combination of H. pylori eradication and iron supplementation may be effective intreating iron deficiency anemia (IDA) caused by H. pylori infection. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes of anemia in Vietnamese school-age children infected with H. pylori Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2023 to April 2024 involving 112 dyspeptic children from 5 to 16 years old who were admitted to Can Tho Children's Hospital, Vietnam. H. pylori infection was diagnosed with a positive histopathology combined with a rapid urease test. A bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify independent variables associated with anemia in H. pylori-infected children. Results The prevalence of anemia and IDA (iron deficiency anemia) amongH . pylori-infected children were 28.6% and 53.1%, respectively. The risk factor for anemia was age group from 11 to 16 years of age (OR: 3.24; CI 95%:1.21- 8.70). Iron supplementation (OR: 0.14; CI 95%:0.03 - 0.66) and periodic deworming (OR: 0.29; CI 95%: 0.10-0.89) were protective factors against anemia. After H. pyroli eradication and iron supplementation, all hematological parameters were increased among 32 anemic patients. Hemoglobin increased from 9.9 ±2.1 to 11.9±2.1 g/dL (p<0.001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased from 25.1 ± 4.1 to 28.0 ± 3.3 pg (P=0.003), and ferritin (IQR) increased from 16.7 (9.5-45.2) to 27.0 (15.1-47.0) µg/L (p<0.001). Conclusion Anemia in Vietnamese school-age children infected with H. pylori is prevalent. Taking iron supplements and periodic deworming reduces the risk of anemia. H. pylori eradication therapy plus oral iron supplementation will improve iron status in H. pylori-infected children.

Is rapid urease test reliable as histopathological evaluation for Helicobacter pylori Infection- A prospective study?

Is rapid urease test reliable as histopathological evaluation for Helicobacter pylori Infection- A prospective study?

Genotypes and Phylogenetic Analysis of Helicobacter pylori Clinical Bacterial Isolates

Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen bacterium associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. It can be identified through the 16S rRNA gene and characterized through cagA and vacA virulence genes. Clinical cultures of H. pylori were isolated and identified from human stomach biopsies. The isolates were characterized according to their colonial and microscopic morphology, and molecular genotyping was conducted to determine the bacterial virulence. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. In addition, multilocus sequence typing analysis was performed to determine the phylogeographic nature of the isolated strains. Three bacterial isolates were selected from 22 gastric biopsies, identified as H. pylori through colonial morphology, Gram staining, urease, catalase, and oxidase tests and identification of the ureC gene through end-point PCR. Amplification of 16S rRNA, urea, and tonB genes was performed, as well. Differences between the cagA and vacA genotypes were determined among the isolates. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identity of the three isolates as the specie Helicobacter pylori. Different genotypes were obtained for each H. pylori strain, and all the clinical isolates showed the vacA s2/m2 genotype, indicating an absence of the VacA cytotoxin. Only HCGDL-MR01 is a cagA gene carrier with a greater risk to develop a serious disease, such as stomach cancer and peptic ulcer. The multilocus sequence typing placed all the strains within the hpEurope population structure.

Clinicomycological Profile of Dermatophytosis in Tripura – An Institution Based Cross Sectional Study

Abstract Background: In a small state like Tripura, a surge in prevalence of superficial dermatophytosis has been observed from April to September among the population of both tribal and non-tribal groups having different lifestyle, different food habit, and different socioeconomic status. Studies from different region reveal varying pattern of etiological distribution of the disease. But till date no research study has been initiated in Tripura on clinicomycological profile of dermatophytosis. Objectives: This study was undertaken with the objectives to estimate the proportion of different fungal species associated with dermatophytosis among the patients attending Dermatology Outpatient Department of a Tertiary care hospital of Tripura and also to determine possible association of different clinical parameters with fungal species if any. Materials and Methods: A total of three hundred and ninety-one (391) new cases of dermatophytosis attending Dermatology Outpatient Department of a Tertiary care teaching hospital of Tripura were included in this study from June, 2021 to May, 2022. All the specimens were assessed by direct microscopic examination and in vitro culture. Fungi were identified on the basis of their macroscopic and microscopic features with the help of lactophenol cotton blue staining and urease test. Results: There was a male preponderance among cases and maximum patients belonged to 21-40 years age group. Trichophyton schoenleinii was the most common fungal species (52.1%) grown in culture followed by Trichophyton rubrum (26.9%). Conclusion: In contrast to previous study results from different parts of India, Trichophyton schoenleinii was the most common isolated fungal species from this part of northeast India, and Tinea corporis (41.3%) was the most prominent clinical manifestation of dermatophytosis.

Correlation between Klebsiella Species’ Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance from Erbil Hospital Patients

The primary cause of nosocomial infections is Klebsiella pneumonia, an environmental gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile bacterium. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation are two crucial characteristics that contribute to the pathogenicity of this bacterium. This research aimed to examine the relationship between antibiotic resistance and the capability of Klebsiella species isolated from Erbil hospital patients to produce biofilms. Therefore, in this study, 38 samples were collected from different laboratories and hospitals. At first, the samples were rejuvenated in Tryptic soy broth and then cultured on MacConkey agar. Gram staining and urease test were performed to identify the bacterial isolates while VITEK 2 system was performed to determine both the bacterial isolates and the antibiotic susceptibility. At last, Biofilm detection was assessed by the microliter plate technique as well as the Congo red agar method. The results revealed positive Klebsiella samples that were both resistant to some antibiotics and biofilm producers.

Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and digestive tract diseases and analysis of risk factors: a cross-sectional study based on 3867 Chinese patients.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infect nearly half of the global population, contributing to upper digestive tract diseases. This 2019 cross-sectional study included 3,867 patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and 2,875 undergoing both colonoscopy and EGD. Subjects were categorized into H. pylori positive and negative groups by rapid urease test (RUT). In addition to exploring the relationship between H. pylori infection and upper gastrointestinal diseases, this study further revealed that H. pylori infection was closely related to lower digestive tract diseases, including colorectal polyp (63.28%) and colorectal cancer (75.76%), as well as upper and lower gastrointestinal comorbidities, including chronic atrophic gastritis with colorectal polyp (79.85%), peptic ulcer with colorectal polyp (79.72%), gastric polyp with colorectal polyp (66.24%), and chronic atrophic gastritis with colorectal cancer (92.86%). Besides, a univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare the differences between the two groups (including gender, nationality, marital status, smoking history, drinking history, living area, age, BMI, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels), the results identified marital status and age as independent risk factors for H. pylori infection (OR, 1.435; 95% CI, 1.042 to 1.977; OR, 1.007; 95% CI, 1.001 to 1.013). Further clarification of the correlation between the prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases and H. pylori infection will be important for H. pylori infection management strategies and the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases.

Identification Methods of Helicobacter Pylori Bacteria

Background: Helicobacter pylori is a well-known carcinogenic pathogen associated with gastrointestinal diseases, often infecting individuals during childhood and persisting asymptomatically for years. Specific Background: The failure to diagnose H. pylori early can result in severe health consequences, making timely and accurate diagnosis critical to preventing its spread. Knowledge Gap: Diagnostic methods' effectiveness depends on patient age, economic status, and operator skill, with some tests being expensive and influenced by protocol adherence. Aims: The study evaluates the efficacy of various diagnostic methods for H. pylori, focusing on the accuracy, reliability, and practicality of invasive and non-invasive techniques. Results: Invasive methods like histology, endoscopy, culture, rapid urease test, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide direct detection of the bacterium, while non-invasive methods such as the urea breath test, stool antigen assay, and serology offer indirect detection without requiring endoscopy. PCR, when conducted with appropriate primers and gene targets, remains the most accurate diagnostic tool. Novelty: The study emphasizes the superior diagnostic value of PCR due to its precision, despite challenges related to operator skill and procedural compliance. Implications: The study emphasizes the significance of selecting suitable diagnostic methods based on patient-specific factors and the need for skilled execution for accurate results in managing and treating H. pylori infections. Highlights: PCR Accuracy: Most reliable H. pylori test with correct primers and targets. Operator Skill: Diagnosis depends on skilled execution and procedural adherence. Test Selection: Choose based on patient age, economic status, and method availability. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, diagnosis, gastrointestinal diseases, PCR, invasive tests

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Novel Chicken Feather Degrading Bacteria Bacillus tropicus KRKJVR 5

The isolation and molecular identification of a novel chicken feather-degrading bacterium, Bacillus tropicus KRKJVR 5, were conducted to explore its potential in biotechnological applications. Soil samples collected from various sites in Suryapet district, Telangana, were screened using the enrichment culture method to identify potential keratinolytic producers. A total of ten bacterial isolates were initially identified, out of which five isolates demonstrated significant feather degradation on feather-containing agar media. Among these, Isolate 5 exhibited the highest keratinase activity, completely degrading feathers within 48 hours and producing 8.66 U/ml of keratinase, as determined by the Azocasein assay. Morphological and biochemical tests characterized Isolate 5 as a rod-shaped, Gram-positive Bacillus species with positive results for spore staining, Voges-Proskauer, catalase, starch hydrolysis, and carbohydrate fermentation tests, and negative results for indole, methyl red, citrate, H2S, and urease tests. Definitive genetic identification through 16S rRNA sequencing and comparison with the NCBI database confirmed Isolate 5 as Bacillus tropicus KRKJVR 5, with a 92% similarity to other Bacillus tropicus strains. The sequence data was submitted to NCBI and assigned the accession number PP859287. These findings highlight the potential of Bacillus tropicus KRKJVR 5 for efficient keratin degradation, making it a promising candidate for various industrial and environmental applications.