Clinical Research Research Articles

The Rights of Physicians and Future Physicians Who Are Lactating, Breastfeeding, or Chestfeeding: An American Medical Women's Association Position Article.

Breastfeeding is a fundamental and biologically normal function with well-established benefits for both lactating parents and infants. Despite these benefits, physicians, particularly those in training, often face significant obstacles when attempting to meet their breastfeeding and pumping goals. In response to these challenges, the American Medical Women's Association (AMWA) and a diverse group of health care professionals have come together to advocate for comprehensive lactation support policies in medical learning environments and workplaces. This position article highlights the ethical necessity of comprehensive lactation support in medical educational and workplace settings, emphasizing the importance of not only providing physical accommodations but also fostering a cultural shift, educational initiatives, and policy reforms to empower lactating parents. It offers an examination of the difficulties encountered by lactating parents within medical environments and proposes guidelines for the formulation and enhancement of supportive policies. The position article envisions a future where medical professionals can thrive in both their careers and parenthood through collaborative efforts and a commitment to the key elements of Effective Lactation Support Programs in medical workplaces based on the following: (1) well-equipped lactation facilities, (2) customized work schedules, (3) mentorship and support networks, (4) lactation support in clinical settings, and (5) research and advocacy.

Light‐Driven Multi‐Core/Shell Microdroplets as a Targeted Drug Delivery System

AbstractTargeted drug delivery system (DDS) holds exciting prospects in biomedical clinical research and drug development. However, it faces a significant challenge in achieving stable and safe targeted transportation without drug leakage while obtaining precise and controllable drug dosing with a high drug utilization rate and low side effects. Herein, an optical tweezers‐based light‐driven technique is proposed to transport and construct multi‐core/shell microdroplets enveloping drug carriers and target cells as a novel, safe, and efficient targeted DDS. Drug‐loaded microdroplets with core/shell structures are first fabricated by a new and simple injection extrusion method and then it is transported to a target cell by a dynamic optical trap with a low optical power, which ensures no drug leakage, exogenous materials, and biothermal damage are introduced during the drug delivery process. Next, precise drug dosing is realized by pushing the target cell into the drug‐loaded microdroplet under the actions of optical forces, which constructs a multi‐core/shell microdroplet structure with a pure drug environment to improve the drug action efficiency. Moreover, quantitative drug dosing with a high drug utilization rate can also achieved by controlling the sizes/number of drug droplets inside the microdroplets. This light‐driven DDS is of great interest to frontier medical research and disease treatment fields.

Efficacy and safety of bispecific antibodies vs. immune checkpoint blockade combination therapy in cancer: a real-world comparison.

Emerging tumor immunotherapy methods encompass bispecific antibodies (BSABs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and adoptive cell immunotherapy. BSABs belong to the antibody family that can specifically recognize two different antigens or epitopes on the same antigen. These antibodies demonstrate superior clinical efficacy than monoclonal antibodies, indicating their role as a promising tumor immunotherapy option. Immune checkpoints are also important in tumor immunotherapy. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a widely acknowledged immune checkpoint target with effective anti-tumor activity. PD-1 inhibitors have demonstrated notable therapeutic efficacy in treating hematological and solid tumors; however, more than 50% of patients undergoing this treatment exhibit a poor response. However, ICI-based combination therapies (ICI combination therapies) have been demonstrated to synergistically increase anti-tumor effects and immune response rates. In this review, we compare the clinical efficacy and side effects of BSABs and ICI combination therapies in real-world tumor immunotherapy, aiming to provide evidence-based approaches for clinical research and personalized tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Prevalence and factors associated with uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis amongst women vulnerable to HIV who received HIV antibodies in Antibody Mediated Prevention HVTN703/HPTN081 trial in Harare, Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionThere is limited evidence on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake post-trial participation for women vulnerable to HIV. This study investigates the prevalence and factors associated with PrEP uptake post-participation in an...

Cultural Adaptation of the Functional External Memory Aid Tool for Use in the United Kingdom and Australia

Purpose: The Functional External Memory Aid Tool (FEMAT) is a performance-based measure of applied cognitive-linguistic abilities and attempted use of compensatory aids and strategies (e.g., using a calendar to recall an appointment) through completion of simulated everyday living tasks. The FEMAT was originally developed in the United States (US), and a need arose from clinicians to adapt the FEMAT for use in other countries. The aim of this study is to describe the cultural adaptation process that resulted in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australian (AU) versions of the FEMAT via international clinical research partnerships. Method: The FEMAT was adapted into UK and AU cultures using established guidelines for cultural and linguistic adaptation. The adaptation was completed by researchers and clinicians from the US, UK, and AU, and we followed a six-step process: (a) preparation, (b) forward translation, (c) back translation, (d) committee review, (e) field testing, and (f) finalization. Results: The FEMAT items and materials were successfully adapted from the source culture (i.e., English-US) to the target cultures (i.e., English-UK, English-AU). Through the adaptation process, the FEMAT items were determined to be conceptually appropriate for each culture and minimal modifications were made to the FEMAT materials (e.g., voicemail recordings recorded in target dialect). The finalized FEMAT-English-UK and the FEMAT-English-AU versions are available for free on the FEMAT website. Conclusions: Through successful international clinical research collaborations, the FEMAT was successfully adapted for use in other English-speaking cultures. This work provides guidance to streamline future FEMAT cultural adaptations. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25564461

Objective Evaluation of Gaze Location Patterns Using Eye Tracking During Cystoscopy and Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Lesion Detection.

Background: The diagnostic accuracy of cystoscopy varies according to the knowledge and experience of the performing physician. In this study, we evaluated the difference in cystoscopic gaze location patterns between medical students and urologists and assessed the differences in their eye movements when simultaneously observing conventional cystoscopic images and images with lesions detected by artificial intelligence (AI). Methodology: Eye-tracking measurements were performed, and observation patterns of participants (24 medical students and 10 urologists) viewing images from routine cystoscopic videos were analyzed. The cystoscopic video was captured preoperatively in a case of initial-onset noninvasive bladder cancer with three low-lying papillary tumors in the posterior, anterior, and neck areas (urothelial carcinoma, high grade, and pTa). The viewpoint coordinates and stop times during observation were obtained using a noncontact type of gaze tracking and gaze measurement system for screen-based gaze tracking. In addition, observation patterns of medical students and urologists during parallel observation of conventional cystoscopic videos and AI-assisted lesion detection videos were compared. Results: Compared with medical students, urologists exhibited a significantly higher degree of stationary gaze entropy when viewing cystoscopic images (p < 0.05), suggesting that urologists with expertise in identifying lesions efficiently observed a broader range of bladder mucosal surfaces on the screen, presumably with the conscious intent of identifying pathologic changes. When the participants observed conventional and AI-assisted lesion detection images side by side, contrary to urologists, medical students showed a higher proportion of attention directed toward AI-detected lesion images. Conclusion: Eye-tracking measurements during cystoscopic image assessment revealed that experienced specialists efficiently observed a wide range of video screens during cystoscopy. In addition, this study revealed how lesion images detected by AI are viewed. Observation patterns of observers' gaze may have implications for assessing and improving proficiency and serving educational purposes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to utilize eye tracking in cystoscopy. University of Tsukuba Hospital, clinical research reference number R02-122.

Noninvasive measurement of tracer extraction efficiency in tissue, illustrated with Tc-99m-MAG3.

The aim of this study is to develop a noninvasive technique for measuring tissue tracer extraction efficiency (E) and illustrate it for Tc-99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) and kidney. E was measured in 10 patients with normal MAG3 renography. E is the ratio of tissue clearance-to-blood flow (Ki/F). For single-photon tracers, attenuation constants are unknown, so Ki and F cannot be separately measured. However, by deriving attenuation-uncorrected Ki' and F' from the same regions of interests (ROIs), these constants cancel out, giving E. Using a lung ROI for blood activity, F was measured from first-pass and Ki' from Gjedde-Patlak-Rutland (GPR) analysis up to 130 s. Because of interference from right ventricle, a left ventricular ROI (LV) is unsuitable for F' but was used in GPR analysis, making an adjustment for the ratio of respective blood pool signals arising from lung and LV ROIs in early frames (60-90 s). A lung ROI underestimates F' by 4% at normal LV function. Chest wall interstitial activity (I), which does not affect F', amounted to 53 and 30% of the lung and LV signals at 20 min, and 12 and 6% at 130 s, resulting in underestimations of Ki of 4 and 2%, respectively. Ignoring these opposing errors, E based on lung ROI for left and right kidneys was 43.5 (SD 8)% and 47.3 (9)%, and based on LV ROI for GPR analysis was 44.5 (10.9)% and 48.3 (10.6)%. E can be measured by combining blood flow from first-pass with clearance from GPR analysis, and has potential value both clinically and in clinical research.

The gut-liver axis in fatty liver disease: role played by natural products.

Fatty liver disease, a condition characterized by fatty degeneration of the liver, mainly classified as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD), has become a leading cause of cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. The gut-liver axis is the bidirectional relationship between the gut and its microbiota and its liver. The liver can communicate with the gut through the bile ducts, while the portal vein transports the products of the gut flora to the liver. The intestinal flora and its metabolites directly and indirectly regulate hepatic gene expression, leading to an imbalance in the gut-liver axis and thus contributing to the development of liver disease. Utilizing natural products for the prevention and treatment of various metabolic diseases is a prevalent practice, and it is anticipated to represent the forthcoming trend in the development of drugs for combating NAFLD/ALD. This paper discusses the mechanism of the enterohepatic axis in fatty liver, summarizes the important role of plant metabolites in natural products in fatty liver treatment by regulating the enterohepatic axis, and provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent development of new drugs and clinical research.

New Era’s of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical Industries

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the future of pharmaceutical industries. We make our tasks easier with help of Artificial Intelligence in future. With help of Artificial Intelligence we can also increase in production in pharmaceutical industry, can be save of dangerous and risky works in the production or manufacturing. Artificial Intelligence can drugs designing in future and discover new drugs and determine the chemical structure of drugs. Artificial Intelligence is very important role play in clinical research. For the pharmacological action drugs are works with the target protein. Than this target proteins are show the pharmacological action and Artificial Intelligence is help in determination of target protein and Artificial Intelligence can easier the drug discovery related work. Artificial Intelligence will used in the marketing such as the patient or customer related information or data collection and deposition. Creation of essential and specialized advertisement for increase product Sell. Different type application will in pharmaceutical industry of Artificial intelligence. And AI will change the pharmaceutical industry or drug associated work and that is come new revolution in pharmacy. Many types AI robots are invented in various pharmacy fields for the help of human being in manufacturing or production in pharmaceutical industry. Artificial Intelligence will advantages and disadvantage for the human beings. This review aims that drug delivery nanosystems design, characterization, and production stand to benefit greatly from artificial intelligence (AI). Furthermore, the ability to perform reverse engineering and ongoing system optimisation is becoming possible with the help of big data.  

Novel cutting edge nano-strategies to address old long-standing complications in cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive review.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) impact a substantial portion of the global population and represent a significant threat to experiencing life-threatening outcomes, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. Despite remarkable progress in pharmacology and medical interventions, CVD persists as a major public health concern, and now ranks as the primary global cause of death and the highest consumer of global budgets. Ongoing research endeavours persist in seeking novel therapeutic avenues and interventions to deepen our understanding of CVD, enhance prevention measures, and refine treatment strategies. Nanotechnology applied to the development of new molecular probes with diagnostic and theranostic properties represents one of the greatest technological challenges in preclinical and clinical research. The application of nanotechnology in cardiovascular medicine holds great promise for advancing our understanding of CVDs and revolutionizing their diagnosis and treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes. In addition, the capacity of drug encapsulation in nanoparticles has significantly bolstered their biological safety, bioavailability and solubility. In combination with imaging technologies, molecular imaging has emerged as a pivotal therapeutic tool, offering insight into the molecular events underlying disease and facilitating targeted treatment approaches. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in targeted nanoparticle approaches for diagnosing CVDs, encompassing molecular imaging techniques, underscoring the significant progress in theranostic, as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy.

The Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Turkish version, validity, and reliability study.

This study aimed to assess the cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Turkish version of the Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (JAQQ) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). A total of 100 JIA patients (64% female), aged 9 to 18years, participated in the study conducted at a tertiary care university hospital. The JAQQ was culturally adapted through a rigorous translation process and administered alongside established measures, including the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ), Juvenile Arthritis Biopsychosocial Questionnaire (JABQ), and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Validity and reliability were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficients, Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of the mean (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC). The Turkish version of JAQQ exhibited high convergent validity, correlating significantly with CHAQ, JABQ, and CDI. No floor or ceiling effects were observed in the total JAQQ score, indicating a balanced assessment. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.948), and test-retest reliability was satisfactory (ICC = 0.913). SEM and MDC95 values were 0.357 and 0.99, respectively. The Turkish adaptation of JAQQ emerges as a valid and reliable instrument for comprehensively assessing the health-related quality of life in children and adolescents diagnosed with JIA. The questionnaire's robust psychometric properties, coupled with distinctive features like individualized assessment, highlight its potential as a valuable tool for both clinical assessment and scientific research in the field of pediatric rheumatology. Key Points • The Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (JAQQ) is an important scale that evaluates the quality of life of children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). • JAQQ is known and used in the field of pediatric rheumatology in Turkey, but its Turkish adaptation has not been made before. • Our study includes 100 JIA patients aged between 9 and 18 years and shows that the Turkish version of JAQQ is valid and reliable in measuring the quality of life of these children. • This research contributes to the accurate assessment of the quality of life in Turkish children diagnosed with JIA, providing valuable insights for both clinical and scientific studies.

“Talking about something no one wants to talk about”—navigating hepatitis B-related work in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: a decade of learning and growth

Abstract Background Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is one of the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer globally. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of the Northern Territory (NT) have the highest prevalence of CHB (6%) and are six times more likely than non-Aboriginal people to be diagnosed with liver cancer. In 2010, a “liver one-stop shop” model of specialised care and research was initiated to address this disparity. Despite many challenges, the program was accepted in NT Aboriginal communities. This study aimed to identify the key elements linked to this success. Methods We conducted a retrospective case study using Stake’s methodology to understand the hepatitis B phenomenon. A constructivist approach allowed a holistic understanding from the real-life perspectives of those involved in the hepatitis B work. Information was sourced from the Aboriginal workforce, patients of remote clinics, interested community members and service providers. Results We identified six elements critical to the successful conduct of our hepatitis B program, which included the essential role of the local Aboriginal workforce, providing health education in a patient’s preferred language, addressing shame and stigma, respecting culture, taking time, and building trust in the community. Conclusions Commitment over the long term was crucial for the success of our hepatitis B program. Adhering to the identified elements was essential to create a culturally safe environment and engage more Aboriginal people in clinical care and research. This study provides powerful lessons and insights that can be applied to other programs and comparable settings worldwide.

[Research progress on bioinformatics in pulmonary arterial hypertension].

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease characterized by abnormal pulmonary vascular remodeling and increased right ventricular pressure load, posing a significant threat to patient health. While some pathological mechanisms of PAH have been revealed, the deeper mechanisms of pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. In recent years, bioinformatics has provided a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms of PAH through the integration of techniques such as multi-omics analysis, artificial intelligence, and Mendelian randomization. This review focuses on the bioinformatics methods and technologies used in PAH research, summarizing their current applications in the study of disease mechanisms, diagnosis, and prognosis assessment. Additionally, it analyzes the existing challenges faced by bioinformatics and its potential applications in the clinical and basic research fields of PAH in the future.

Construction and validation of a neovascular glaucoma nomogram in patients with diabetic retinopathy after pars plana vitrectomy

BACKGROUND Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is likely to occur after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in some patients, thus reducing the expected benefit. Understanding the risk factors for NVG occurrence and building effective risk prediction models are currently required for clinical research. AIM To develop a visual risk profile model to explore factors influencing DR after surgery. METHODS We retrospectively selected 151 patients with DR undergoing PPV. The patients were divided into the NVG (NVG occurrence) and No-NVG (No NVG occurrence) groups according to the occurrence of NVG within 6 months after surgery. Independent risk factors for postoperative NVG were screened by logistic regression. A nomogram prediction model was established using R software, and the model’s prediction accuracy was verified internally and externally, involving the receiver operator characteristic curve and correction curve. RESULTS After importing the data into a logistic regression model, we concluded that a posterior capsular defect, preoperative vascular endothelial growth factor ≥ 302.90 pg/mL, glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 9.05%, aqueous fluid interleukin 6 (IL-6) ≥ 53.27 pg/mL, and aqueous fluid IL-10 ≥ 9.11 pg/mL were independent risk factors for postoperative NVG in patients with DR (P &lt; 0.05). A nomogram model was established based on the aforementioned independent risk factors, and a computer simulation repeated sampling method was used to internally and externally verify the nomogram model. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of the model were 0.962 [95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.932-0.991], 91.5%, and 82.3%, respectively. The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of the external validation were 0.878 (95%CI: 0.746-0.982), 66.7%, and 95.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION A nomogram constructed based on the risk factors for postoperative NVG in patients with DR has a high prediction accuracy. This study can help formulate relevant preventive and treatment measures.

The Contribution of Type 2 Diabetes to Parkinson's Disease Aetiology.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are chronic disorders that have a significant health impact on a global scale. Epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical research underpins the assumption that insulin resistance and chronic inflammation contribute to the overlapping aetiologies of T2D and PD. This narrative review summarises the recent evidence on the contribution of T2D to the initiation and progression of PD brain pathology. It also briefly discusses the rationale and potential of alternative pharmacological interventions for PD treatment.

Anti-synthase syndrome associated with SARS-Cov-2 infection

BackgroundAnti-synthetase syndrome (AS) is a rare autoimmune idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) with diverse manifestations, including arthritis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), Raynaud’s phenomenon, unexplained persistent fever, and mechanic’s hands.Case presentationWe present the case of a 72-year-old woman, previously healthy, who was admitted to our hospital for treatment of cough and rapid breathing. The patient had elevated white blood cells and C-reactive protein, and tested negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). She was initially diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia and received tamoxifen for anti-infection treatment, but her dystonia worsened. She eventually required non-invasive ventilator support, tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 again, and started antiviral therapy, corticosteroids to reduce alveolar effusion, anticoagulation, and other treatments. However, her condition continued to deteriorate, with the lowest oxygenation index reaching only 80mmHg. Ultimately, she underwent tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Chest CT revealed rapid progressive interstitial changes in her lungs, and her hands showed noticeable fraternization changes. At this point, we suspected that the novel coronavirus infection might be associated with autoimmune diseases. The patient’s autoimmune antibody spectrum showed positive results for anti-recombinant RO-52 antibody and myositis-specific antibody anti-alanyl tRNA synthetase (anti-PL-12). The patient was treated with dexamethasone sodium phosphate for anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. After successful extubation, the patient was discharged with only oral prednisone tablets at a dose of 30 mg.ConclusionsThis case presents an early diagnosis and successful treatment of anti-synthetase syndrome combined with SARS-Cov-2 infection, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive physical examination. Additionally, it highlights the rapid progression of interstitial lung disease under SARS-Cov-2 infection, which is often difficult to distinguish on imaging. In cases where treatment for SARS-Cov-2 infection is ineffective, early screening for autoimmune diseases is recommended. As there is currently no standardized method for treating AS-ILD, the successful treatment of this case provides a reference for clinical research on anti-synthetase syndrome in the later stage.

Artabotrys brachypetalus Benth.: Evaluation of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties

Background: Artabotrys brachypetalus is best known for its edible fruits, but today, it is a well-known medicinal plant. However, there are several uses of the species, some of them known since prehistoric times.Aim: This study compiles the existing information of the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties, and future potential applications of A. brachypetalus.Setting: This review provides an overview of uses and ethnopharmacological properties of A. brachypetalus.Method: Multiple searches on existing literature were carried out on the traditional, medicinal, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of A. brachypetalus in online databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Science Direct as well as using pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the university library.Results: This study showed that A. brachypetalus is a multipurpose species used as a food plant, source of fibre, firewood, timber, and herbal medicine. Artabotrys brachypetalus serves as a medicinal plant in five countries to treat human and animal diseases, accounting for 55.6% of the countries where the species is naturally found. The phytochemical evaluation of the plant revealed that it contains alkaloids, cyclohexane carboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolics, sesquiterpenes, and sugars. The pharmacological assessments showed that the phytochemical compounds isolated from the species and crude extracts demonstrated antifungal, antidiabetic, antiplasmodial, and larvicidal activities.Conclusion: Further research should focus on elucidation of pharmacological, phytochemical, toxicological, in vitro, in vivo and clinical research of the species.Contribution: This study contributes to the existing knowledge about A. brachypetalus that could be useful in bio-prospecting for new health-promoting products required in the primary healthcare delivery system.

[Cerebral oxygen metabolism and brain electrical activity of healthy full-term neonates in high-altitude areas: a multicenter clinical research protocol].

Further evidence is needed to explore the impact of high-altitude environments on the neurologic function of neonates. Non-invasive techniques such as cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography can provide data on cerebral oxygenation and brain electrical activity. This study will conduct multiple cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography monitoring sessions at various time points within the first 3 days postpartum for healthy full-term neonates at different altitudes. The obtained data on cerebral oxygenation and brain electrical activity will be compared between different altitudes, and corresponding reference ranges will be established. The study involves 6 participating centers in the Chinese High Altitude Neonatal Medicine Alliance, with altitude gradients divided into 4 categories: 800 m, 1 900 m, 2 400 m, and 3 500 m, with an anticipated sample size of 170 neonates per altitude gradient. This multicenter prospective cohort study aims to provide evidence supporting the impact of high-altitude environments on early brain function and metabolism in neonates.

Comment on "Dexmedetomidine Sedation in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Transforming Clinical Research and Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury Study".

Comment on "Dexmedetomidine Sedation in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Transforming Clinical Research and Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury Study".

Pharmacovigilance: A Necessary Tool for Drug Safety Monitoring Globally

Pharmacovigilance, which is like a parasol to define the procedures for monitoring and analysing adverse drug reactions (ADRs), is a crucial part of efficient clinical practise, public health initiatives, and drug control systems. The volume of data processed has increased as a result of the rise in reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and understanding pharmacovigilance requires a high degree of skill in order to quickly identify medication hazards and defend the product against an unwarranted removal. An impartial method of evaluation would strengthen the present global network of pharmacovigilance centres, which is managed by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre. This would take into account contentious and significant medication safety problems that might have a negative impact on public health across international borders. Pharmacovigilance has recently focused mostly on identifying previously unrecognised or poorly understood adverse medication occurrences. Pharmacovigilance is a crucial and essential component of clinical research, and it is now expanding in many nations. However, with the turn of the millennium, pharmacovigilance confronts enormous hurdles in aspect of improving safety and monitoring of medications. Today, several pharmacovigilance centres are engaged for drug safety monitoring in this global arena. In this overview, we'll talk about medication safety, the function of international pharmacovigilance centres, the advantages and drawbacks of pharmacovigilance, and how it may be used in the future by the healthcare industry.&#x0D; Keywords: Drug safety, Adverse drug reaction, Drug Monitoring, Erice declaration, pharmacovigilance