Clinical Outcomes In Hypertensive Patients Research Articles

EXPRESS: The effect of pre-hospital use of RAS inhibitors on COVID-19 mortality.

The effect of pre-hospital use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors (ACEis/ARBs) on clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients with COVID-19 has been questioned due to conflicting reports on this issue. After applying exclusion criteria, 175 COVID-19 hospitalized patients admitted to the Tishreen Hospital from 1 January to 31 July 2021were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Baseline characteristics and in-hospital mortality rate were assessed between hypertensive (N=91, 52%) and non-hypertensive (N=84, 48%) patients, as well as between patients taking ACEis/ARBs and non-ACEis/ARBs within the hypertensive group. A lower mortality rate (51.2% vs. 31.9%, p=0.009) was observed in the hypertensive group (Mean age 64.6 years, 64.8% males) compared to the non-hypertensive (Mean age 62.6 years, 66.7% males). Patients' mortality in the non-hypertensive group was associated with lower blood-oxygen saturation (SPO2= 75% vs. 86%, p=0.002), and increased levels of inflammatory (CRP, WBC and neutrophils count) and tissue/renal injury markers (LDH, urea and creatinine). In the hypertensive group, a lower mortality rate was noted in the ACEis/ARBs group compared to the non-ACEis/ARBs (24.1% vs. 45.5%, p=0.036), and this was associated with a decrease in D-DIMER levels, although not significant (1723 vs. 2683 ng/ml, p˃0.05). Death in the non-ACEis/ARBs group was associated with decreased SPO2 and tissue/renal injury markers (LDH, CK, AST, urea and creatinine). We concluded that hypertension is not a direct cause of poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients, and that multi-organ damage is a significant indicator of death from COVID-19. RAS inhibitors could improve survival of hypertensive COVID-19 patients.

Clinical outcome in hypertensive patients treated with amlodipine plus bisoprolol or plus valsartan

Clinical outcome in hypertensive patients treated with amlodipine plus bisoprolol or plus valsartan

Effectiveness of digital health interventions on adherence and control of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hypertension, a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Digital health is now widely utilized for hypertension management, and numerous studies have assessed its effectiveness. The review aims to analyse the effectiveness of digital health (i.e., mobile health (mHealth), telehealth, and the combination of mHealth & telehealth) on hypertensive patients, concerning three key areas: clinical outcomes, medication adherence, and adherence to lifestyle changes, as compared to standard care. The review followed the PRISMA framework. Eight electronic databases were scanned for randomized control trials focusing on the effects of mHealth or telehealth on hypertensive patients, published between 2010 and 2023. All processes were conducted by the first two authors independently. A meta-analysis was conducted for quantitative data, while a narrative synthesis was conducted for qualitative data. In total, 74 studies involving 92 686 participants were identified. The meta-analysis favoured the interventions, revealing a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure for mHealth, telehealth and mHealth & telehealth groups. Nevertheless, medication adherence showed improvement only in the mHealth group, while blood pressure control showed improvement in both mHealth and mHealth & telehealth groups, and BMI showed improvement only in the mHealth group. Evidence for adherence to physical activity and DASH diet/salt intake remained inconclusive. In general, mHealth and telehealth have demonstrated their merits in improving the clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients.

Adherence and clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients in rural areas after receiving home pharmacy care interventions

Adherence is still a significant problem in the treatment of hypertension, so appropriate interventions are needed to overcome this condition. This study aims to determine the effect of home pharmacy care on medication adherence and clinical outcomes. This research is a pilot study using a quasi-experimental pre- and post-design with control in primary health care facilities in rural areas involving 40 hypertensive patients divided into two each 20 patients in the control and treatment groups. The MGLS questionnaire measured treatment adherence and clinical outcome by assessing blood pressure. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate tests using chi-square, Mann Whitney, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon signed ranks-test. At the beginning and end of the study there was no difference in the level of treatment adherence in the control group (p=0.701) while in the intervention group there was a significant difference (p=0.009). Systolic blood pressure in the control group (p=0.000) and the intervention group (p=0.004) showed a difference, while there was no difference in diastolic blood pressure in the two groups. In addition, there was no difference in achieving blood pressure targets between groups (p=0.522). The findings in this study are that home pharmacy services have the potential to increase medication adherence in rural areas but have not had an impact on reducing pressure and achieving targets.

Measurement Tools and Utility of Hair Analysis for Screening Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication.

Poor adherence to the prescribed antihypertensive therapy is an understated public health problem and is one of the main causes of the high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. Medication adherence is vital for the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment and is key to ameliorating the clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients. However, it has often been ignored because the current methods used to assess medication adherence are not reliable, limiting their utilization in clinical practice. Therefore, the identification of the most accurate and clinically feasible method for measuring medication adherence is critical for tailoring effective strategies to improve medication adherence and consequently achieve blood pressure goals. This review not only explores various available methods for estimating medication adherence but also proposes therapeutic drug monitoring in hair for the measurement of medication adherence to the antihypertensive medication period.

Impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers on clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients with acute myocardial infarction.

There has been a concern that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) may increase myocardial infarction (MI) in hypertensive patients compared with other classes of anti-hypertensive drugs. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) is recommended as a first-line inhibitor of renin-angiotensin system (RASI) in patients with acute MI (AMI), but ARB is also frequently used to control blood pressure. This study investigated the association of ARB vs. ACEI with the long-term clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients with AMI. Among patients enrolled in the nationwide AMI database of South Korea, the KAMIR-NIH, 4,827 hypertensive patients, who survived the initial attack and were taking ARB or ACEI at discharge, were selected for this study. ARB therapy was associated with higher incidence of 2-year major adverse cardiac events, cardiac death, all-cause death, MI than ACEI therapy in entire cohort. After propensity score-matching, ARB therapy was still associated with higher incidence of 2-year cardiac death (hazard ratio [HR], 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-2.14; P = 0.001), all-cause death (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.44-2.28; P < 0.001), and MI (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.25-2.46; P = 0.001) than the ACEI therapy. It was concluded that ARB therapy at discharge in hypertensive patients with AMI was inferior to ACEI therapy with regard to the incidence of CD, all-cause death, and MI at 2-year. These data suggested that ACEI be a more appropriate RASI than ARB to control BP in hypertensive patients with AMI.

Clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients undergoing bariartic surgery

Clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients undergoing bariartic surgery

Association between hypertension and prognosis of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Background To investigate the association between hypertension and clinical outcomes, including in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and invasive ventilation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Methods We implemented a systematic search of PubMed for articles that assessed clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The primary outcomes evaluated included: in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, and the use of invasive ventilation. Results A total of 18 studies were included, involving 13,293 patients and covering from January 25, 2020, to April 20, 2020. The relationship between hypertension and prognosis in COVID-19 patients was evaluated. Results showed that hypertension was a risk factor for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients (RR: 2.20, 95% CI, 1.83–2.65, P < .001). Moreover, patients with hypertension were more likely to be admitted to ICU (RR: 1.86, 95% CI, 1.13–3.07, P = .001) and to use invasive ventilation (RR: 2.99, 95% CI, 1.73–5.17, P < .001). Conclusions Among COVID-19 patients, those combined with hypertension had a significantly higher risk of in-hospital deaths, admission to ICU, and need for invasive ventilation.

Prognostic significance of day-by-day in-hospital blood pressure variability in COVID-19 patients with hypertension.

Hypertension is the most common comorbidity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and increases in‐hospital mortality. Day‐by‐day blood pressure (BP) variability (BPV) is associated with clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients. However, little information is available on the association of BPV with the outcomes of COVID‐19 patients with hypertension. This study aimed to demonstrate whether day‐by‐day in‐hospital BPV had prognostic significance in these patients. The authors included 702 COVID‐19 patients with hypertension from Huoshenshan Hospital (Wuhan, China), who underwent valid in‐hospital BP measurements on at least seven consecutive days. Day‐by‐day BPV was assessed by standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and variation independent of mean (VIM). Overall, patients with severe COVID‐19 and non‐survivors had higher BPV than moderate cases and survivors, respectively. Additionally, higher BPV was correlated with greater age and higher levels of C‐reactive protein, procalcitonin, high‐sensitive cardiac troponin I, and B‐type natriuretic peptide. In multivariable Cox regression, SD of systolic BP (SBP) was predictive of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.30] as well as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.16). Similar trends were observed for CV and VIM of SBP, but not indices of diastolic BP variability. The authors demonstrated that day‐by‐day in‐hospital SBP variability can independently predict mortality and ARDS in COVID‐19 patients with hypertension. And high BPV might be correlated with severe inflammation and myocardial injury. Further studies are needed to clarify whether early reduction of BPV will improve the prognosis of these patients.

Clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients with COVID-19 receiving calcium channel blockers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the overall effect of the preadmission/prediagnosis use of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) on the clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients with COVID-19. A systematic literature search with no language restriction was conducted in electronic databases in July 2021 to identify eligible studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled summary measure for outcomes of interest with the preadmission/prediagnosis use of CCBs relative to the nonuse of CCBs at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in the odds of all-cause mortality with the preadmission/prediagnosis use of CCBs relative to the nonuse of CCBs (pooled OR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.49–0.86) and a significant reduction in the odds of severe illness with preadmission/prediagnosis use of CCBs relative to the nonuse of CCBs (pooled OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.44–0.84), and is associated with adequate evidence to reject the model hypothesis of ‘no significant difference’ at the current sample size. The potential protective effects offered by CCBs in hypertensive patients with COVID-19 merit large-scale prospective investigations.

CLINICAL EFFECTS OF BETA-BLOCKERS IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AFTER ONE YEAR

Objective: Although the oral beta-blocker therapy is recommended at least 3 years after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), especially in hypertensive patients to control blood pressure, the evidence to support its clinical benefit is very poor. This study aimed to investigate the long-term clinical effects of beta-blockers in hypertensive patients with AMI who had no major adverse cardiac events (MACE) until 1 year after the initial attack. Design and method: Among 13,624 patients who were enrolled in nationwide AMI database of South Korea, the KAMIR-NIH Registry, 4,610 hypertensive patients, who underwent echocardiographic study and had no MACE (a composite of cardiac death, MI, revascularization or readmission due to heart failure) until 1 year, were selected in this study. Results: Beta-blockers were prescribed in 4,237 hypertensive patients (92%) at 1 year after AMI. On multivariable Cox-proportional hazard analysis, beta-blockers further reduced 1-year cardiac death (1.4 vs. 7.5/100 person-year; HR 0.23; 95% CI 0.14–0.38; p &lt; 0.001), MI (1.1 vs. 3.1/100 person-year; HR 0.33; 95% CI 0.16–0.68; p = 0.002), and MACE (5.8 vs. 11.1/100 person-year; HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.37–0.79; p = 0.001). However, clinical outcomes showed a significant interaction with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Beta-blockers decreased 1-year MACE of patients with LVEF =&lt;40% (11.3 vs. 24.5/100 person-year; HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.19–0.84; p = 0.015) and 40% &lt;LVEF &lt;50% (6.3 vs. 18.9/100 person-year; HR 0.43; 95% CI 0.22–0.85; p = 0.015, but not those with LVEF &gt;=50% (4.7 vs. 5.8/100 person-year; HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.42–1.43; p = 0.411). ∗HR; hazard ratio, CI; confidence interval. Conclusions: Beta-blockers improved the clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients with mid-range as well as reduced LVEF until 2 years after AMI. However, its benefit in hypertensive patients with preserved LVEF was questionable.

Clinical outcomes of pharmaceutical care intervention in HIV positive patients with hypertension: A randomized controlled study.

Pharmaceutical care (PC) has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients as well as in people living with HIV (PLWHV). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of PC on blood pressure (BP) control, viral load and adherence to medications in hypertensive PLWHV. This was a prospective, randomized controlled study conducted in the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Eligible ambulatory patients were randomized equally to two study arms. The control arm (CA) received the traditional care offered at the HIV clinic; the intervention arm (IA) received the traditional care in addition to PC by the research pharmacist, which included structured education/counselling. BP and self-reported medication adherence were measured at baseline, 6months and 12months. Viral load was obtained at baseline and after 12months. Data were analysed with spss, version 25.0. Of the 206 participants initially randomized, 182 (91 in each study arm) completed the 12-month follow-up. No significant differences existed in both arms concerning socio-demographic/clinical characteristics of participants at baseline (p>0.05). After 12months, BP control was significantly higher in the IA (53.4% vs. 25.2%; p<0.001, adjusted odds ratio, aOR=3.20 (95% CI 1.59-6.44). Systolic BP reduced by 0.9mmHg from baseline in the CA (p=0.668) and by 16.67mmHg from baseline value in the IA (p<0.001). Diastolic BP increased by 1.9mmHg in the CA (p=0.444), but reduced by 7.0mmHg in the IA (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed in the change from baseline in the proportion with undetectable plasma viral load (UPVL) in both groups (p>0.05). PC led to an increase in mean adherence to antiretroviral drugs (Δ=0.55; p=0.015), and an increase in mean adherence to antihypertensive drugs (Δ=2.32; p<0.001) in the IA. To our knowledge, this is the first prospective randomized controlled study evaluating the impacts of PC on clinical outcomes in hypertensive PLWHV with a 12-month follow-up. Our results show that PC significantly improved BP control and adherence to antiretroviral and antihypertensive medications, but had no significant effect on viral load in HIV positive patients with hypertension. Providers of care for PLWHV should leverage the established HIV treatment successes for promoting adherence to treatment for common comorbidities like hypertension in PLWHV in order to improve clinical outcomes.

Clinical features of hypertensive patients with COVID-19 compared with a normotensive group: Single-center experience in China.

BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide and poses a great threat to human health. Among COVID-19 patients, those with hypertension have been reported to have higher morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to provide the international community with a deeper understanding of COVID-19 with hypertension.MethodsA total of 623 COVID-19 patients enrolled in Wuhan’s hospital were studied from January to March 2020. The epidemiology, clinical features, and laboratory data of hypertensive patients with COVID-19 were collected, retrospectively analyzed, and compared with a normotensive group. The use of antihypertensive drugs, general treatment, and clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients were also analyzed.ResultsThe median ages in hypertensive patients with mild and severe COVID-19 were both significantly greater than the median age in the normotensive group. But there was no significant gender difference between the hypertensive and normotensive groups. All patients had lived in Wuhan area. Common symptoms of all patients included fever, cough, and fatigue. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans showed bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs of all patients. All (315 (100%)) of the hypertensive patients received antiviral therapy (Umifenovir was used alone or in combination with Ribavirin), antibiotic therapy (215 (68.3%)), and corticosteroids (118 (37.5%)). The results suggest that the combination of Umifenovir and Ribavirin as initial therapy for hypertensive patients with COVID-19 is effective and safe. There were no significant differences in laboratory data between the mild cases in the hypertensive and the normotensive groups. In the severe cases, the hypertensive patients had higher plasma levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the hypertensive patients who were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) were not represented in a statistically significant manner between the mild and severe groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionIn this study, we demonstrated that the hypertensive patients who were treated with ACEI/ARB did not have an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19. Umifenovir and Ribavirin played an important role in the treatment of viral pneumonia. Hypertensive patients with severe viral pneumonia had stronger inflammatory responses than nonhypertensive patients.

Effects of inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on hypertension-induced target organ damage: clinical and experimental evidence.

The dysregulation of renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in hypertension and in the development of the related target organ damage (TOD). The main goal of treating hypertension is represented by the long-term reduction of cardiovascular (CV) risk. RAS inhibition either by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors or by type 1 Angiotensin II receptors blockers (ARBs), reduce the incidence of CV events in hypertensive patients. Actually, ACE-inhibitors and ARBs have been demonstrated to be effective to prevent, or delay TOD like left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic kidney disease, and atherosclerosis. The beneficial effects of RAS blockers on clinical outcome of hypertensive patients are due to the key role of angiotensin II in the pathogenesis of TOD. In particular, Angiotensin II through an inflammatory-mediated mechanism plays a role in the initiation, progression and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, Angiotensin II can be considered the hormonal transductor of the pressure overload in cardiac myocytes, and through an autocrine-paracrine mechanism plays a role in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Angiotensin II by modulating the redox status and the immune system participates to the development of chronic kidney disease. The RAS blocker should be considered the first therapeutic option in patients with hypertension, even if ACE-inhibitors and ARBs have different impact on CV prevention. ARBs seem to have greater neuro-protective effects, while ACE-inhibitors have greater cardio-protective action.

Pengaruh Medication Therapy Management (MTM) terhadap Outcome Klinik dan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Hipertensi di Puskesmas Kota Yogyakarta

Medication therapy management (MTM), is a service model aimed at helping general health problems by preventing morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is a non-communicable disease which is a serious health problem which requires long-term therapy. This study aims to see the effect of MTM on clinical Outcomes and quality of life of patients in hypertensive patients. This type of research is a quasi experimental one group with a pretest-posttest design. Analysis using paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon test with a significance used P &lt;0,05. Respondents were 70 people, 67,1% were women. The characteristics of the majority age are 55-64 years with a percentage of 51,4%, the majority of education level is high school with 42,8%, non-civil servant jobs with a percentage of 45,7%, the length of diagnosis is dominated by 1-10 years (77,1%) and comorbidities diabetes mellitus occurred the most (10,0%). The results showed that the quality of life increased from before getting MTM 54,4 ± 8,9 and after MTM intervention 60,4 ± 6,6 (P value &lt;0,001). Clinical outcome from systolic 159,2 ± 8,9 mmHg and diastolic 103,8 ± 8,0 mmHg before MTM to 144,1 ± 14,4 mmHg for systolic and 89,7 ± 8,8 mmHg for diastolic with p value &lt;0,001 (p &lt;0,05) for systolic blood pressure and p value: 0,016 (p &lt;0,05) after receiving MTM intervention. Medication Therapy Management (MTM) has a significant influence on improving the quality of life and clinical Outcomes of hypertensive patients. The higher the quality of life of patients, blood pressure becomes more controlled.

Impact of comprehensive management on clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: HIJ-CREATE sub-study

Abstract Background There are limited data on the effects of blood pressure (BP) control and lipid lowering in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We report a secondary analysis of the effects of BP control and lipid management in participants of the HIJ-CREATE, a prospective randomized trial. Methods HIJ-CREATE was a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial that compared the effects of candesartan-based therapy with those of non-ARB-based standard therapy on major adverse cardiac events (MACE; a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, stroke, and other cardiovascular events requiring hospitalization) in 2,049 hypertensive patients with angiographically documented CAD. In both groups, titration of antihypertensive agents was performed to reach the target BP of &amp;lt;130/85 mmHg. The primary endpoint was the time to first MACE. Incidence of endpoint events in addition to biochemistry tests and office BP was determined during the scheduled 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60-month visits. Achieved systolic BP and LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) level were defined as the mean values of these measurements in patients who did not develop MACEs and as the mean values of them prior to MACEs in those who developed MACEs during follow-up. Results During a median follow-up of 4.2 years (follow-up rate of 99.6%), the primary outcome occurred in 304 patients (30.3%). Among HIJ-CREATE participants, 905 (44.2%) were prescribed statins on enrollment. Kaplan–Meier curves for the primary outcome revealed that there was no relationship between statin therapy and MACEs in hypertensive patients with CAD. The original HIJ-CREATE population was divided into 9 groups based on equal tertiles based on mean achieved BP and LDL-C during follow-up. For the analysis of subgroups, estimates of relative risk and the associated 95% CIs were generated with a Cox proportional-hazards model (Figure 1). The relation between LDL cholesterol level and hazard ratios for MACEs was nonlinear, with a significant increase of MACEs only in the patients with inadequate controlled LDL-C level even in the patients with tightly controlled BP. Conclusions The results of the post-hoc analysis of the HIJ-CREATE suggest that clinicians should pay careful attention to conduct comprehensive management of lipid lowering even in the contemporary BP lowering for the secondary prevention in hypertensive patients with CAD. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Impact of Treatment with Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors on Clinical Outcomes in Hypertensive Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19.

IntroductionConcerns have been raised about the possible harmfulness of angiotensin-converter enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and aldosterone receptor blockers (ARB) in patients with COVID-19. However, few data from a European population have been published, especially from hypertensive patients.AimTo study the association between ACEi or ARB treatments and major adverse outcomes during hospitalisation in COVID-19 patients.MethodsWe studied 545 consecutive hypertensive patients admitted to our institution due to COVID-19 with respiratory involvement. We analysed the incidence of combined event (death or mechanical ventilatory support) during hospitalisation, as well as the time to independent events.Results188 (34.5%) patients presented the combined endpoint. 182 (33.4%) patients died, and 21 (3.9%) needed mechanical ventilatory support. Patients with previous treatment with ACEi or ARB presented similar incidence of the combined endpoint during hospitalisation (31.6% vs. 41.8%; p = 0.08), with a lower all-cause mortality rate (30.4% vs. 41.2%; p = 0.03) compared with those without prior treatment. Use of ACEi or ARB was not independently associated with lower incidence of the combined endpoint [Adjusted OR 0.675 (95% CI 0.298–1.528; p = 0.146)], but it was associated with lower mortality [Adjusted OR 0.550 (95% CI 0.304–0.930; p = 0.047)].ConclusionsThe use of ACEi or ARB was associated with less incidence of all-cause death during hospitalisation among hypertensive patients admitted with COVID-19 respiratory infection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40292-020-00409-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Implications of AB0 blood group in hypertensive patients with covid-19

BackgroundHypertension is the most frequent co-morbidity in patients with covid-19 infection, and we might speculate that a specific blood group could play a key role in the clinical outcome of hypertensive patients with covid-19.MethodsIn this prospective study, we compared 0 vs. non-0 blood group in hypertensive patients with covid-19 infection. In these patients, we evaluated inflammatory and thrombotic status, cardiac injury, and death events.ResultsPatients in non-0 (n = 92) vs. 0 blood group (n = 72) had significantly different values of activated pro-thrombin time, D-dimer, and thrombotic indexes as Von Willebrand factor and Factor VIII (p < 0.05). Furthermore, patients in non-0 vs. 0 blood group had higher rate of cardiac injury (10 (13.9%) vs. 27 (29.3%)) and death, (6 (8.3%) vs. 18 (19.6%)), (p < 0.05). At the multivariate analysis, Interleukin-6 (1.118, CI 95% 1.067–1.171) and non-0 blood group (2.574, CI 95% 1.207–5.490) were independent predictors of cardiac injury in hypertensive patients with covid-19. D-dimer (1.082, CI 95% 1.027–1.140), Interleukin-6 (1.216, CI 95% 1.082–1.367) and non-0 blood group (3.706, CI 95% 1.223–11.235) were independent predictors of deaths events in hypertensive patients with covid-19.ConclusionsTaken together, our data indicate that non-0 covid-19 hypertensive patients have significantly higher values of pro-thrombotic indexes, as well as higher rate of cardiac injury and deaths compared to 0 patients. Moreover, AB0 blood type influences worse prognosis in hypertensive patients with covid-19 infection.

Impact of antihypertensive agents on clinical course and in-hospital mortality: analysis of 169 hypertensive patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging health threat caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). Previous studies have noted hypertension is associated with increased mortality due to COVID-19; however, it is not clear whether the increased risk is due to hypertension itself or antihypertensive agents. We aimed to evaluate the impact of antihypertensive agents on the clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients with COVID-19. Our study included 169 consecutive hypertensive patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 between March 20 and April 10, 2020. The demographic characteristics, clinical data, and type of antihypertensive agents being used were reviewed. The mean age of patients was 65.8±11.7 years.30 patients(17.7%) died during hospitalization. A total of 142 patients(84%) were using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), 91 (53.8%) were using diuretics, 69 (40.8%) were using calcium channel blockers (CCBs), 66 (39.1%) were using beta-blockers, 12 (7.1%) were using alpha-blockers, and 5 (2.9%) were using mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). There was no significant difference between survivors and non-survivors based on the type of antihypertensive agents being used. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the type of the antihypertensive agent being used had no effect on mortality [OR=0.527 (0.130-2.138), p=0.370 for ACEIs/ARBs; OR=0.731 (0.296-1.808), p=0.498 for CCBs; OR=0.673 (0.254-1.782), p=0.425 for diuretics; OR=1.846 (0.688-4.950), p=0.223 for beta-blockers; OR=0.389 (0.089-1.695), p=0.208 for alpha-blockers; and OR=1.372 (0.107-17.639), p=0.808 for MRAs]. The type of antihypertensive agent being used had no effect on the clinical course and mortality in hypertensive patients with COVID-19. The use of these agents should be maintained for the treatment of hypertension during hospitalization.

P5456The role of ST2 as an early marker of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients

Abstract Background The association between endotelial dysfunction and progression of diastolic dysfunction suggests that endotelial and myocardial impairment might have similar pathogenic pathways. Moreover, in hypertensive diabetics the endotelial function is worse in those with impaired diastolic performance compared to normal diastolic performance. ST2 provides additional data to echocardiography in early detection of diastolic performance alteration in hypertension (HT) and is a prominent predictive marker of worse clinical outcome in hypertensive patients. There is scarce data on ST2 role in detection of early vascular involvement in hypertensive patients. Purpose The aim of the study is to evaluate whether ST2 levels correlate with impaired endotelial function in hypertensive patients. Methods Our prospective study included 84 hypertensive patients (mean age 52.9±14.4 yrs, 54.3% males and 45.7% females), after they signed an informed consent. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory (including ST2) evaluation. To investigate endothelial function, we performed ultrasound measurement of the brachial artery diameter both at rest and during reactive hyperemia in the muscle distal to the brachial artery (BA) which causes endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. The study methodology was approved by the Ethical Committee and statistical data processing was performed with SPSS. Results Patients were assigned to group A – those without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and group B – those with LVH. There were no significant differences regarding gender, age and HT stage between groups A and B. Patients in group A had lower ST2 levels [18.83 (13.98 - 42.05) vs 55.63 (48.6 - 100.21) vs, p&lt;0.001] and fewer risk factors (1.4 vs 2.6, p&lt;0.01) compared to group B. We found significant differences regarding diastolic performance parameters between the groups. The relative increase in diameter (% FMD; DD = D 100) was significantly higher in group A than group B (6.67±0.43% vs 3.10±0.33%, p&lt;0.01). ST2 levels were greater in group B and correlated with the degree of endotelial dysfunction evaluated by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (r=0.411, p&lt;0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that ST2 had a significant negative correlation with the relative increase in arterial diameter while multivariate Cox regression analysis showed ST2 was an independent predictor of endothelial dysfunction severity in hypertensive patients (hazard ratio: 4.012, 95% confidence interval: 1.207–31.24, P=0.031). Conclusions ST2 levels correlate with cardiovascular risk and are a significant predictive marker of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients regardless of diastolic dysfunction.