Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Research Articles

Cariprazine as a maintenance treatment in dual schizophrenia: a 6-month observational study in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder.

Schizophrenia is often associated with substance use disorders, particularly cannabis use disorder (CUD). However, treatments frequently fail to address both conditions simultaneously. This study aimed to evaluate the antipsychotic effectiveness of cariprazine in patients with both schizophrenia and CUD in a real-world setting. A 6-month observational study was conducted on 58 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and CUD, treated with cariprazine. Antipsychotic effectiveness was measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale, along with the Improvement and Severity scales. Cannabis consumption and addiction severity were assessed using the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test and the Severity of Dependence Scale, while functioning was evaluated with the Sheehan Disability Inventory. Cariprazine treatment resulted in significant improvements in schizophrenia symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale change: -47.88 points, P < 0.0001; Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale change: -8.26 points, P < 0.0001). Cannabis use and dependence also decreased (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test change: -7.0 points, P < 0.0001; Severity of Dependence Scale change: -7.88 points, P < 0.0001), alongside improvements in functioning (Sheehan Disability Inventory change: -9.48 points, P < 0.0001). These results suggest that cariprazine is effective for both schizophrenia and CUD, though further research is needed to confirm these findings.

A Case of Paranoid Schizophrenia Treated with Individualised Homoeopathy

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a chronic, complex, highly disabling, serious mental disorder characterised by distortions of thinking and perception. Psychotropic medicines used for management are effective but are characterised by severe limitations. Alternate safe and effective treatment regimens are being explored. Homoeopathy is a system of medicine based on individualistic approach with potential relevance to psychiatry. Purpose The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the utility of homoeopathy in management of schizophrenia. Client Description A 37-year-old female patient was brought by her husband to outpatient department of psychiatry. Auditory hallucinations, referential delusions, thought withdrawal and emotional outbursts were reported during the interview. Measures and Outcome The physician's initial assessment lead to diagnosis of schizophrenia and confirmed as paranoid schizophrenia by the psychiatrist. Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH) was used to assess the severity of symptoms at baseline and consecutive follow-ups for 18 months. Intervention The patient was prescribed a single dose of Natrum carbonicum 200C and repeated only once after 8 months, when sleep disturbance demanded repetition. Results Baseline CGI-SCH scores in domains of severity of illness and degree of change were 29 and 20, respectively, which reduced to 5 (normal) in both domains by 4 months and remained the same for the next 2 years. Implications This case study reinforces the utility of homoeopathy in schizophrenia and throws light on importance of a thorough case taking of psychiatric patients to elicit totality of symptoms to arrive at the similimum.

Residual Effect of Texting to Promote Medication Adherence for Villagers with Schizophrenia in China: 18-Month Follow-up Survey After the Randomized Controlled Trial Discontinuation.

BackgroundReducing the treatment gap for mental health in low- and middle-income countries is a high priority. Even with treatment, adherence to antipsychotics is rather low. Our integrated intervention package significantly improved medication adherence within 6 months for villagers with schizophrenia in resource-poor communities in rural China. However, considering the resource constraint, we need to test whether the effect of those behavior-shaping interventions may be maintained even after the suspension of the intervention.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to explore the primary outcome of adherence and other outcomes at an 18-month follow-up after the intervention had been suspended.MethodsIn a 6-month randomized trial, 277 villagers with schizophrenia were randomized to receive either a government community mental health program (686 Program) or the 686 Program plus Lay health supporters, e-platform, award, and integration (LEAN), which included health supporters for medication or care supervision, e-platform access for sending mobile SMS text messaging reminders and education message, a token gift for positive behavior changes (eg, continuing taking medicine), and integrating the e-platform with the existing 686 Program. After the 6-month intervention, both groups received only the 686 Program for 18 months (phase 2). Outcomes at both phases included antipsychotic medication adherence, functioning, symptoms, number of rehospitalization, suicide, and violent behaviors. The adherence and functioning were assessed at the home visit by trained assessors. We calculated the adherence in the past 30 days by counting the percentage of dosages taken from November to December 2018 by unannounced home-based pill counts. The functioning was assessed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. The symptoms were evaluated using the Clinical Global Impression–Schizophrenia during their visits to the 686 Program psychiatrists. Other outcomes were routinely collected in the 686 Program system. We used intention-to-treat analysis, and missing data were dealt with using multiple imputation. The generalized estimating equation model was used to assess program effects on adherence, functioning, and symptoms.ResultsIn phase 1, antipsychotic adherence and rehospitalization incidence improved significantly. However, in phase 2, the difference of the mean of antipsychotic adherence (adjusted mean difference 0.05, 95% CI −0.06 to 0.16; P=.41; Cohen d effect size=0.11) and rehospitalization incidence (relative risk 0.65, 95% CI 0.32-1.33; P=.24; number needed to treat 21.83, 95% CI 8.30-34.69) was no longer statistically significant, and there was no improvement in other outcomes in either phase (P≥.05).ConclusionsThe simple community-based LEAN intervention could not continually improve adherence and reduce the rehospitalization of people with schizophrenia. Our study inclined to suggest that prompts for medication may be necessary to maintain medication adherence for people with schizophrenia, although we cannot definitively exclude other alternative interpretations.

The Effectiveness of Chlorpromazine to Decrease the Level of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Serum in Schizophrenic Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019

BACKGROUND: The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has also had an impact on mental health, including those with schizophrenia (SCH). There were 131 inpatient schizophrenic patients who were confirmed positive for COVID-19 at Dadi Makassar Hospital, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, but all of these patients did not experience any clinical symptoms of COVID-19. Chlorpromazine as an antipsychotic also has antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in schizophrenic patients with COVID-19, and the schizophrenic neuroinflammatory is very likely to occur in patients with COVID-19 infection. AIM: The researchers tried to examine the effectiveness of chlorpromazine on serum TNF-values in schizophrenic patients with COVID-19. METHODS: This research is a nested case–control study. The study was conducted on schizophrenic patients with mild and asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 at Dadi Mental Hospital with a sample of 40 patients compared to 42 schizophrenic patients who were not COVID-19. Study subjects received chlorpromazine 100 mg/day for 4 weeks. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays when COVID-19 was first confirmed and after 4 weeks. Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and clinical global impression SCH (CGI-SCH) examinations were also performed to measure the clinical symptoms of SCH. RESULTS: The comparison of baseline TNF-serum levels that increased in the schizophrenic group with COVID-19 was 9.33 pg/ml higher, compared to the schizophrenic group without COVID-19. The decrease in TNF-levels in the schizophrenic group with COVID-19 of 7.96 pg/ml (p &lt; 0.001) indicated an improvement in TNF-serum levels at week 4. Meanwhile, there was no significant decrease in serum TNF- levels in the non-COVID-19 schizophrenic group (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: The serum TNF-value of schizophrenic patients with COVID-19 is higher than schizophrenic patients without COVID-19. Coadministration of chlorpromazine, antipsychotics, and COVID-19 therapy reduces serum TNF- values in schizophrenic patients with COVID-19. The administration of chlorpromazine and antipsychotic in therapeutic doses reduced the total PANSS and CGI-SCH values.

Impact on functionality of the paliperidone palmitate three-month formulation in patients with a recent diagnosis of schizophrenia: a real-world observational prospective study

ABSTRACT Background Information on the effect of the paliperidone palmitate three-month (PP3M) formulation on functionality in patients in the early stages of psychosis is lacking. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PP3M on functionality in patients recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. Research Design and Methods This was an observational, multicenter, and prospective study in patients with a recent diagnosis of schizophrenia undergoing treatment with PP3M. Evaluations included the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale, the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-Sch), the Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire. Results A total of 101/110 evaluable patients (91.8%) completed the study and were included in the efficacy analyses. The total PSP score increased from a mean of 68.5 (15.3) at baseline to a mean of 72.1 (15.4) at month 6 and 74.8 (16.7) at month 12 with a before-and-after difference of 3.6 (95% CI, 1.6 to 5.5, p < 0.001) at month 6 and 6.2 (95% CI, 4.2 to 8.3, p < 0.001) at month 12. CGI-Sch severity significantly decreased from a mean score of 2.8 (1.1) at baseline to a score of 2.2 (1.1) at month 12 with a before-and-after difference of −0.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to −0.4, p < 0.001). Conclusions Early introduction of PP3M in the course of schizophrenia is associated with a meaningful benefit in social functioning and at least maintains clinical stability.

Clinical Utility of Wearable Sensors and Patient-Reported Surveys in Patients With Schizophrenia: Noninterventional, Observational Study.

BackgroundRelapse in schizophrenia may be preceded by early warning signs of biological, sensory, and clinical status. Early detection of warning signs may facilitate intervention and prevent relapses.ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the feasibility of using wearable devices and self-reported technologies to identify symptom exacerbation correlates and relapse in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsIn this observational study, patients with schizophrenia were provided with remote sensing devices to continuously monitor activity (Garmin vivofit) and sleep (Philips Actiwatch), and smartphones were used to record patient-reported outcomes. Clinical assessments of symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) were performed biweekly, and other clinical scales on symptoms (Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia, Calgary Depression Scale), psychosocial functioning, physical activity (Yale Physical Activity Survey), and sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) were assessed every 4 weeks. Patients were observed for 4 months, and correlations between clinical assessments and aggregated device metrics data were assessed using a mixed-effect model. An elastic net model was used to predict the clinical symptoms based on the device features.ResultsOf the 40 patients enrolled, 1 patient relapsed after being stable with evaluable postbaseline data. Weekly patient-reported outcomes were moderately correlated with psychiatric symptoms (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score, r=0.29; Calgary Depression Scale total score, r=0.37; and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score, r=0.3). In the elastic net model, sleep and activity features derived from Philips Actigraph and Garmin vivofit were predictive of the sitting index of the Yale Physical Activity Survey and sleep duration component of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. On the basis of the combined patient data, a high percentage of data coverage and compliance (>80%) was observed for each device.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that wearable devices and smartphones could be effectively deployed and potentially used to monitor patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, metrics-based prediction models can assist in detecting earlier signs of symptom changes. The operational learnings from this study may provide insights to conduct future studies.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02224430; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02224430

Clinical evolution of patients treated with aripiprazole long-acting injectable: a preliminary, prospective, observational study

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of 6-month treatment with aripiprazole long-acting injectable (LAI) in improving psychotic symptoms, social functioning and side effects and reducing co-administered antipsychotic drugs.Methods: Multicentre, observational, prospective study that enrolled 53 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders who initiated or switched to aripiprazole LAI. The effectiveness of aripiprazole LAI was assessed through the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser scale for side effects, the Global Assessment of Functioning and the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH).Results: Upon treatment with aripiprazole LAI, patients significantly improved all the domains of PANSS (p < .05). Adverse event severity significantly improved after a 6-month aripiprazole LAI treatment (p < .05). Differences from baseline to month 6 in Global Assessment of Functioning score were significant (p = .0002). The proportion of severely ill patients decreased upon treatment with aripiprazole LAI (CGI-SCH scale). Prolactin levels were normalised after a 6-month treatment (from 43.0 to 14.7 ng/mL). Co-administered antipsychotic drugs significantly decreased after a 6-month treatment with aripiprazole LAI.Conclusion: A 6-month treatment with aripiprazole LAI improved the clinical status of our patients without modifying their metabolic profile, and allowed the reduction of co-administered antipsychotic drugs.Practice implicationsLong-acting injectable antipsychotics are effective treatment options for the maintenance of patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, and to ensure treatment adherence. This study describes the evolution of patients over six months of treatment with aripiprazole long-acting injectable. The results from this study support previous data on the efficacy and safety of this atypical antipsychotic. This study may be of wide interest to the community of psychiatrists and may help clinicians optimise treatment adherence in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Key pointsAripiprazole long-acting injectable is an atypical antipsychotic intended to improve treatment adherence and prevent relapses.This multicentre prospective study evaluated the effectiveness of aripiprazole long-acting injectable over six months of treatment on the control of a comprehensive set of clinical variables.Clinical rating scales showed that treatment with aripiprazole long-acting injectable improved clinical symptoms and social functioning, and reduced the severity of adverse events.Aripiprazole long-acting injectable contributed to the maintenance of adequate metabolic profiles and the normalisation of prolactin levels.Patients significantly decreased co-administered antipsychotic drugs after 6-month treatment with aripiprazole.

&lt;p&gt;Correlation of Health-Related Quality of Life in Clinically Stable Outpatients with Schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;

BackgroundGeneric health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scales are increasingly being used to assess the effects of new treatments in schizophrenia. The objective of this study is to better understand the usefulness of generic and condition specific HRQoL scales in schizophrenia by analyzing their correlates.MethodsData formed part of the Pattern study, an international observational study among 1379 outpatients with schizophrenia. Patients were evaluated with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory, the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH) Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and reported their HRQoL using the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS), the Short Form-36 (SF-36), and the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D). The two summary values of the SF-36 (the Mental Component Score and the Physical Component Score, SF-36 MCS and SF-36 PCS) were calculated.ResultsHigher PANSS positive dimension ratings were associated with worse HRQoL for the SQLS, EQ-5D VAS, SF-36 MCS, and SF-36 PCS. Higher PANSS negative dimension ratings were associated with worse HRQoL for the EQ-5D VAS, SF-36 MCS, and SF-36 PCS, but not for the SQLS or the EQ-5D tariff. PANSS depression ratings were associated with lower HRQoL in all the scales. There was a high correlation between the HRQoL scales. However, in patients with more severe cognitive/disorganized PANSS symptoms, the SQLS score was relatively higher than the EQ-5D tariff and SF-36 PCS scores.ConclusionThis study has shown substantial agreement between three HRQoL scales, being either generic or condition specific. This supports the use of generic HRQoL measures in schizophrenia.Clinicaltrials.gov identifierNCT01634542 (July 6, 2012, retrospectively registered).

Developing clinical cut-off scores for the university of California San Diego performance-based skills assessment in patients with schizophrenia.

This study aimed to obtain University of California San Diego Performance-based Skill Assessment (UPSA) cut-off scores for the purpose of severity classification and to expand the clinical utility of the UPSA for the evaluation of cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. In total, 191 patients with schizophrenia were recruited. The UPSA, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale (CGI-SCH), and Global Assessment Functioning Scale (GAF) were used for the evaluation. The cognitive symptoms item of the CGI-SCH was used as a reference and the subjects were divided into three groups: mild, moderate, and severe. The sensitivity and specificity of the UPSA were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curves. There were significant differences in the UPSA, CGI-SCH, PANSS, and GAF scores among the groups. In the mild and moderate groups, a UPSA score of 59 was identified as the optimal cut-off score, and a score of 41 was identified as the optimal cut-off score in the moderate and severe groups. Severity can be classified using the UPSA score as follows: ≥ 60 for mild, 41-59 for moderate, and ≤ 40 for severe. The UPSA could be used to assess the degree of daily living dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia.

Beliefs about voices and their relation to severity of psychosis in chronic schizophrenia patients.

Background:Auditory hallucinations may persist in a subset of chronic psychotic patients in spite of treatment. It is important to understand the personal meaning and significance of voices in these patients. In spite of its relevance, only a limited literature is available.Aim:This exploratory study aimed to assess the beliefs regarding voices in treatment-seeking patients with chronic schizophrenia having persistent auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and assess their relation to the severity of psychosis.Materials and Methods:We recruited thirty adult patients with chronic schizophrenia as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition with both lifetime and current significant AVHs (≥50% days/month). Co-occurring psychiatric disorders were ruled out using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-7.0.0. Patients were assessed using a semi-structured proforma, Beliefs about Voices Questionnaire-Revised (BAVQ-R), Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale (PSYRATS), Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), and Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH)-severity.Results:The median age of the patients was 32 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23.8–40.5). The median duration of illness and treatment was 7 years (IQR: 3.4–15.0) and 3 years (IQR: 1.9–10.5), respectively. Higher BAVQ-R scores were found on “malevolence,” “omnipotence,” and “emotional and behavioral resistance.” These beliefs had a significant positive correlation with PSYRATS hallucination subscale, but not with the severity of psychosis (SAPS, SANS, and CGI-SCH). The sample had lower scores for “benevolence” and “engagement” subscales of BAV-Q.Conclusion:Overall, the study sample believed AVH to be more malicious and omnipotent rather than benevolent, and resisted the voices, engaging only minimally with them. These beliefs were not related to the severity of psychosis, but were related to the severity of hallucinations. Assessing the beliefs regarding AVH in larger, diverse samples may help to plan behavioral interventions.

One-year mirror-image study of the impact of olanzapine long-acting injection on healthcare resource utilization and costs in severe schizophrenia

Olanzapine long-acting injections (OLAIs) are often prescribed to patients with severe schizophrenia who are typically excluded from randomized clinical trials. To date, no mirror-image study has examined the impact of OLAIs on healthcare resource utilizations in these patients. We conducted a retrospective, one-year mirror-image study of OLAIs on 40 patients with severe schizophrenic disorder. Illness severity was defined by failure to respond to two sequential antipsychotics. Outcomes included: (i) healthcare resource utilizations via hospitalization admissions, bed days, outpatient visits, and inpatient service costs computations (ii) clinical efficacy through changes in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and in the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale (CGI-SCH), and (iii) adverse effects. After one year, OLAIs were associated with significant decreases of 65.7%, 86.2% and 86.2% in hospitalization admissions, bed days, and inpatient service costs respectively. A significant mean change of −0.47 and −0.63 was determined the BPRS and the CGI-SCH scores, respectively. There were no significant differences in the number of outpatient visits and adverse effects, except for post-injection sedation/delirium syndrome whose incidence was 0.30% per injection. This mirror-image study provides the first evidence that prescribing OLAIs reduces in a cost-effective manner average bed days and hospital admissions in patients with severe schizophrenia.

Health-related quality of life associated with different symptoms in women and in men who suffer from schizophrenia

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with schizophrenia is related to the severity of psychiatric symptoms. The objective of this study is to analyze whether the symptoms that influence HRQoL are similar in women and men. Data were part of the Pattern study, an international observational investigation which collected data from 1379 outpatients with schizophrenia. Patients were evaluated with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory, the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and reported their quality of life using the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS), the Short Form-36 (SF-36), and the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D). Men reported higher HRQoL on all scales. PANSS total score was 80.6 (SD 23.6) for women and 77.9 (SD 22.1) for men. In women, a higher PANSS negative score and a higher PANSS affective score were associated with a lower SQLS score. In men, a higher PANSS positive score and a higher PANSS affective score were associated with a lower SQLS score. The same pattern appeared with EQ-VAS and EQ-5D tariff. In women, greater age and higher PANSS affective score were associated with a lower SF-36 mental component score. In men, higher PANSS affective, positive, and cognitive scores were associated with a lower SF-36 mental component score. This study shows that HRQoL is influenced by different psychiatric symptoms in women and men. This may have significant implications when deciding the main treatment target in patients with schizophrenia.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01634542.

Prescription and Underprescription of Clozapine in Dutch Ambulatory Care.

Purpose: To our knowledge, no study has examined in a structured way the extent of underprescription of clozapine in ambulatory patients with Non-Affective Psychotic Disorder (NAPD). In the Netherlands, psychiatric care for such patients is provided by Flexible Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) teams and by early intervention teams. In 20 FACT teams and 3 early intervention teams we assessed the proportion of patients who: use clozapine (type 1 patients), previously used this drug (type 2), have an unfulfilled indication for this drug, by type of indication (type 3), or were at least markedly psychotic, but had not yet received two adequate treatments with other antipsychotic drugs (type 4). We expected to find major differences between teams. To rule out that these differences are caused by differences in severity of psychopathology, we also calculated the proportions of patients who use clozapine given an indication at any time (number of type 1 patients divided by the sum of type 1, 2, and 3 patients).Materials and methods: The nurse practitioner of each team identified the patients already on clozapine. Next, using a highly-structured decision tree, the nurse practitioner and psychiatrist assessed whether the remaining patients had an indication for this drug. Indications were treatment-resistant positive symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, aggression and suicidality. The severity of positive symptoms was determined using the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale (CGI-SCH).Results: In the participating FACT-teams 2,286 NAPD patients were assessed. The range among teams in proportions was: type 1: 8.8–34.7% (mean: 23.0%), type 2: 0–8.2% (mean: 3.5%), type 3: 1.7–15.6% (mean: 6.9%), type 4: 1.8–16.3% (mean: 8.6%). The range in proportions of patients using this drug given an indication was 49.0–90.9% (mean: 68.8%). These figures were lower in early intervention teams.Conclusions: The proportion of patients in FACT-teams who have an unfulfilled indication for clozapine is 6.9%. There were considerable differences between teams with respect to this proportion. Almost a third of the outpatients had at any time an indication for clozapine. If one takes type 4 patients into account, this proportion may be higher.Registration number: NTR5135 http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/index.asp

T106. IMPROVING PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS BY ADDING MOTOR FUNCTION NEXT TO MENTAL HEALTH FUNCTION: A NETWORK APPROACH

BackgroundCurrently, the predictive value of psychiatric diagnosis is inadequate compared to other medical fields. It has been suggested that the use of a network model might aid in acquiring new insights into the underlying connections between symptoms (Bringmann et al., 2013). In addition, previous research (Bakker et al., 2012) has revealed associations between dysregulated mental- and motor function. As such, the network graphs might be enhanced by adding non-mental factors.MethodsBaseline data from a 4-year prospective naturalistic study (Bakker et al., 2012) was used to obtain data about 207 psychiatric long-stay patients. (i) Drug-induced movement disorders: tardive dystonia (TD), akathisia, parkinsonism, and dyskinesia. (ii) ratings of the clinical global impression-schizophrenia (CGI) scale, and (iii) age and total defined daily dose to account for potential confounders. Statistical programming environment R (Epskamsp, Cramer, Waldorp & Borsboom, 2012) was used to visualise several psychopathology-severity networks.ResultsInterpretation of the graphs is based on the “centrality” of the symptoms. Centrality indicates the influence of a symptom on the network. Parkinsonism scored a low centrality score in graphs depicting high psychopathology in contrast with the other levels. Dyskinesia scored a low centrality score in medium psychopathology contrary to the other levels. The network graphs show a consistent positive correlation between age and parkinsonism (0.25, 0.53, and 0.19 for low, medium, and high psychopathology, respectively.), and a negative correlation between age and akathisia (-0.32, -0.47, and -0.21, respectively). High severities of psychopathology negatively correlated with parkinsonism (-0.16) and positively correlated with high levels of TD (0.33).DiscussionThe usage of a network model including motor factors has provided useful information to take into consideration when examining psychopathology of a patient. TD and parkinsonism draw the most attention. More research with the dataset, combined with further developing the network architecture technique is needed to accurately map motor- and mental factors.

An open-treatment six-week study of the clinical effectiveness of Paliperidone Palmitate in schizophrenia: data from acute units in Spain (SHADOW study)

Objectives: To evaluate clinical evolution of patients with schizophrenia admitted in acute units because of a relapse and treated with once-monthly Paliperidone Palmitate (PP1M).Methods: This multicentre, open-label, prospective observational study followed patients with schizophrenia treated with PP1M in acute psychiatric units for up to 6 weeks.Results: Out of the 280 enrolled patients, 61 received PP1M as antipsychotic monotherapy, and 219 in combination with other antipsychotics. The average Clinical Global Impression–Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH) score decreased from 4.7 at baseline to 3.3 at final visit (p < .0001); the change was clinically and statistically significant both in patients treated with PP1M in monotherapy and in combination with other antipsychotics. Clear improvements in functioning and high patient satisfaction with the treatment were observed. Time from admission to PP1M therapy initiation correlated with the length of hospital stay (p < .0001); earlier start of PP1M treatment was associated with shorter hospital stay. Adverse events were reported in 7.1% of patients (all non-serious).Conclusions: PP1M was effective and well tolerated in treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia both in monotherapy and in combination with other antipsychotics in clinical setting. Early start of PP1M therapy in acute schizophrenia episodes might help to shorten hospital stay.

An Assessment of Five (PANSS, SAPS, SANS, NSA-16, CGI-SCH) commonly used Symptoms Rating Scales in Schizophrenia and Comparison to Newer Scales (CAINS, BNSS).

Scales measuring positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia remain the primary mo Scales measuring positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia remain the primary mode of assessing and diagnosing schizophrenia by clinicians and researchers. The scales are mainly used to monitor the severity of positive and negative symptoms and track treatment response in schizophrenics. Although these scales are widely used, quality as well as general utility of each scale varies. The quality is determined by the validity and reliability of the scales. The utility of the scale is determined by the time of administration and the settings for which the scales can be administered in research or clinical settings. There are relatively fewer articles on the utility of newer scales like CAINS (Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms) and the BNSS (Brief Negative Symptom Scale) that compare them to the older scales PANSS (Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale), SAPS (Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms) SANS (the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms), NSA-16 (Negative Symptom Assessment-16) and CGI-SCH (Clinical Global Impression Schizophrenia.The older scales were developed more than 30 years ago. Since then, our understanding of negative symptoms has evolved and currently there are newer rating scales evaluating the validity of negative symptoms. The older scales do not incorporate the latest research on negative symptoms. CAINS and BNSS are attractive for both their reliability and their concise accessible format, however, a scale that is simpler, accessible, user-friendly, that incorporates a multidimensional model of schizophrenia, addresses the psychosocial and cognitive component has yet to be developed.

The Korean Version of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale: Reliability and Validity.

ObjectiveThis study's aim was to develop and standardize a Korean version (SCoRS-K) of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS), which is used to evaluate the degree of cognitive dysfunction affecting the everyday functioning of people with schizophrenia.MethodsEighty-four schizophrenia patients with stable symptoms who were receiving outpatient treatment and rehabilitation therapy, and 29 demographically matched non-patient controls, participated in the study. Demographic data were collected, and clinical symptoms, cognitive function, and social function were evaluated to verify SCoRS-K's reliability and validity. Clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale. Cognitive function was evaluated using a short form of the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Social function was evaluated using the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale, the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale, and the Social Functioning Scale.ResultsData analysis demonstrated SCoRS-K's statistically significant reliability and validity. SCoRS-K has high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha; patient 0.941, informant 0.905, interviewer 0.964); test-retest reliability [patient 0.428 (p=0.003), informant 0.502 (p<0.001), interviewer 0.602 (p<0.001); and global rating 0.642 (p<0.001)]. The mean scores of subjects were significantly higher than those of the controls (p<0.001), demonstrating SCoRS-K's discriminant validity. Significant correlations between the total scores and global rating score of SCoRS-K and those of the scales and tests listed above (except WCST) support SCoRS-K's concurrent validity.ConclusionSCoRS-K is a useful instrument for evaluating the degree of cognitive dysfunction in Korean schizophrenia patients.

Antipsychotic Response Worsens With Postmenopausal Duration in Women With Schizophrenia.

The loss of estrogens in the menopause may lead to increased vulnerability for psychotic relapse, poor clinical outcome, and a need for increased antipsychotic dose. However, confounders such as cumulative estrogen exposure and time since menopause have been inadequately studied. Our aim was to investigate potential variables capable of influencing antipsychotic response in a sample of postmenopausal women with schizophrenia. Sixty-four postmenopausal schizophrenic women were followed in a 12-week prospective treatment-by-clinical requirement study. Duration of reproductive years was considered an indirect measure of lifetime cumulative estrogens exposure. Psychopathological assessment included the following: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Personal and Social Performance, and Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale. Response was defined as a reduction of 30% or more of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores. Antipsychotic adherence was assessed by plasma level monitoring at 4 weeks. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between potential confounding factors and antipsychotic response. Forty-two participants (66%) were found to be antipsychotic responders. Time since menopause was significantly and negatively associated with overall antipsychotic response, explaining almost 42% of the variance of the model used. Smoking and cumulative estrogen exposures were associated with improvement in negative symptoms. Smoking and time since menopause were associated with improvement in excitement symptoms, and smoking was positively associated with improvement in depressive and cognitive symptoms. Time since menopause was significantly negatively associated with antipsychotic response in postmenopausal schizophrenic women, suggesting a decline in antipsychotic response after menopause. The neurobiological basis for antipsychotic response may include a role for estrogen and nicotine receptors.

Clinical investigation of speech signal features among patients with schizophrenia.

BackgroundA new area of interest in the search for biomarkers for schizophrenia is the study of the acoustic parameters of speech called 'speech signal features'. Several of these features have been shown to be related to emotional responsiveness, a characteristic that is notably restricted in patients with schizophrenia, particularly those with prominent negative symptoms. AimAssess the relationship of selected acoustic parameters of speech to the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia and compare these characteristics between patients and matched healthy controls. MethodsTen speech signal features-six prosody features, formant bandwidth and amplitude, and two spectral features-were assessed using 15-minute speech samples obtained by smartphone from 26 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia (at enrollment and 1 week later) and from 30 healthy controls (at enrollment only). Clinical symptoms of the patients were also assessed at baseline and 1 week later using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia scale. ResultsIn the patient group the symptoms were stable over the 1-week interval and the 1-week test-retest reliability of the 10 speech features was good (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] ranging from 0.55 to 0.88). Comparison of the speech features between patients and controls found no significant differences in the six prosody features or in the formant bandwidth and amplitude features, but the two spectral features were different: the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) scores were significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group, and the linear prediction coding (LPC) scores were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. Within the patient group, 10 of the 170 associations between the 10 speech features considered and the 17 clinical parameters considered were statistically significant at the p<0.05 level. ConclusionsThis study provides some support for the potential value of speech signal features as indicators (i.e., biomarkers) of the severity of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, but more detailed studies using larger samples of more diverse patients that are followed over time will be needed before the potential utility of such acoustic parameters of speech can be fully assessed.

The Relationship between Language Ability and Cognitive Function in Patients with Schizophrenia.

ObjectiveCognitive dysfunction is common in people with schizophrenia, and language disability is one of the most notable cognitive deficits. This study assessed the use and comprehension ability of the Korean language in patients with schizophrenia and the correlations between language ability and cognitive function.MethodsEighty-six patients with schizophrenia and a group of 29 healthy controls were recruited. We assessed both clinical symptoms and cognitive functions including Korean language ability. For clinical symptoms, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale, and Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale were used. For the Korean language ability assessment, a portion of the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) Korean Language Test was used. The Short-form of Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Korean version of the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Performance-based Skills Assessment (K-UPSA), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were used to assess cognitive functions.ResultsSchizophrenic patients had significantly lower scores in the language and cognitive function tests both in the total and subscale scores. Various clinical scores had negative correlations with reading comprehension ability of the KBS Korean Language Test. The WCST and a part of the K-UPSA had positive correlations with multiple domains of the language test.ConclusionA significant difference was found between schizophrenic patients and controls in language ability. Correlations between Korean language ability and several clinical symptoms and cognitive functions were demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia. Tests of cognitive function had positive correlations with different aspects of language ability.