Clinical Characteristics Of Children Research Articles

Developmental Dyspraxia in Children With Learning Disorders: Four-Year Experience in a Referred Sample.

The term apraxia is clearly understood in adult behavioral neurology, with assessment of gesture central to the diagnosis. In contrast, the concept of "developmental dyspraxia" has been more problematic. In an effort to better specify its potential significance, we describe preliminary practice-based evidence for understanding developmental dyspraxia acquired within a theoretical framework informed by both adult behavioral neurology and a neuroconstructivist appreciation of neurodevelopmental disorders. Specifically, we describe the experience of a diagnostic clinic for children with learning disorders that adopted this framework and compare clinical characteristics of children diagnosed with dyspraxia with those of children diagnosed with dyslexia during the same time period. The dyspraxia diagnosis was based on the presence of impaired gesture and/or cognitive problems with planning. Over the target period, 71 children were diagnosed with dyspraxia and 114 children were diagnosed with dyslexia. Twenty-nine of the 71 children with dyspraxia were also diagnosed with dyslexia. Domains assessed included early developmental milestones, neurologic findings, cognition, speech and language, academic skills, and psychosocial functioning. Compared to the dyslexia group, children with dyspraxia (with or without dyslexia) had more problems with speech and language planning and planning in everyday life. Children with dyspraxia without dyslexia had more frequent early motor delays and deficits in visuospatial production than the other groups. The dyslexia groups predictably demonstrated poorer single word reading and phonologic processing compared to the dyspraxia only group (all P < .01). A neurologic finding of impaired gesture in children with learning disorders may signal a broader neurodevelopmental profile of developmental dyspraxia with both theoretical relevance and meaningful implications for evaluation and treatment. Cognitive problems with planning are particularly relevant.

Characteristics of First Visit Pediatric Patients with Suicidal Ideation and Behavior: An 8-Year Retrospective Chart Review.

ObjectivesOur study aimed to analyze the demographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents during their first visit to psychiatric outpatient departments for the management of suicidal ideation and behavior, and to compare the changes before and in 2012 or later.MethodsThis multicenter study was conducted at five university hospitals in a metropolitan area in South Korea. Medical records of patients aged 6–18 years were retrospectively reviewed from January 2009 to December 2016. Patients were analyzed by classifying them into suicidal and non-suicidal groups based on their visit to the hospital for management of suicidal ideation or suicide attempt and other mental problems, respectively.ResultsThere were differences in the year of visit, diagnosis, education level, and referral sources between patients in the suicidal and non-suicidal groups. Multiple regression analysis was conducted based on the sex, education level, referral by school, and diagnosis of depression in patients in the suicidal group, which revealed significant association.ConclusionSuicide-related problems were significantly associated with the sex, education level, referral by school, and a diagnosis of depression in the patients. A well-connected referral system would be necessary for professional mental health management of high-risk children and adolescents.

SMA - CLINICAL: P.79 Analysis of Cobb angle and clinical characteristics in children with spinal muscular atrophy who enrolled in CHERISH and SHINE

Nusinersen has demonstrated significant and long-term clinically meaningful efficacy on motor function and favorable benefit-risk profile in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Children with SMA Type II/III commonly develop scoliosis (Cobb angle >10 degrees). CHERISH (NCT02292537) was a double-blind, sham procedure-controlled trial of nusinersen in children with later-onset SMA (most likely to develop SMA Type II or III). Children were eligible to enrol in CHERISH if their spinal curvature was mild/moderate (Cobb angle ≤40 degrees).

Development of a questionnaire to identify ocular torticollis

Ocular disease is one of the causes of abnormal head positioning. Conventionally, the behavioral characteristics of ocular torticollis patients are different from those of non-ocular torticollis patients, though research addressing the significance of this difference is yet limited. This prospective, cross-sectional study aims to develop a questionnaire based on the clinical features in children with abnormal head posture being ocularly assessed. Children aged ≥ 6 months who visited our rehabilitation medicine clinic with a chief complaint of abnormal head posture were included. Patients with apparent orthopedic and neurological diseases were excluded. A 10-item questionnaire was developed to analyze the behavioral characteristics of patients. The patients were divided into ocular and non-ocular torticollis groups according to ophthalmologic examination results. Thirty-four and 13 patients were assigned to the non-ocular torticollis and ocular torticollis groups, respectively. Five questions were finally selected and the questionnaire was scored as the sum of the scores for the each questions (yes = 1 point, no = 0 point). The median (interquartile range) score of the ocular torticollis group (3.0 (3.0-4.0)) was significantly higher than that of the non-ocular torticollis group (2.0 (1.0-3.0); p = 0.000).Conclusion: Our parent-reported torticollis assessment questionnaire may be useful for screening ocular torticollis. What is known: • Ocular disease is one of the various causes of abnormal head positioning. • The behavioral characteristics of patients with ocular torticollis are different from those of patients with non-ocular torticollis; research on this matter is limited. What is new: • We delveloped a questionnaire to differentiate ocular and postural torticollis and the score of the questionnaire was different between patients with or without ocular disease. • The questionnaire based on behavioral characteristics may help screening and determining the need of ophthalmic evaluation in patients with torticollis.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with acute respiratory viral infections in the Philippines: a prospective cohort study

ObjectivesViral acute respiratory infection (ARI) remains a major global health problem, especially among children in low- and middle-income countries. The study was conducted to reveal aetiological significance of respiratory viruses among both non-hospitalized and hospitalized children. MethodsA cohort study of children with ARI at the household, primary healthcare facility, and hospital levels was conducted alongside a hospital-based study including non-cohort children from 2014 to 2016 in the Philippines. The ARI cases were recorded at households and healthcare facilities, and a clinical investigation was performed. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the symptomatic children and tested for respiratory viruses via polymerase chain reaction. Then, the association between healthcare facility utilization and viral detection was investigated. ResultsOverall, 18,514 ARI cases were enrolled in the cohort study, and samples were collected from 4735 of these cases. The hospital-based study detected 648 ARI cases, all of which were sampled. Rhinovirus (22.2%; 1052/4735) was most frequently detected followed by respiratory syncytial virus (12.0%; 566/4735). Enterovirus (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.8), human metapneumovirus (2.1, 1.4–3.2), rhinovirus (2.1, 1.8–2.6), and respiratory syncytial virus (1.6, 1.2–1.9) were significantly more prevalent in the ARI cases at healthcare facilities than in those in households. Of all ARI cases, 0.6% required hospitalization while 1.8% were hospitalized among the respiratory syncytial virus-positive cases (3.8, 3.0–4.9). ConclusionsWe determined the prevalence of respiratory viruses among children with ARIs at the household, primary healthcare facility, and hospital levels and the association with clinical characteristics. In particular, we discovered a significant disease burden and impact of respiratory syncytial virus infections as well as a considerable aetiological implication of rhinovirus infections.

Which Clinical Features of Children on Initial Presentation to the Emergency Department With Head Injury Are Associated With Clinically Important Traumatic Brain Injury, Classification as Abuse, and Poor Prognosis?

Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and abusive head trauma (AHT) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Clinicians may not be aware of AHT at presentation to the emergency department (ED). The objective of this study was to determine which clinical features associated with head injury in children on initial presentation to the ED trauma bay predict 3 outcomes including clinically important TBI (CiTBI), classification as confirmed abuse by Child Protection Team (CPT), and poor neurologic status on hospital discharge. Inclusion for this study were children 3 years or younger, presenting to the ED with significant TBI. In addition, presentations where the mechanism of injury was not verifiable such as with falls, being struck by object, or no mechanism of injury reported by caregiver were included. Researchers used 3 sources of information for this analysis: a regional trauma registry, hospital records, and the CPT database. Clinical features included demographics, mechanisms of injury, physical, radiological findings, and CPT classification. On pairwise analysis, seizures, apnea, and no mechanism of injury reported by caregiver were the only clinical features related to all 3 outcomes (P < 0.001). Rib fractures (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P < 0.001), long bone fractures (RR, 3.1; P < 0.001), retinal hemorrhages (RR, 3.0; P < 0.001), seizures (RR, 3.6; P < 0.001), apnea (RR, 4.4; P < 0.001), and younger than 6 months (RR, 1.8; P < 0.001) were related to AHT. On multivariable logistic regression, no mechanism of injury reported by caregiver and seizures remained significantly related to CiTBI; seizures and retinal hemorrhage remained significantly related to classification as abuse by CPT, and no mechanism of injury by the caregiver, apnea, and seizures were significantly related to poor outcome on hospital discharge. No mechanism of injury reported by the caregiver, seizures, and apnea at the time of presentation to the ED are important features associated with CiTBI, classification as AHT, and poor prognosis. In addition, younger age, retinal hemorrhage, rib, and long bone fractures were found to be important clinical features associated with AHT.

Identifying the etiological profile of children presented with hepatomegaly admitted to a tertiary care hospital

Objectives: To identify the pattern and etiology of diseases in children presented hepatomegaly at Pediatrics Department in Hue Central Hospital, Vietnam. Material and Methods: The Present study was conducted to evaluate the possible etiology and clinical features of children presented with hepatomegaly. A total of 107 children, from one month to fifteen years of age with hepatomegaly admitted in the Pediatric Department of Hue Central Hospital, Vietnam from May 2018 to April 2019 were included in this study. Results: The most common causes of hepatomegaly were inflammation/infection of the liver (miscellaneous cause included), hematological diseases and congestion heart failure with the percentage of 50.5%; 27,1% and 12,1%; respectively. Among the hepatitis group, viral agents account for nearly 50.0%, of which the most common one was Cytomegalovirus accounting for nearly 30.0%. Distribution of causes by age group revealed most cases in 1 year-old or younger children was caused by inflammation (53.8%), and in the older than 1 year-old children were hematological disorders (47.3%) which has statistical significance (P&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Our research observed that the most common causes of the group of ≤ 1 year old were hepatitis, followed by cardiovascular disease and biliary obstruction due to congenital biliary atresia, and in the older than 1 year group, hematological disorders was the most common.

A CROSS SECTIONAL DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF OCD IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

This study was a part of a bigger multicentric study to examine the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents (age ≤18 years) with OCD. Our sample comprised 30 subjects with OCD. Socio-demographic data was collected on a proforma specifically designed for this study. Clinical information was obtained on Structured clinical interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition Research Version (SCID), Children’s Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CYBOCS), the Children’s Depression Rating Scale–Revised (CDRS) and the Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS). In our sample 70% of participants were male and 67.7% had onset of symptoms before 14 years of age. Most common obsessions in our participants were of doubts about contamination and magical thinking/superstitious while the most common compulsions were those involving checking, washing and rituals involving other persons. Comorbid psychiatric disorders were seen in 63.3% patients with most common being depression, Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders (OCRDs), intermittent explosive disorder and anxiety disorder. The associated OCD symptoms on CYBOCS including lack of insight, avoidance and indecisiveness were on a spectrum. 46.6% had positive family history of OCD in first degree relative.

Children as frequent attenders in primary care: a systematic review.

BackgroundFrequent paediatric attendances make up a large proportion of a GP's workload. Currently, there is no systematic review on frequent paediatric attendances in primary care.AimTo identify the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of children who attend primary care frequently.Design & settingA systematic review.MethodThe electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched up to January 2020, using terms relating to frequent attendance in primary care settings. Studies were eligible if they considered children frequently attending in primary care (aged 0–19 years). Relevant data were extracted and analysed by narrative synthesis.ResultsSix studies, of fair quality overall, were included in the review. Frequent attendance was associated with presence of psychosocial and mental health problems, younger age, school absence, presence of chronic conditions, and high level of anxiety in their parents.ConclusionVarious sociodemographic and medical characteristics of children were associated with frequent attendance in primary care. Research on interventions needs to account for the social context and community characteristics. Integrating GP services with mental health and social care could potentially provide a response to medical and psychosocial needs of frequently attending children and their families.

Clinical characteristics of children and young people admitted to hospital with covid-19 in United Kingdom: prospective multicentre observational cohort study

ObjectiveTo characterise the clinical features of children and young people admitted to hospital with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the UK and explore factors...

Ocular Manifestations and Clinical Characteristics of Children With Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

Ocular manifestations and outcomes in children with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), relevant affecting factors, and differences in ocular disease between children and adults have yet to be fully understood. To investigate ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of children with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Wuhan Children's Hospital in Wuhan, China. Children with COVID-19 confirmed by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 nucleic acid tests of upper respiratory tract specimens between January 26 and March 18, 2020, were included. Onset clinical symptoms and duration, ocular symptoms, and needs for medication. A total of 216 pediatric patients were included, among whom 134 (62%) were boys, with a median (interquartile range) age of 7.25 (2.6-11.6) years. Based on the exposure history, 193 children (89.4%) had a confirmed (173 [80.1%]) or suspected (20 [9.3%]) family member with COVID-19 infection. The most common symptoms among symptomatic children were fever (81 [37.5%]) and cough (79 [36.6%]). Of 216 children, 93 (43.1%) had no systemic or respiratory symptoms. All children with mild (101 [46.8%]) or moderate (115 [53.2%]) symptoms recovered without reported death. Forty-nine children (22.7%) showed various ocular manifestations, of which 9 had ocular complaints being the initial manifestations of COVID-19. The common ocular manifestations were conjunctival discharge (27 [55.1%]), eye rubbing (19 [38.8%]), and conjunctival congestion (5 [10.2%]). Children with systemic symptoms (29.3% vs 14.0%; difference, 15.3%; 95% CI, 9.8%-20.7%; P = .008) or with cough (31.6% vs 17.5%; difference, 14.1%; 95% CI, 8.0%-20.3%; P = .02) were more likely to develop ocular symptoms. Ocular symptoms were typically mild, and children recovered or improved. In this cross-sectional study, children hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, presented with a series of onset symptoms including fever, cough, and ocular manifestations, such as conjunctival discharge, eye rubbing, and conjunctival congestion. Patients' systemic clinical symptoms or cough were associated with ocular symptoms. Ocular symptoms recovered or improved eventually.

Metabolic and Clinical Characteristics of Children with Urolithiasis from Southern India.

To study the etiological profile and patterns of clinical presentations of urolithiasis (UL) in children. This observational study included patients <18 y with UL, who were referred to the pediatric nephrology clinic. Clinical features, family history, consanguinity and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at presentation and follow-up were recorded. The children were evaluated using relevant blood and urine investigations. A total of 72 children with UL were evaluated for the study. The etiology of UL (n = 72) included hyperoxaluria (n = 25; 34.7%), idiopathic hypercalciuria (n = 21; 29.2%), idiopathic hyperuricosuria (n = 3; 4.2%), cystinuria (n = 3; 4.2%), urate transporter defect (n = 2; 2.8%) and mixed stones (predominant component calcium oxalate) (n = 9; 12.5%). No etiology was detected in 4 cases (5.5%). Common presenting complaints included flank pain (n = 41; 56.7%), hematuria (n = 29; 40.3%), urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 29; 40.3%) and vomiting (n = 11; 15.3%). The median age of presentation was 60 (36, 96) mo. Family history and consanguinity were present in 30 cases (41.7%) and 28 cases (38.9%) respectively. Stone analysis was done in 20 cases, of which 9 cases were mixed stones (predominant calcium oxalate) and 6 were calcium oxalate stones. Among children with urolithiasis, hyperoxaluria, idiopathic hypercalciuria, idiopathic hyperuricosuria, and cystinuria were the predominant identifiable entities, together accounting for 72% of cases; and renal colic, hematuria and UTI were the commonest clinical complaints.

Influenza virus detection in the stool of children with acute gastroenteritis.

To determine if the clinical characteristics of children with gastroenteritis and influenza identified in their stool differ from those whose stool was influenza-negative. Children <18-years with gastroenteritis whose stool tested negative for enteropathogen were tested for influenza in stool. The clinical features between influenza-positive and influenza-negative gastroenteritis cases were compared. Stools from controls without infection were also tested for influenza. Among the 440 gastroenteritis cases, those who were influenza test-positive were older [median age 4.0 (IQR: 2.3, 5.5) vs. 1.5 (IQR: 0.5, 4.0) years; P = 0.008], more likely to present in fall or winter (92.3 % vs. 48.0 %; P = 0.001), be febrile (84.6 % vs. 30.6 %; P < 0.001), have respiratory symptoms (91.7 % vs. 44.8 %; P = 0.002), have dehydration [median Clinical Dehydration Scale score: 4 (IQR: 1.5, 4.5) vs. 2 (IQR: 0, 3); P = 0.034], and have higher Modified Vesikari Scale scores [median: 13 (IQR: 10.5, 14.0) vs. 10 (IQR: 9.0, 13.0); P = 0.044], than those who tested negative. Thirteen gastroenteritis cases (13/440; 3.0 %) including one child without respiratory symptoms vs. one control (1/250; 0.4 %) were influenza stool positive. Fever, respiratory symptoms, more severe illness, and older age were more common in children with gastroenteritis with influenza detected in stool, compared to those tested negative.

Analysis for 208 children with psoriasis vulgaris.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects adults and children. The most common subtype is psoriasis vulgaris. This article analyzes the characteristics and clinical features of children with psoriasis vulgaris to strengthen the understanding, treatment, and management for children with psoriasis. A total of 208 children with psoriasis vulgaris, who were first admitted to the Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from October 2012 to December 2018, were retrospectively analyzed. Their clinical characteristics, results of laboratory examination, treatment options and efficacy were summarized. The age of the 208 children with psoriasis vulgaris was (11.19±3.97) years old, the peak incidence was 12 years old, the disease duration was (27.46±31.30) months, and the male-female ratio was 1∶0.96. The most common site of the first attack was the scalp (37.98%), followed by the trunk (26.44%) and the limbs (22.12%). The causes leading to exacerbation were more common in infections and diets. There were 33 patients (15.87%) with a family history of psoriasis, showing the higher score of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and the higher Dermatological Quality of Life Index (DLQI) (both P<0.05). In all patients, 29 cases (13.94%) were overweight, 19 cases (9.14%) were obese, and the rate of overweight and obesity in children with psoriasis vulgaris was higher than that of normal children in China. In the laboratory test, the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-VD) were decreased in most patients (47.5%), and the serum 25-OH-VD levels were found to be moderately negatively correlated with PASI score (P<0.05). The score of DLQI in the patient was 5.56±3.57, the score of PASI was 7.25±6.83, and they were positively correlated (r=0.409, P<0.001). In most patients (72.11%), the severity of the disease was mild to moderate. Their treatment was often dominated by topical drugs and Chinese patent medicine (65.67%). Retinoids showed a good effect on children. Cyclosporine and methotrexate were effective in more severe cases. Children with psoriasis vulgaris are mainly caused by infection and diet. Patients with family history have more serious illness, lower quality of life, and are more likely to have metabolic abnormalities such as overweight and obesity. The serum 25-OH-VD levels in children with psoriasis vulgaris are negatively correlated with the score of PASI.

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Metabolically Healthy Obesity: Role of Insulin Sensitivity.

Obesity represents a major risk factor for metabolic disorders, but some individuals, “metabolically healthy” (MHO), show less clinical evidence of these complications, in contrast to “metabolically unhealthy” (MUO) individuals. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to assess the prevalence of the MHO phenotype in a cohort of 246 overweight/obese Italian children and adolescents, and to evaluate their characteristics and the role of insulin resistance. Homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), insulinogenic index (IGI) and disposition index (DI) were all calculated from the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). MHO was defined by either: (1) HOMA-IR < 2.5 (MHO-IRes), or (2) absence of the criteria for metabolic syndrome (MHO-MetS). The MHO prevalence, according to MHO-MetS or MHO-IRes criteria, was 37.4% and 15.8%, respectively. ISI was the strongest predictor of the MHO phenotype, independently associated with both MHO-IRes and MHO-MetS. The MHO-MetS group was further subdivided into insulin sensitive or insulin resistant on the basis of HOMA-IR (either < or ≥ 2.5). Insulin sensitive MHO-MetS patients had a better metabolic profile compared to both insulin resistant MHO-MetS and MUO-MetS individuals. These data underscore the relevance of insulin sensitivity to identifying, among young individuals with overweight/obesity, the ones who have a more favorable metabolic phenotype.

Multi-inflammatory Syndrome in Children Related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Spain.

Some clusters of children with a multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (MIS-C) have been reported. We describe the epidemiological and clinical features of children with MIS-C in Spain. MIS-C is a potentially severe condition that presents in children with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Children with Measles during the Year 2019

Background: Measles remains a major public health problem in many developing countries including Iraq, Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical profiles of measles among children admitted to Babylon Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children . Methodology : A descriptive observational cross sectional epidemiologic study was conducted on children diagnosed and admitted to Babylon teaching hospital for Maternity and Children . using the (person, place, time epidemiological model ) during the period from 1st of January 2019 to the 1st of September 2019. The total number patients was 157. The independent variables studied include; age, gender, residence, time of admission, nutritional status, vaccination status, any co morbidities, clinical presentations and complications. Results : One hundred fifty seven clinically and serologically diagnosed measles cases who were admitted to Babylon Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children . . The male to female ratio was 1.4: 1 the mean age of the patients 35.15±38.5 months(ranging between one month to 11 years). In this study Children under years were most affected. Seventy four percent patients were from rural districts and sub districts. The disease took the profile of epidemic and was seen most often during the hot season, with a peak in July. Majority of cases stayed in the hospital for three days and more. Only one death was reported with a a case fatality rate ( 0.63%).The most common complications in this study was pneumonia. Conclusion: Measles remains a common, endemic illness mostly due to inadequate vaccination coverage, further analytic studies are strongly requested in Iraq to identify the real potential risk factors of the occurrence of this serious endemic diseases.

Should Coronavirus Disease 2019–Associated Inflammatory Syndromes in Children Affect Social Reintegration?

Clinical Characteristics of Children With SARS-CoV-2–Associated Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome

Postencephalitis epilepsy in children: Diurnal rhythm of seizures is related to clinical characteristics

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to summarize the relationship between the clinical features of children with postencephalitis epilepsy and the diurnal rhythm of seizures. MethodsWe collected a retrospective review of 44 patients between 0 and 14 years, who were diagnosed with postencephalitis epilepsy. Patients were divided into three groups by their seizures in day/night or wakefulness/sleep state. ResultsMost epileptic seizures of patients of age 3 years or younger occurred during the daytime, and the other occurred most frequently at night. Most epileptic seizures of boys occurred during the wakefulness state, and girls occurred most frequently in sleep. Seizures of patients with the first seizure in the daytime occurred more frequently during the daytime and the wakefulness state; on the contrary, the first seizure in the nighttime occurred more frequently during the nighttime and the sleep state. Tonic seizure occurred more often during the nighttime and in sleep; epileptic spasm occurred more frequently during the daytime and wakefulness. Most seizures of temporal origin occurred in the awakening. The seizures of patient occurred more often during the wakefulness state; the prognosis was worse. Patients with the peak of seizures in the daytime, the level of the physiological development were poorer. ConclusionsThe diurnal rhythm of seizures is different in patients with postencephalitis epilepsy with different clinical characteristics (age, gender, time of first seizure, seizure pattern, electroencephalography (EEG), prognosis, and physiological development). Our results may assist in seizure prediction, individualized treatment patterns, and prognosis prediction.

Clinical Features of Children with Retinoblastoma and Neuroblastoma.

Purpose Retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma are the most common malignant extracranial solid tumors in children. This study aimed to summarize the clinical features, especially the delayed diagnosis in children with retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma. Methods In a single hospital-based case-control study, a retrospective cohort of 175 children with retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma diagnosed from January 2016 to January 2018 were reviewed. The state of enucleation in retinoblastomas and pathological prognosis in neuroblastomas were outcome indicators. Hereby, the patients were divided into two groups, and clinical features including age at presentation and delayed diagnosis were compared. Results A total of 112 patients with retinoblastoma and 63 with neuroblastoma were included. In the retinoblastoma cohort, the median age at presentation was 17.2 months (0.3–110 months). The mean delay of diagnosis was 1.6 ± 2.3 months, and the rate of enucleation was 61.6%. Unilateral disease, the International Classification of Intraocular Retinoblastoma (IIRC) stage E, and delay of diagnosis over 2.5 months were independent risk factors of ocular outcomes. Notably, the risk of enucleation was increased by 474% when the delay was longer than 2.5 months. In the neuroblastoma cohort, the delay of diagnosis of the unfavorable histology (UH) group was longer than that of the favorable histology (FH) group (1.9 months vs. 1.4 months, P=.487). The levels of serum ferritin and neuron-specific enolase were higher in the UH group than in the FH group (P < .05). Conclusions This study summarized the clinical features and diagnosis biomarkers of retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma patients in China. These results might help to focus on early detection and treatment in children with retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma.