Climatological Aspects Research Articles

Rossby Wave Breaking and its impact on Tropospheric Ozone Variability over the Indian Subcontinent

Rossby Wave Breaking (RWB) propels stratospheric ozone (O3) into the troposphere resulting in an augmentation of tropospheric ozone levels and leading to subsequent alterations in the tropospheric chemistry. Given the profound implications, it is crucial to understand RWB-induced ozone variations comprehensively beyond localized production and transport, particularly over densely populated Indian subcontinent. In this context, we investigated the role of RWB on tropospheric ozone variability followed by its relative contribution at the lower levels by leveraging the data from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua satellite, along with Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) global reanalysis. In this study, we used 232 RWB events for the period 2004-2021, revealing an enhancement of ozone concentration from the daily mean of corresponding RWB days in a climatological aspect. We examine the fraction of events that allows the stratospheric ozone transport till lower troposphere by analyzing the presence of significantly increased stratospheric ozone tracers (SOT) obtained from CAMS over the Indian subcontinent at various pressure levels during RWB days. Additionally, we subjectively examine stratospheric ozone intrusions till the lower troposphere using SOT and ozone from CAMS on a centroid based relative domain. Our findings reveal that only 46% of the total RWB events facilitate stratospheric ozone transport up to the surface level. Further, analysis reveals an enhancement of ozone before and after the maximum breaking, primarily in upper atmospheric levels. Our results also showed that the intrusion intensity yields diverse increments in various tropospheric layers (e.g., 150-250 ppbv at 100-250 hPa layers). Lower tropospheric ozone variations (850 hPa) to RWB correlates with intrusion intensity, resulting in anomalous changes of about 10-20 ppbv. It is observed that the upper-level positive potential vorticity anomalies catalyze ozone intrusion from the stratosphere, descending to lower levels on intense breaking days through downward transport. These findings deepen our understanding of RWB-induced tropospheric ozone variability and its relative contribution to the ozone changes over the subcontinent.

Climatological Aspects of Notable Tornado Events in Chile

Abstract Tornadoes in Chile seem to develop in what are called “high-shear, low-CAPE” (HSLC) environments. An analysis of convective parameters from the ERA5 reanalysis during 16 notable tornadoes in Chile showed that several increased markedly before the time of the reports. The significant tornado parameter (STP) was able to discriminate the timing and location of the tornadoes, even though it was not created with that goal. We established thresholds for the severe hazards in environments with reduced buoyancy (SHERBE) parameter (≥1) and the STP (≤−0.3) to further identify days favorable for tornado activity in Chile. The SHERBE and STP parameters were then used to conduct a climatological analysis from 1959 to 2021 of the seasonal, interannual, and latitudinal variations of the environments that might favor tornadoes. Both parameters were found to have a strong annual cycle. The largest magnitudes of STP were found to be generally confined to south-central Chile, in agreement with the (sparse) tornado record. The probability of a day with both SHERBE and STP values beyond their thresholds was greatest between May and August, which aligns with the months with the most tornado reports. The number of days with both SHERBE and STP beyond their respective thresholds was found to fluctuate interannually. This result warrants further study given the known interannual variability of synoptic and mesoscale weather in Chile. The results of this study extend our understanding of tornado environments in Chile and provide insight into their spatiotemporal variability.

ASSESSMENT OF RELIABILITY IN THE WATER BALANCE OF MILLS

The thesis presented will talk about carrying out a reliability study applied to the water balance of Moinhos, where a proposal for intervention in a mining company will be shown. The importance of the reliability study will also be analyzed, since the loss of water through leaks resulting from excess pressure is a major obstacle in the management of water supply systems. Thus, this study revolves around responding to climatological aspects that affect water balance variables. This work is justified by the importance of carrying out a reliability study on the water balance of Moinhos, aiming to know the water availability in the region. The general objective of this dissertation is to present a proposal for a densimeter installation service to control the water balance of Moinhos in a mining company. In the specific objectives, concepts about the objects of study of the research will be presented, in addition to investigating the energy consumption by the studied company, describing the process of installing densimeters, until the evaluation of the expected results. The methodology used to carry out this study will be qualitative and bibliographic research.

Hydrological and Climatological Aspect Evaluation for Salt Farm Development in the Coastal Area of Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Salt has major importance as a basic necessity in households, feedstock for various kinds of industry, and a means of fortification to prevent diseases attributed to iodine deficiency. However, the amount of salt produced in Indonesia has yet to meet the national demand, hence warranting the necessity of salt yield improvement. This research set out to evaluate the hydrological and climatological states of the coastal area of Gunungkidul Regency for potential salt farms. The hydrological analysis identified underground rivers, springs, and surface rivers emptying into the study area, whereas the hydrochemical analysis observed major elements of seawater and salinity and determined the effects of hydrological characteristics on seawater. The climatological evaluation involved analyzing rain, temperature, humidity, and daily wind data from 1979–2013. All of these details were matched against the suitability parameters for salt farms. The results showed that the hydrological and geological conditions were closely related and that the underground rivers, springs, and surface rivers decreased salinity and sodium and chloride contents of seawater. Based on salinity levels, several beaches were highly suitable (S1) for salt farms, but climatologically, the study area was slightly suitable (S3) and suitable (S2) for this purpose.

Spatiotemporal Variability of Convective Events in Romania Based on METAR Data

Convective weather, through its heavy showers, strong winds and hail, significantly impacts human activities, having the potential to inflict serious damage on social and environmental sectors. Limited research has been conducted on this phenomenon within Romanian territory, and currently there is no referenced climatological study primarily aimed at air traffic management users in this context. This study aims to assess the climatological aspects related to convective events based on sub-hourly observation data recorded at 17 airport weather stations throughout Romania during an 11-year period (2012–2022). The spatiotemporal distribution of convective events was analyzed based on occurrences of Cumulus Congestus (TCU) clouds, Cumulonimbus (CB) clouds, thunderstorms (TSs), heavy showers (+SHs), and hail (GR). With the data being extracted from meteorological aerodrome reports (METARs) and special meteorological aerodrome reports (SPECIs). Short-term trends were determined using Sen’s slope estimator, and statistical significance was assessed through the Mann–Kendall test. The main findings indicated that the highest occurrence of convective events is located over central and western Romania, with June emerging as the extreme month in terms of convective events, while the hourly distribution emphasizes that the highest frequency of convective events occurred in the afternoon. Trend analysis in TCU, CB, and TS show tendencies toward higher frequency of convective events while the results related to +SH and GR indicate a high variability across Romanian territory. Trend analysis disclosed more substantial changes in the TS variable. The results of this study bear potential significance for a broad spectrum of human activities and the management of natural environments.

Observation of thunderstorm-induced muon events in GRAPES-3 experiment

The GRAPES-3 tracking muon telescope located at Ooty (India) records short-term variations in the muon intensity during major thunderstorms, termed thunderstorm-induced muon events (TIMEs). Its excellent angular resolution, coupled with high statistics, allows us to observe subtle directional variations in muon rate. We detected 169 statistically significant events during the five-year period from 2006 through 2010. The monthly and seasonal variation patterns of the observed TIMEs were discussed, emphasizing their occurrence and climatological aspects. The annual diurnal pattern was plotted with the Carnegie curve, considering their possible causal link with the global electric circuit. The work represents the first report from any experiment for such an extended period in an uninterrupted manner.

Examining Antarctic sea ice bias sensitivity in the multi-variate parameter space using a global coupled climate modelling system

Coupled global numerical climate models (GCMs) typically underestimate mean Antarctic sea ice area and extent, particularly during the austral summer months, contributing to uncertainties in climate prediction. This study examines the climatological behaviour of Antarctic sea ice in a coupled GCM in the multivariate sea ice model parameter space. Individual parameters dominate the ice response in different seasons and regions, with a compensatory effect in some parameter combinations and an amplified effect in others; however, certain parameter combinations are found to improve aspects of Antarctic sea ice climatology well beyond the limitations of a univariate approach. For example, the disparity between observed and simulated summer sea ice extent and area is halved, and the tendency towards very low-concentration ice (<15 %) reduced in favour of a more compact summer and autumn ice pack. Regardless, clear limitations in the extent to which a coupled GCM can be calibrated with sea-ice model parameters also emerge. Relatively unconsolidated winter ice cover persists and, in some experiments, becomes looser still, exacerbating the already overestimated maximum sea ice extent. Furthermore, the seasonal evolution of sea ice and the exaggerated asymmetry of the seasonal cycle, with the onset of ice advance too slow and maximum sea ice reached too late, sees negligible improvements. We note that, even with the large gains under certain parameter combinations, bias and other deficiencies still remain. Using coupled data assimilation to optimise parameters in both sea-ice and ocean models will likely assist in contributing to further model improvements.

Evaluation of the seasonal fluctuation of populations of the armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemies in maize crops in Togo

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the seasonal fluctuations of S. frugiperda and its natural enemies in maize farming in Togo. Methodology and Results: It consisted in surveying fields in twenty-seven (27) prefectures during the period from October 2019 to November 2021. It consisted in surveying fields and collecting data such as egg, larva and pupa clusters, infestation rates and the main natural enemies encountered according to the FAO "W" method. Then, the collected data were reared in the laboratory for the emergence of potential natural enemies over two seasons. Conclusions and application of findings: It was found that infestation rates; number of egg clusters and larvae; emergence rate and natural enemies of S. frugiperda varied not only according to the survey area, but also and especially according to the season. The infestation rates over the two seasons ranged from 62.55 to 32.55%. On average, the number of larvae was higher in the great season (0.87) compared to the short season (0.41). Meanwhile, the adults emergence ranged from 38.22 to 100.00%; therefore, there are many natural enemies obtained such as Cotesia icipe; Campotelis sp., Trichogramma pretiosum, Winthemia trinitatis, Doru luteipes, Geocoris punctipes and Hexamermis sp. candidate to control S. frugiperda. Additional experiments are however necessary to evaluate climatological aspects on the life table parameters of the main candidate natural enemies. Keywords: maize, S. frugiperda, natural enemies, sustainable management, Togo.

Planetary boundary layer climatological features over North China Plain: Derived from intensive experiment data

AbstractA field campaign was carried out in the North China Plain (NCP) spanning 4 years and formed a dataset of more than 2,700 planetary boundary layer (PBL) sounding samples (872 in summer and 1,841 in winter). Based on these data, fundamental aspects of the PBL climatology over this region were investigated. First, the ensemble mean features of the PBL were revealed. The maximum PBL height in the daytime reaches 1,079 versus 786 m (summer vs. winter, hereafter the same), while about 200 m at nighttime. The bulk mean temperature and specific humidity across the PBL in summer are significantly higher than those in winter (24.0 vs. −0.5°C; 8.9 vs. 1.7 g⋅kg−1, respectively). Mean wind speed within the PBL keeps almost the same in winter and summer (4.5 m⋅s−1) but with a seasonal difference in wind direction (southerly vs. northwesterly). Second, significant diurnal variations within/above the PBL were quantified. Day‐night temperature contrast is largest near the ground (7.9 vs. 5.1°C), and it decreases with height to almost a constant above the PBL. Diurnal variation amplitude of specific humidity is about 1.0 versus 0.3 g⋅kg−1. Diurnal variation of winds also supports the extended influence of the earth surface across the PBL. Third, the local influence on the PBL over the NCP is also presented. PBL height is higher in the plain centre; temperature is lower in coast than inland; winds in the PBL are strongly modulated by local or mesoscale circulations including the plain wind and sea breeze; low‐level jets are common at summer night over the central and eastern parts of the NCP. Analysis reveals possible energy and water vapour exchange across the PBL, and additional heating mechanism above the PBL (e.g., solar radiation absorption).

Towards a Link between Climate Extremes and Thermodynamic Patterns in the City of Rio de Janeiro-Brazil: Climatological Aspects and Identified Changes

Towards a Link between Climate Extremes and Thermodynamic Patterns in the City of Rio de Janeiro-Brazil: Climatological Aspects and Identified Changes

Extreme indices of temperature and precipitation in South America: trends and intercomparison of regional climate models

Regional Climate Models (RCMs) provide climate information required for evaluating vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation at finer scales than their global driving models. As they explicitly resolve the basic conservation and state equations, they solve physics with more detail, conserving teleconnection of larger scales provided by Global Climate Models (GCMs). In South America (SA), the regional simulations have been historically evaluated principally on climatological aspects, but the representativeness of extremes still needs a more profound assessment. This study aims to analyze three RCMs (RegCM4-7, REMO2015, and Eta) driven by different GCMs in SA, focusing on their capacity to reproduce extreme historical indices of daily precipitation and temperature. The indices of maximum consecutive 5 days precipitation (Rx5day), Consecutive Dry Days (CDD), daily maximum and minimum annual temperature (TXx and TNn, respectively) were evaluated regarding the historical spatio-temporal variability and trends. Furthermore, their projections for the 2071–2099 period, under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario, were analyzed. The historical behavior of RCMs (1981–2005) was compared with two gridded products: Climate Prediction Center (CPC) and agrometeorological indicators derived from the fifth generation of global reanalysis produced by the ECMWF (AgERA5), previously compared with records from meteorological stations to evaluate them. The results show that the highest differences within the gridded products and stations were observed in the regions with more scarce surface stations (North and West of SA) and with complex topography (The Andes Cordillera), being more pronounced in the precipitation-based indices. We found that RCMs generally show more agreement in the spatial variability than in the inter-annual variability for all the indices and SA regions. When analyzing the observed trends, all models better reproduced the long-term variability of extreme temperature indices than those of rainfall. More disagreement was observed for Rx5day and CDD indices trends, including substantial spatial heterogeneities in both magnitude and sign of tendency. Climate change projections exhibited significant agreement to warmer conditions in TXx and TNn, but precipitation signals differed between RCMs and the driving GCM within each regional model. Maximum dry spells are expected to increase in almost all SA regions, whereas the climate change signals in extreme precipitation events are more consistent over southeastern SA (northern and southwestern SA), with positive (negative) changes by the end of the century.

Climate extremes related with rainfall in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a review of climatological characteristics and recorded trends.

This paper presents a synthesis of the main characteristics of precipitation in the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) based on extreme rainfall indicators. Daily precipitation data are derived from 56 rainfall stations during the second half of the twentieth century and the 2000s. Eight indices related to extreme precipitation were analyzed. The Mann–Kendall nonparametric test and the Sen's Curvature were employed to evaluate the significance and magnitude of trends. The primary climatological aspects and identified trends throughout the last decades are discussed, besides the hydrometeorological impacts associated with them. Lower values of annual total precipitation are recorded in northern Rio de Janeiro (around 800 mm) and higher in the southern State (up to 2,200 mm). The Serra do Mar affects the frequency of heavy precipitation, and the areas near the sea and high relief present the highest values of consecutive days with expressive rainfall (more than 150 mm in 5 days). These areas also showed a high concentration of flood and landslides events. Most of Rio de Janeiro exhibits precipitation intensity of about 13 mm/day. The maximum number of consecutive dry days shows a gradient from the coast (about 30 days) to the State's interior (around 50 days). Regarding trends, there is a growth of accumulated extreme precipitation in various stations near the ocean. The extreme rainfall in 24 h displays an increase in most Rio de Janeiro (+ 1 to + 5 mm/decade). The consecutive dry and rainy days present similar signs of decreasing trends, suggesting irregularly distributed precipitation in the State. This study is especially relevant for decision-makers who need detailed information in the short and long term to prevent natural hazards like floods and landslides and the related impacts in the environmental and socioeconomic sectors of the Rio de Janeiro.

Long‐term meteorological drought characterization in the São Francisco watershed, Brazil: A climatic water balance approach

AbstractPartially located in the Brazilian Semiarid region, the São Francisco watershed (SFW) is a strategic hydrological system for power generation, agricultural development and the integration of the national territory. Droughts are recurrent in the Brazilian Semiarid, and climate change projected scenarios indicate their intensification in the SFW, which may compromise the access to its resources. In this context, the objective of this study was to characterize long‐term spatial and temporal meteorological drought patterns over the SFW while accounting for its different climates. We used gridded Climate Research Unit Time Series rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data for the 1942–2019 (78 years) period to retrieve a monthly climatic water balance‐based drought index. The climatological aspects of drought incidence in the SFW were assessed through linear trend analysis, the estimation of the relative effects of precipitation and PET trends in drought occurrence, and the identification of the main interannual variability modes controlling the triggering of meteorological drought through wavelet functions. Results showed that water deficit periods are becoming more frequent and intense, affecting larger areas in the middle (tropical climate) and lower (semiarid climate) portions of the SFW. Months with water surplus in these regions are also becoming less frequent. In the upper (humid subtropical climate) SFW, evidences show that water deficit periods are becoming more frequent, with an expansion of areas affected by droughts. In this subregion, increasing PET trends played a more important role than precipitation trends in the propagation of drought. Finally, low‐frequency teleconnection mechanisms such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation were found to drive the occurrence of drought in most of the SFW, while higher frequency oscillations (such as the Atlantic Meridional Mode) play a role in the lower latitudes of the basin. In the upper SFW, results indicated that interannual variability might be driven by oscillations with stronger intraseasonal components.

Climatological Aspects of Active Fires in Northeastern China and Their Relationship to Land Cover

Biomass burning (BB) is a driving force for heavy haze in northeastern China (NEC) and shows distinct seasonal features. However, little is known about its climatological aspects, which are important for regional BB management and understanding BB effects on climate and environment. Here, the climatological characteristics of active fires and their dependence on land cover in NEC were studied using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. Moreover, the influence of meteorological factors on fire activities was explored. The number of fires was found to have increased significantly from 2003 to 2018; and the annual total FRP (FRPtot) showed a generally consistent variation with fire counts. However, the mean fire radiative power for each spot (FRPmean) decreased. Fire activity showed distinctive seasonal variations. Most fires and intense burning events occurred in spring and autumn. Spatially, fires were mainly concentrated in cropland areas in plains, where the frequency of fires increased significantly, especially in spring and autumn. The annual percentage of agricultural fires increased from 34% in 2003 to over 60% after 2008 and the FRPtot of croplands increased from 12% to over 55%. Fires in forests, savannas, and grasslands tended to be associated with higher FRPmean than those in croplands. Analysis indicated that the increasing fire count in NEC is mainly caused by agricultural fires. Although the decreasing FRPmean represents an effective management of BB in recent years, high fire counts and FRPtot in croplands indicate that the crop residue burning cannot be simply banned and a need instead for effective applications. More efforts should be made on clean utilization of straw. The accumulation of dry biomass, high temperature, and low humidity, and weak precipitation are conducive to the fire activities. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of BB in NEC and provides a reference for regional BB management and control.

Forest Fire Assessment Using Remote Sensing to Support the Development of an Action Plan Proposal in Ecuador

Worldwide, forest fires exert effects on natural ecosystems, contributing to economic/human losses, health effects, and climate change. Spectral indices are an essential tool for monitoring and analyzing forest fires. These indices make it possible to evaluate the affected areas and help mitigate possible future events and reduce damage. The case study addressed in this work corresponds to the Cerro of the Guadual community of La Carolina parish (Ibarra, Ecuador). This work aims to evaluate the degree of severity and the recovery of post-fire vegetation, employing the multitemporal analysis of spectral indices and correlating these with the climatological aspects of the region. The methodological process was based on (i) background information collection, (ii) remote sensing data, (iii) spectral index analysis, (iv) multivariate analysis, and (v) a forest fire action plan proposal. Landsat-8 OLI satellite images were used for multitemporal analysis (2014–2020). Using the dNDVI index, the fire’s severity was classified as unburned and very low severity in regard to the areas that did not regenerate post-fire, which represented 10,484.64 ha. In contrast, the areas classified as high and very high severity represented 5859.06 ha and 2966.98 ha, respectively. In addition, the dNBR was used to map the burned areas. The high enhanced regrowth zones represented an area of 8017.67 ha, whereas the moderate/high-severity to high-severity zones represented 3083.72 ha and 1233.49 ha, respectively. The areas with a high severity level corresponded to native forests, which are challenging to recover after fires. These fire severity models were validated with 31 in situ data from fire-starting points and they presented an accuracy of 99.1% in the high severity category. In addition, through the application of principal component analysis (PCA) with data from four meteorological stations in the region, a bimodal behavior was identified corresponding to the climatology of the area (dry season and rainy season), which is related to the presence of fires (in the dry season). It is essential to note that after the 2014 fire, locally, rainfall decreased and temperatures increased. Finally, the proposed action plan for forest fires made it possible to define a safe and effective evacuation route to reduce the number of victims during future events.

Caracterización geomorfológica e hidroclimatológica de la Reserva de la Biósfera Pantanos de Centla, México

En este artículo se muestra la caracterización geomorfológica e hidroclimatológica de la Reserva de la Biósfera Pantanos de Centla, Tabasco, México. Para ello, se generó una base de datos digital con las principales características de la reserva (hidrología, climatología, hidrogeología y otros aspectos clave). Los resultados muestran un sistema con poca capacidad de drenaje, influenciado por la tipología de las arcillas y una morfología alargada que refleja un largo tiempo de concentración. El desafío inmediato es la insuficiente infraestructura de datos espaciotemporales para comprender los procesos climatológicos y geológicos de esta área natural. Por tanto, esta contribución debe impactar la toma de decisiones dentro del espacio natural con base en la mejor información científica disponible.

Large infrequent rain events dominate the hydroclimate of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

The history of the Polynesian civilization on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) over the Common Era has come to exemplify the fragile relationship humans have with their environment. Social dynamics, deforestation, land degradation, and climatic shifts have all been proposed as important parts of the settlement history and societal transformations on Rapa Nui. Furthermore, climate dynamics of the Southeast Pacific have major global implications. While the wetlands of Rapa Nui contain critical sedimentological archives for reconstructing past hydrological change on the island, connections between the island’s hydroclimate and fundamental aspects of regional climatology are poorly understood. Here we present a hydroclimatology of Rapa Nui showing that there is a clear seasonal cycle of precipitation, with wet months receiving almost twice as much precipitation as dry months. This seasonal cycle can be explained by the seasonal shifts in the location and strength of the climatological south Pacific subtropical anticyclone. For interannual precipitation variability, we find that the occurrence of infrequent, large rain events explains 92% of the variance of the observed annual mean precipitation time series. Approximately one third (33%) of these events are associated with atmospheric rivers, 21% are associated with classic cold-front synoptic systems, and the remainder are characterized by cut-off lows and other synoptic-scale storm systems. As a group, these large rain events are most strongly controlled by the longitudinal position of the south Pacific subtropical anticyclone. The longitudinal location of this anticyclone explains 21% of the variance in the frequency of large rain events, while the remaining variance is left unexplained by any other major atmosphere-ocean dynamics. We find that over the observational era there appears to be no linear relationship between the number of large rain events and any other major climate phenomena. With the south Pacific subtropical anticyclone projected to strengthen and expand westward under global warming, our results imply that Rapa Nui will experience an increase in the number of dry years in the future.

КЛІМАТОЛОГІЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕКСТРЕМАЛЬНИХ ПОГОДНИХ УМОВ, ПОДІЙ ТА ЯВИЩ В УКРАЇНІ ТА СВІТІ

The analysis of literature of the modern world and national publications in which methods of research of climate extreme events are presented was conducted. The focus is on the climatological aspects of extreme climatic / weather events and phenomena. A comparison of English-language basic terms and concepts used in the study of climatic / weather extreme events and their definitions with their Ukrainian counterparts is presented as well as the definition of specific concepts according to the sources in which they are presented. Not all terms and concepts used in scientific publications have clear and strict definitions and are not always consistent with each other. Due to differences in approaches to the definition of terms and concepts, not all of them can be found an exact match in another language. Types of source databases with different spatiotemporal resolution and sets of meteorological parameters are presented. Classification of research on extremity by study domain, time period of research, data spatial-temporal resolution, a set of meteorological quantities and climate extreme indices on the basis of which the studies was conducted. The analysis of modern research of extreme events of climate / weather in Ukraine is carried out. Current research on this issue in Ukraine focuses on the number and frequency of extreme weather events. Main trends in research of extreme climatic / weather events in the world were examined. Global studies of climate extremity are performed according to a more complex procedure. They are based on long time series of quality-tested data that have been homogenized because non-homogenized series can severely distort the real picture (quantitative information) of the duration, intensity or number of extreme climatic / weather events. Further plan for the study of modern climate change in the extreme climate of Ukraine on the basis of long series of daily values of average, maximum and minimum surface air temperatures and precipitation was drawn.

Some aspects of the unusual climatology of Storm Arwen (2021)

Some aspects of the unusual climatology of <scp>Storm <i>Arwen</i></scp> (2021)

Preface

The edition contains the proceedings of the All-Russian Open Conference on Cloud Physics and Weather Modification, held at the High-Mountain Geophysical Institute on September 08-10, 2021, and related to the Year of Science and Technology in Russia.The main part of the work is devoted to numerical modeling of cloud processes, including modeling of microphysical and electrical processes in clouds, verification of the results of numerical modeling of cloud processes, modeling of the conditions for the development and evolution of powerful convective clouds. The results of laboratory modeling and field studies of cloud processes, studies of electrical processes in clouds, as well as various aspects of active influence on thunderstorm processes, including the possibilities of their prediction, are presented. Part of the work is devoted to the issue of artificially increasing precipitation and evaluating the effectiveness of work on weather modification. The currently observed climate change has led to a significant number of papers presented at the conference on the environmental and climatological aspects of active influence and dangerous convective weather phenomena.The edition is intended for meteorologists, specialists in the field of physics of clouds and precipitation, weather modification, as well as for students and postgraduates.List of Program Committee and Organizing Committee are availble in this pdf.