Climate Resource Research Articles

Characteristics of climate resource utilization and economic benefits in new planting pattern for fresh faba bean and fresh maize in Yangtze River Delta

ABSTRACT In this research, we aimed to construct a novel planting pattern for faba bean and maize with high-efficiency utilization of climate resources for application in production. We incorporated relay intercropping in two triple-crop planting patterns, namely faba bean/maize-maize and faba bean/maize-soybean. A field experiment was conducted to compare the annual yield, utilization efficiency of climatic resources and economic benefits among these two triple-crop planting patterns and the conventional faba bean – maize double-cropping system at Nantong, Jiangsu, China, from 2016 to 2020. Compared with the conventional double-cropping system, the faba bean/maize-maize triple-crop planting pattern resulted in significantly increased annual yield by 7,392 kg hm−2 to 10,519 kg hm−2, and increased annual biomass by 5,342 kg hm−2 to 7,172 kg hm−2.The triple-crop planting patterns increased the annual economic benefit by 12,195 RMB hm−2 and 15,680 RMB hm−2, respectively. The faba bean/maize-maize triple-crop planting pattern increased the annual radiation production efficiency by 0.18 g·MJ−1 to 0.31 g·MJ−1, the annual temperature production efficiency by 2.70 kg·hm−2·°C−1 to 3.78 kg·hm−2·°C−1, and the annual precipitation production efficiency by 4.55 kg·mm−1·hm−2 to 7.20 kg·mm−1·hm−2. Considering the yields, resource-use efficiency, and economic benefits, the triple-cropping planting patterns show promise as multi-crop systems to achieve high yields and high resource-use efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta region. These results demonstrate the use of a new relay intercropping planting pattern for use in crop production and represent a theoretical contribution to the development of efficient agricultural production.

Spatial and temporal assessment of China's skiing climate resources.

This study introduces an improved Ski Climate Index (SCI) designed to assess skiing suitability in China by applying fuzzy logic. Using daily meteorological data from 733 weather stations for the periods 1961-1990 and 1991-2020, the study identifies significant changes in SCI distribution over time. Additionally, a coupled analysis is performed, integrating the SCI results with the distribution and spatial vitality of 389 ski resorts in China. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between actual ski resources and the ongoing evolution of the skiing industry in China and three significant results:1) The snow module has a major impact on SCI distribution, while other non-snow natural elements, such as sunshine duration, wind speed, and thermal comfort, influence the overall SCI assessment less; 2) High SCI values are concentrated in Northwestern and Northeastern China, with increased ski climate resources being observed in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia, Southwest Tibet, and Sichuan due to climate change and noticeable declines in the Southern regions of Northeast China.; 3) In terms of the distribution and vitality of ski resorts, the SCI also partially reflects the development of ski resorts. This skiing suitability model uses climate resources to offer valuable insights for key decision-making in resort development and operation, thereby supporting advancement of the ice-snow economy.

Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Geographical Distribution of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in Kenya with Maximum Entropy Model

Climate change has been disturbing the present species distribution ranges, resulting in the shifting of cultivation areas and decreases in production and quality. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.), which seeks optimum climatic resources, is a key cash crop economically in Kenya. In this study, the shifting of tea suitability was projected with the MaxEnt model under the SSP (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) climate scenarios for the 2050s and 2090s relative to the 1970–2000 distribution. Analysis under the current climatic condition showed that the proportions of optimal and medium- and marginal-suitable areas were 2%, 3%, and 24% of the total area, respectively, and located in south-western (SW), central, and north-eastern (NE) Kenya and, to some extent, in the Rift Valley. It was projected that the potential suitable tea-growing areas would migrate from the western areas to the central, eastern, and north-eastern highlands in Kenya. It was detected that the precipitation of the driest period (July), precipitation of the wettest quarter (April, May, and June), and annual temperature range could be the main climatic factors determining the shift in tea distribution. Compared to the current distribution (29%), the climatically suitable areas for tea production could reach 32.58% of Kenya’s land area under the SSP1-2.6 scenarios in the 2050s and 35.08% in the 2090s under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. On the contrary, it was found that the optimal climate-suitable habitats were projected to shrink by 2% and 1% in the 2050s and 2090s under all scenarios on the west side of the Great Rift Valley compared to the current distribution. In comparison, the sizes of medium- and marginal-suitable habitats would increase by 1% and 3%, respectively. The findings indicated that unless adaptive climate actions are taken, climate change could reduce the tea planting areas in western Kenya. Meanwhile, climate suitability was projected to expand upward on the east side of the Rift Valley, enhancing the potential distribution of tea. The developed climate information could be used to design and implement adaptation interventions in the lower elevation areas. Finally, we highlight that the available scientific literature on the climate suitability of tea in Kenya should be broadened by adding non-climatic factors.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Climate Resources during the Growing Season of Early-Season Rice in Hunan Province

The rising temperatures and changes in precipitation due to climate change have significantly impacted agricultural production. Evaluating the effects of climate change on rice production is crucial for improving rice cultivation techniques and ensuring food security. It is essential to comprehensively examine the climatic, spatial, and temporal variations during the duration of crop production. Previous research has mainly focused on different rice planting areas, rice types, and various growth stages of rice. However, more research is needed on the climatic changes during the crop-growing season in specific regions. Therefore, this study compiled complete daily meteorological data from 37 meteorological stations in Hunan Province from 1961 to 2020. The period from 1961 to 2020 was divided into three segments: 1961–1980 (a), 1981–2000 (b), and 2001–2020 (c), to analyze the characteristics of agricultural climate resource changes during different growth stages of early-season rice in Hunan Province. Results show that the heat resources were significantly increased (accumulated temperature growth rate of 43.36 °C/10a), the sunshine resources were decreased by −14.60 h/10a, and the precipitation resources were slightly increased by 6.85 mm/10a. The increase in heat resources mainly occurs during the vegetative growth stage of early-season rice. Additionally, the high-value regions of heat resources and precipitation in period c are 97.8% and 34.2% higher than the average values of periods a and b, respectively. In contrast, the regions with high sunshine hours significantly decreased in period c compared to periods a and b. In summary, the heat, sunshine, and water resources in the central and eastern regions of Hunan Province increase simultaneously, and appropriate cultivation measures should be adopted in the future to improve the yield and resource utilization efficiency of early-season rice in a double-cropping system.

Global Climate Resources and Climate Change for Beach Tourism (1950‐2019)

Climate is a primary determinant of tourism and recreational decisions. According to climate resource perspective–the study’s theoretical perspective–climate resources are meteorological variables of confirmable consequence to firm performance. Climate resources can be quantified using climate indices, or equations that variably weight meteorological variables that influence tourist decisions. To date, researchers have yet to calculate climate resources at the global scale using an index formulated for beach tourism, a subsector of marine tourism. We address this research gap, calculating the Holiday Climate Index (HCI)-beach globally from 1950 to 2019. The HCI-beach was formulated based on beach tourist surveys, an extensive literature review, and has been validated as the best‐fit index for beach tourism. Study findings (1) quantify ideal and unacceptable conditions for beach tourism globally, and (2) identify geographies with significant HCI‐beach changes over the span of 70 years (i.e., climate change). Findings contribute to the resource heterogeneity of climate resource perspective.

Nitrogen application increased yield sensitivity of indica hybrid rice to climate resource

Rice yield variability can be attributed to the range of sowing dates across extensive cropping areas and varying nitrogen application rates. Nonetheless, the precise quantitative relationship between sowing dates, nitrogen application rates, and rice yield development remains elusive. In this study, we evaluated differences in dry matter and yield components of three indica hybrid varieties for five sowing dates at four ecological sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China in 2019 and 2020, with three nitrogen application rates. Results indicated that yield initially increased and then decreased with delayed sowing dates. Photosynthetically active radiation accumulation after anthesis (PARAA) was identified as the key positive climate resource affecting rice yield, decreasing by an average of 19.7 MJ m−2 for every 15-day delay in sowing. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency decreased linearly with the delay in sowing dates. Early sowing of rice with high PARAA and effective accumulated temperature after anthesis (EATAA) showed yield increases due to nitrogen application, whereas late-sown rice with insufficient photothermal resources did not exhibit marked yield improvement and may experience yield reduction. Ensuring adequate dry matter accumulation after anthesis and high seed setting rate was the main way to increase yield, influenced by sowing dates and nitrogen application rates. Intriguingly, our study revealed that nitrogen application markedly enhanced yield sensitivity to PARAA and EATAA. This finding underscores the pivotal role of nitrogen in modulating crop responsiveness to climate resources, and contributes to a deeper understanding of agronomic practices for optimizing yield under varying climatic conditions.

Improvement of Climate Resource Utilization in the Southwestern Hilly Region through the Construction of a New Multi-Maturing Cropping System

The construction of an appropriate cropping pattern is crucial for the improvement of regional agricultural economic efficiency and sustainable development. Despite previous efforts, there remains a gap in optimizing cropping patterns that fully leverage climate resources to enhance production efficiency. This study addresses this gap by systematically comparing the differences in climate resource allocation, production efficiency and crop response among models by constructing four new triple-maturing cropping models at typical ecological sites in the hilly areas of southwest China. To solve the above problems, we constructed eight cropping patterns and classified them to three as follows: the Traditional Double Cropping System, the Traditional Triple Cropping System, the Novel Triple Cropping System. The results showed that the new multi-maturing planting pattern was significantly better than the traditional two-maturing netting pattern and the traditional three-maturing planting pattern in terms of light, temperature and water productivity. Compared with the traditional two-maturity net cropping model and the traditional three-maturity cropping model, the new cropping model increased light energy productivity by 97.88% and 50.00%, respectively; light energy use by an average of 0.48% and 0.31%; cumulative temperature productivity by an average of 84.70% and 49.14%; and rainfall productivity by an average of 101.04% and 49.61%. An assessment of the light, temperature and water meteorological resource use efficiency of the different treatments showed that the resource use efficiency of the new multi-maturing planting pattern was on average 111.58% and 74.78% higher than that of the traditional two-maturing net planting pattern and the traditional three-maturing planting pattern, with the T6 pattern having the highest resource use efficiency. The new multi-ripening cropping pattern has demonstrated production stability in response to changes in light, temperature and water resources, better adapting to weekly climate changes, stabilizing yields and improving efficiency. In summary, the results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing cropping patterns and promoting the use of climate resources in agriculture and sustainable development. Future research should focus on further refining these models, exploring their adaptability to various climatic conditions, and evaluating their long-term economic and environmental impacts.

Quantifying climatic suitability for tourism in Southwest Indian Ocean Tropical Islands: Applying the Holiday Climate Index to Réunion Island.

Climate is a key resource for tourists and tourism providers. Varied approaches to quantifying climate resources for tourism have been developed in the last 40years, computing indices from a range of meteorological variables to measure the comparative climatic suitability of different destinations through time. This study provides the first application of a tourism climate index in the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, applying the recently developed Holiday Climate Index (HCI) for Réunion Island. The suitability of this index is evaluated for the case of this French department, with a particular focus on air conditioning availability in tourism accommodation establishments as this index excludes night-time thermal comfort. Both iterations of the HCI (HCIBeach and HCIUrban) are computed with meteorological data from Roland Garros Airport for the period 1991-2020, exploring monthly, annual, and seasonal climatic suitability. Mean monthly HCI scores reveal considerable seasonality in climatic suitability for tourism on the island with scores ranging from 89.3 ('excellent') to 36.9 ('marginal') for the HCIBeach and 85.0 ('excellent') to 27.5 ('unacceptable') for the HCIUrban, with more favourable scores calculated for July and August, displaying a clear austral winter peak seasonal classification. Over the 30-year period, there is no statically significant change in mean annual climatic suitability, and at a monthly scale, only one month of the year for each index displays statistically significant trends. These results are important in informing tourism strategies for the island to maximise visitor satisfaction through targeting advertising more deliberately for peak touristic climate suitability during the winter months.

Природные рекреационные ресурсы как основа развития санаторно-курортной отрасли Алтайского края

Introduction. Natural recreational resources and the conditions of the region form the scope of medical and health services, depending on the potential, infrastructure, state of the enterprises of the sanatorium and resort complex. The region has multidisciplinary sanatoriums that use advanced medical and health technologies based on natural recreational factors. The purpose of the study: to assess the natural and recreational resources of the region to improve the development of the sanatorium and resort industry; to create an information database and a map of natural recreational resources to improve the development of the sanatorium and resort industry and the possibility of using these resources to restore public health and ensure the rational use of resort and recreational resources and the sustainable development of the studied industry in the Altai Territory. The scientific groundwork for creating a base of recreational resources of the territories was formed during field and desk research, studying the dynamics of the development of sanatoriums, collecting information on a relational database that contains the coordinates of objects. Research methods: a systematic approach, analytical and graphical methods. geocoding using a GIS environment. The material for the study is a database, which is represented by types of recreational medicinal resources within the territory of the Altai Territory: hydro-mineral (deposit, geographical coordinates), landscape, climatic. The database includes the following items: sanatoriums: name, location with coordinates, number of places in the organization, treatment profiles, treatment procedures; recreational resources: hydro-mineral, landscape, climatic resources. Research results. The natural recreational resources of the region have been studied and an information database has been created. The history, dynamics of the development of the studied industry, the modern characteristics of sanatoriums and a map of natural recreational resources for the development of the sanatorium and resort industry are analyzed. The relational type database contains the coordinates of objects, which allows you to perform the procedure of geocoding or spatial positioning in any GIS environment. Recommendations are given for their development for the development of sanatorium and health resort activities and health tourism in the territory of the region. Conclusion. The created database makes it possible to solve the problem of accumulating data on recreational, sanatorium and health resort resources of the Altai Territory, as well as tourist bases, recreation centers, hotels / hotels. for the sustainable development of the sanatorium and resort industry in the Altai Territory. A scheme based on recommendations on the use of natural resources for various stages of treatment or prevention of various groups of diseases has been proposed. At this stage, the structure of the Natural Resources Base for various categories of diseases has been developed, which allows 1) to assess the potential of medical resources; 2) to develop Recommendations-suggestions for implementation in practice of treatment of different groups of diseases.

Towards zero-carbon solar heating in severe cold and cold regions of China by building integrated heat pipes

As a climate-responsive building, the building integrated heat pipes (BIHP) can greatly improve the indoor thermal environment during the local heating season, utilizing the thermal diode characteristic and ultrahigh equivalent thermal conductivity of the L-shaped flat gravity heat pipe. The thermophysical properties of the internal envelope greatly influence the heating effect, and the utilization potentiality of BIHP varies in locations with diverse climate resources. In this paper, the utilization effects of BIHP at 61 locations in severe cold and cold regions of China are investigated. Improved backtracking search and particle swarm optimization are used to obtain the optimal heating effect and the corresponding thermophysical properties of the internal envelope at zero-carbon heating locations and non-zero-carbon heating locations, respectively. The relationship between the improvement degree of thermal discomfort and the solar radiation over temperature difference is studied, and the utilization potentiality map and zoning of BIHP are obtained. This study is of great significance for promoting the application of climate-responsive BIHP to effectively and efficiently utilize solar energy to reach zero-carbon heating.

Changes in morphometric parameters of lakes in different ecological zones of Mongolia: implications of climate change

The aim of this study was to determine the way recent climate change impacts the morphometric changes in lakes in various ecological zones of Mongolia. We studied 4 lakes located between 48 and 50°N as representative of other environmental zones of Mongolia and determined the correlation between climate variables and changes in the area, depth, and volume of these lakes. To analyze changes in the morphometric parameter variation in the lakes, we used the normalized difference water index, trend analysis, aridity index, and statistical analysis. According to our calculations, the area, depth, and volume of the lakes have decreased during the last 30 yr. Trend analysis showed that the average air temperature has significantly increased since 2000. Furthermore, the morphometric parameters (area, volume) of lakes decreased for all studied lakes, with R2 = 0.023 to 0.457. This study shows that ongoing climate warming in Mongolia has increased intensively since 2000, which is directly affecting the morphometric parameters of the lakes by reducing their area and volume. The calculation of the aridity index proved that the degree of dryness was intense in regions with high climate resources. The results presented in this article can help us understand the spatio-temporal patterns and causes of the morphometric changes in the lakes in relation to climate change in Mongolia.

Putting the net-zero hierarchy into practice: Build clever

Emily Halliwell continues this series of notes signposting key climate resources for IStructE members around each level in the hierarchy of net-zero design by looking at how to 'build clever' to minimise material usage and reduce carbon emissions.

One to twelve-month-ahead forecasting of MODIS-derived Qinghai Lake area, using neuro-fuzzy system hybridized by firefly optimization.

Lakes, as the main sources of surface water, are of great environmental and ecological importance and largely affect the climatic conditions of the surrounding areas. Lake area fluctuations are very effective on plant and animal biodiversity in the areas covered. Hence, accurate and reliable forecasts of ​lake area might provide the awareness of water and climate resources and the survival of various species dependent on area fluctuations. Using machine learning methods, the current study numerically predicted area fluctuations of ​China's largest lake, Qinghai, over 1 to 12months ahead of lead time. To this end, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor images were used to monitor the monthly changes in the area of ​the lake from 2000 to 2021. Predictive inputs included the MODIS-derived lake area time latency specified by the autocorrelation function. The data was divided into two periods of the train (initial 75%) and test (final 25%), and the input combinations were arranged so that the model in the test period could be used to predict 12 scenarios, including forecast horizons for the next 1 to 12months. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was utilized as a predictive model. The firefly algorithm (FA) was also used to optimize ANFIS and improve its accuracy, as a hybrid model ANFIS-FA. Based on evaluation criteria such as root mean square error (RMSE) (477-594 km2) and R2 (88-92%), the results confirmed the acceptable accuracy of the models in all forecast horizons, even long-term horizons (10months, 11months, and 12months). Based on the normalized RMSE criterion (0.095-0.125), the models' performance was reported to be appropriate. Furthermore, the firefly algorithm improved the prediction accuracy of the ANFIS model by an average of 16.9%. In the inter-month survey, the models had fewer forecast errors in the dry months (February-March) than in the wet months (October-November). Using the current method can provide remarkable information about the future state of lakes, which is very important for managers and planners of water resources, environment, and natural ecosystems. According to the results, the current approach is satisfactory in predicting MODIS-derived fluctuations of Qinghai Lake area and has research value for other lakes.

Responses of Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Rice to Climate Resources under Different Crop Rotation Patterns and Planting Methods.

Climate is the most important environmental factor influencing yield during rice growth and development. To investigate the relationships between climate and yield under different crop rotation patterns and planting methods, three typical rotation patterns (vegetable-rice (V), rape-rice (R), and wheat-rice (W)) and two mechanical planting methods (mechanical transplanting (T1) and mechanical direct seeding (T2)) were established. The results showed that compared to the V rotation pattern, the average daily temperature (ADT) during the sowing to heading stage increased under both R and W rotation patterns, which significantly shortened the growth period. Thus, the effective accumulated temperature (EAT), photosynthetic capacity, effective panicle (EP), and spikelet per panicle (SP) under R and W rotation patterns significantly decreased, leading to reductions in grain yield (GY). VT2 had a higher ratio of productive tillers (RPT), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf area index (LAI), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) than those of VT1, which significantly increased panicle dry matter accumulation (DMA), resulting in an increase in GY. Although RT2 and WT2 had a higher RPT than those of RT1 and WT1, the GY of RT1 and WT1 decreased due to the significant reductions in EAT and photosynthetic capacity. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the comprehensive score for different rotation patterns followed the order of V > R > T with VT2 ranking first. The structural equation model (SEM) showed that EAT and ADT were the most important climate factors affecting yield, with total effects of 0.520 and -0.446, respectively. In conclusion, mechanical direct seeding under vegetable-rice rotation pattern and mechanical transplanting under rape-rice or wheat-rice rotation pattern were the rice-planting methods that optimized the climate resources in southwest China.

Refined Evaluation of Climate Suitability of Maize at Various Growth Stages in Major Maize-Producing Areas in the North of China

The Northeast region of China and Huang Huai Hai (3H) region are vital maize production bases in northern China that are crucial for national food security. The absence of phenological data hinders a detailed assessment of the alignment between maize development stages and climatic resources. This study combines the authors’ maize phenology data with climate suitability modeling to evaluate maize’s climate suitability at different developmental stages in both regions. This study shows that during the maize growth cycle, the average temperature, precipitation, sunshine, and comprehensive climate suitability were 0.77, 0.49, 0.87, and 0.65, respectively, in the Northeast. In contrast, the average temperature, precipitation, sunshine, and comprehensive climate suitability in the 3H region were 0.98, 0.53, 0.73, and 0.70, respectively. Precipitation is a major factor influencing maize growth, with temperature and sunshine impacting growth differently across regions. Temperature significantly affects maize in the Northeast, while sunshine plays a greater role in the 3H region. The Northeast is suitable for drought-resistant maize varieties, and implementing a late harvest policy in Liaoning could enhance maize yield. The 3H region generally has favorable climatic conditions. Apart from certain parts of Henan needing drought-resistant varieties, areas with ample growing seasons can adopt long-duration varieties to maximize thermal resource utilization. Our results have important implications for optimizing maize planting strategies and enhancing regional resilience, aiming to assess meteorological factors’ impact on maize growth in key production areas.

Putting the net-zero hierarchy into practice: Build less

Conor Hayes continues this series of notes signposting key climate resources for IStructE members by looking at the second level in the hierarchy of net-zero design: building less to minimise material usage and reduce carbon emissions.

Putting the net-zero hierarchy into practice: Build nothing

Emily Halliwell introduces a new series of notes that will signpost key climate resources for IStructE members around each level in the hierarchy of net-zero design.

Prospects for the use of balneological and climatic resources of the liberated territories in health tourism


 
 
 The study reveals aspects of the development of health tourism on a global scale, current trends in this area, and the spread of medical tourism. The presence of abundant re- sources for the development of health tourism in the recently liberated territories, including plentiful thermal and mineral waters, a favorable microclimate, and the potential for organizing phytotherapy using medicinal plants, necessitates a comprehensive resource assessment. The global upswing in demand for health and spa tourism, coupled with an increasingly competitive landscape, underscores the need for a more comprehensive exploration of the existing potential. A new approach and methodology in health tourism and its place in international tourism are being investigated. Methodological approaches show new trends and competitiveness in health tourism. In the article, the evaluation of balneological climate resources in the liberated regions, the possibilities of their use in health tourism, and analysis of the current situation are made based on multi-criteria evaluation. The effects of healing mineral waters, microclimate and landscape factors from the region’s balneological climate resources on the development of health tourism are being investigated. It is stated that the balneological climatic resources of Kalbajar, Lachin and Shusha regions enable the formation of a competitive health tourism industry. At the same time, the current situation of health tourism in Azerbaijan, supply and demand analysis, development directions and main customer base are examined. Based on the tables, the advantages of mineral and thermal waters in the region are shown by comparing them with similar ones. The technological approach and the conceptual model proposed in the study identified the participation of relevant parties, invest- ment resources, opportunities for joint use with other types of tourism, as well as aspects of mutual development with other sectors of the economy. The authors came to the reasonable assertion that the available climatic, balneological and therapeutic mineral resources open wide prospects for the development of health tourism in such villages as Istisu and Zulfugarli of Lachin district and Dashalti village of Shusha district.
 
 

Spatiotemporal variation of the major meteorological elements in an agricultural region: A case study of Linyi City, Northern China

<abstract> <p>Evaporation is a key element of the water and energy cycle and is essential in determining the spatial and temporal variations of meteorological elements. In particular, evaporation is crucial for thoroughly understanding the climate variations of a region. In this study, we discussed evaporation, precipitation, and temperature by adopting Linyi City in Shandong Province, China, which is an important agricultural region, as a research case. Linear regression analysis, the empirical orthogonal decomposition function, and the Morlet wavelet function were used to reveal the trends, spatiotemporal modes, and multi-time scale characteristics of the three climate factors and provide a theoretical basis for the efficient use of climate resources in the future development of regional agriculture. Results showed that the precipitation (2.09 mm/a) and temperature (0.04 ℃/a) in Linyi City exhibited a synchronous growth trend. Conversely, evaporation (−6.47 mm/a) showed a decreasing trend and the evaporation paradox because of the considerable decrease in evaporation energy. Regional development of water-consuming agriculture in consideration of global warming is a key point for improving water use efficiency in Linyi City. In terms of spatial distribution, precipitation was dominated by the first mode wherein low precipitation was observed at the early stage, and high precipitation occurred at the late stage. The first mode was supplemented by the second mode wherein an inverse phase change occurred in the southeast-northwest direction. Large interannual fluctuations were observed only in Yinan County. Temperature exhibited a pattern of warming change with high homogeneity. Evaporation demonstrated obvious heterogeneity and was dominated by two major modes, and the difference in evaporation between Junan County and the other regions of Linyi City was large. Therefore, the local regional climate changes in Yinan and Junan should be given attention. All three meteorological elements showed interannual and interdecadal variations in the short (5 a), medium (16 a), and long (25 a) terms, with precipitation, temperature, and evaporation dominated by 16 a, 24 a, and 31 a, respectively. In the short-term future, the regional precipitation and temperature in Linyi will experience decrements that are above the multiyear average, and evaporation will increase to above the multiyear average. Given the changing trends of precipitation, temperature, and evaporation, urgent requirements for the regional development of efficient water-saving irrigation and the promotion of digital agriculture should be proposed.</p> </abstract>

Optimal allocation system of urban land use types under multi-objective constraints

Abstract This paper arranges suitable land use types according to the quality characteristics of land parcel units, obtains the objective function of optimal land use allocation, and constructs a multi-objective constraint system in the process of land use planning. The integer vector is used to encode the land use types and represent the spatial distribution of land use, combined with the particle swarm algorithm to calculate its adaptability, speed and position update based on the initial population size and construct the land use optimization allocation model based on the constraint system. The particle swarm algorithm is used to explore the geographic environment and climate resources, the economy of the natural economy of the study area, and Landsat TM remote sensing image technology is used to obtain the initial data on the land use of the study area and empirical analysis is carried out on the optimization of the allocation of urban land use in the study area. The results show that the algorithm converges faster and achieves global convergence when the parameter is set to the fourth state, and the comprehensive suitability evaluation function achieves global convergence at generation 73, with a value of 1.64E+08, which is faster than the convergence of parameter settings 1 and 2 as well as 3. The land types that increase in area include garden land, forest land, transportation land, and water and water conservancy facilities land, which increase by 0.8%, 2.84%, 0.14%, and 0.8%, respectively, which protects the arable land and restricts the expansion of the construction land in terms of the quantitative structure. This study enriches the content and methods of optimizing land use space allocation, which helps to rationalize the use of land resources.