Climate Treaty Research Articles

Building bridges in Climate Pact activities and Climate Action - example from Serbia

Abstract The European Climate Pact is a movement of citizens united around a common cause, each taking steps in their own worlds to build a more sustainable Europe. Launched by the European Commission, the Pact is part of the European Green Deal and is helping the EU to meet its goal to become climate-neutral by 2050. This work presents examples of activities of the EU Climate pact ambassador in different directions (international and national/local level), with an unique goal, to increase awareness of importance of action, change of mindset, and exchange positive experiences. Climate Action is presented: • through educational activities in EUGLOH project (European Global Health Universities Alliance) - by organizing Course Climate Action for Health and presenting to students at international level different Climate actions activities. • engagement of citizens through Rotary Climate Action in RD 2483 and wither in Rotary international community - as citizens activities - Rotary Climate Action with the aim to increase awareness of climate change and health consequences. • as mentorship activities with PhD students in the field (climate change and air pollution impact on respiratory diseases) - as a research activities. • as an example of cooperation with media in Serbia - increasing of awareness among journalists. There are a lot of possibilities to work in the long-term in the community, using glocal principles and trying to find a way to change the behaviour of citizens towards acceptance of climate neutrality as an important goal. Key messages • Climate Action is citizens action. • Climate action is a way to change the behaviour of citizens towards acceptance of climate neutrality as an important goal.

Proposals for the Prevention Health Consequences of Heat Stress as a Cross-sectional Task in the Health Care System

Climate change is the greatest threat to human health in the 21st century. Climate change poses a significant threat to human health in Germany, with increasing heatwaves causing high mortality rates. In recent years, the German medical profession has become increasingly concerned with the consequences of climate change, particularly extreme temperatures and heat, for human health. Although the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) issues heat warnings, there is a lack of comprehensive heat action plans (HAPs). Initiatives such as the "Berlin Heat Protection Action Alliance" offer sector-specific plans for healthcare facilities. There is an urgent need for action in the healthcare sector, as doctors play a key role in implementing heat protection measures and advocating for action against climate change. In addition to initiatives such as signing the "Climate Pact for Health" and raising awareness among stakeholders in the healthcare sector, increased education about heat-related health risks is essential. The results emphasise the urgency of measures in the healthcare sector in the face of advancing climate change. The medical profession plays a key role in the implementation of heat protection measures and should be actively involved in the planning and implementation of HAPs. Education and training on heat and health is essential in the health sector. Registration for heat warnings from the DWD (www.hitzewarnungen.de) is recommended, followed by sensitisation of decision-makers and employees in healthcare facilities. The medical profession has a crucial responsibility in the implementation of heat protection measures and should actively position itself and contribute to the political discussion on heat and climate change.

The road to the Paris AgreementLanding the Paris Climate Agreement: How It Happened, Why It Matters, and What Comes Next Todd Stern MIT Press, 2024. 280 pp.

An ambassador invites readers behind the scenes of the historic climate pact.

Bridging the Gap between Policy and Net-Zero Realization in Indonesia: An Outlook of Available Approaches

Abstract Indonesia has been ambitious with its efforts to tackle climate change and achieve net zero carbon emission. This is reflected by the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that has been defined by the Government and presented during the Copenhagen Accord, Paris Agreement, and Glasgow Climate Pact. In realization, Indonesia has also pledged to achieve net-zero carbon emission by 2060, especially in the energy sector. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR/KESDM) of Indonesia has published its plan to achieve said targets through diversification and intensification of new and renewable energy resources. New and renewable energy bill is also currently being discussed in Indonesia’s House of Representative (DPR-RI). However, the reality is that the country is facing several challenges in meeting its targets, and the plans and targets set by the government in the energy sector are not being achieved. In this paper, we analyze the factors that have hindered the implementation of Indonesia’s energy transition plan and suggest potential solutions for filling the gaps. To achieve the NDC, we suggest that Indonesia must identify new resources and intensify the use of existing resources. Additionally, the paper provides recommendations on energy market policy that can help to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This paper would provide a future outlook on Indonesia’s energy policy and energy market. by adopting new energy technologies, increasing investment in renewable energy, and developing policies that support the transition to a low-carbon economy. Our analysis highlights the importance of addressing the challenges faced by Indonesia’s energy sector and the need for a comprehensive strategy that takes into account the complex interplay of factors that affect the energy transition process.

Influence of Aeration, Introduction of Probiotics, and Supply of Water on Landfill Gas Production—Study of Models

When municipal solid waste (MSW) is placed in a landfill, it undergoes anaerobic decomposition, leading to the production of landfill gas, which primarily consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Reducing methane emissions is essential in the fight against climate change. It must be implemented at global and European levels, as set out in 2030 in the impact assessment of the climate goal plan. This assessment states that to achieve the goal by 2030 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55%, the methane emissions must be reduced, considering the goals of the Paris Agreement. The Glasgow Climate Pact includes a global mitigation target of the year 2030: to reduce CO2 emissions by 45%, and the emissions of methane and other greenhouse gasses. For that purpose, looking for new, more advanced ways of managing such waste is necessary. The main objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the influence of aeration, probiotic introduction, and water supply on the production of landfill gasses (CO2, CH4, N2, H2, etc.) in five different landfill models during the management of MSW and to propose the best solutions for reducing environmental pollution. The results of the research showed that the first and second models of landfills, using only anaerobic conditions, can be used for the treatment of MSW for the production of biogas (CH4, CO2), as up to 40–60% of it was released during the 120-experiment period. The third landfill model can be applied in old, already closed landfills, where the rapid stabilization and aeration of MSW are required to minimize pollutant emissions (N2, etc.) and unwanted odors and shorten biodegradation processes. The results of the fourth and fifth landfill models, in which aerobic–anaerobic conditions were applied, showed that the developing nitrification–denitrification processes resulted in complete nitrogen removal (from 20% to 0%), and overall waste stabilization improved the biodegradation of the MSW. Later, relatively good (on average, 30%) results of biogas (CH4, CO2) emissions are achieved during anaerobic condition formation results. Summarizing all experiment results of all landfill models for the further evaluation of the processes, all models can be applied in real practice depending on where they will be used and what result they want to achieve.

Assessing the Effectiveness of the 10 United Nations Global and Multilateral Climate Treaties

International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) have been implemented to address sustainability challenges and encourage international cooperation. The effectiveness of IEAs remains a topic of discussion, particularly in the context of addressing climate change. As CO2 emissions are influenced by a country’s economic activity and population size, the question of fairness arises when holding nations accountable for their contributions to climate change. The United Nations (UN) has played a significant role in shaping global treaties on climate change and facilitating multilateral negotiations across member nations. While UN-brokered IEAs offer a framework for cooperation and environmental regulation, debates persist regarding the allocation of responsibility and the effectiveness of implementation. This paper examines specific IEAs relating to global climate change and their achievements, limitations, and potential for improvement.

Climate change, energy transition, and the Global South: learnings from the international framework on the ozone layer

The pursuit of climate action to meet net-zero targets has triggered the call for a global energy transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources. However, this global energy transition does not entirely recognise all countries’ social, economic and technological capacities as well as emission contributions as envisaged under the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle, which underlies international climate policy. It is concerned more with the outcome of transitioning to clean energy than with justice in the transition process. Recognition justice, an element of energy justice, enables us to identify the inequalities that global energy paradigms (such as the energy transition) can create and how a justice framework can help us understand the implications of energy injustice and address the inequities across energy systems. Recognition justice acknowledges the divergent perspectives rooted in social, economic and racial differences and the varied strengths of developed and developing countries. The energy transition process ought to recognise these differences so that they are reasonably expected to benefit everyone. Implementing the energy transition in the Global South (GS) in the same way as it is being advanced in the Global North will have security, justice, economic, resource-stranding, and sustainable development implications. This issue (of injustice in the energy transition) is aggravated by two dichotomous realities: many countries in the South will be most impacted by climatic changes, yet there remains political and social opposition to climate action through the energy transition. As a solution, this paper relies on the notion of recognition justice with support from the Rawlsian justice concept to argue that a delayed transition represents justice and recognises the peculiar nature and different circumstances of the GS. It identifies that learnings from the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and the notion of CBDR under international climate treaties can be mainstreamed into energy transition research and policies to achieve justice for countries of the GS. The paper further finds that a delayed transition for the GS will (i) enable the region to address sustainability-related issues of hunger and multidimensional poverty, essential to realising other Sustainable Development Goals, whilst gradually implementing energy transition policies; (ii) present an attractive case against political and social opposition to energy transition in the GS; (iii) advance the goal of CBDR already recognised under international climate treaties and the bifurcated approaches established in such treaties; and, finally, (iv) ensure that developed countries contributing the most to greenhouse gas emissions take the lead now and act while the GS effectuates national contributions sustainably.

A quasi‐normative conflict: Resolving the tension between investment treaties and climate action

AbstractThe conflict between investment treaties and climate action is escalating due to recent investment arbitration cases challenging States' fossil fuel phase‐out measures as violations of investment treaty obligations. As countries continue to implement climate mitigation and adaptation measures across various industries, this tension is expected to result in a rise in climate‐related investment arbitration claims. The current literature has primarily presented the tension between investment and climate treaties as a vertical conflict, with investment treaties having a chilling effect on States' climate regulation. The common defence for States' regulation has been based on their ‘right to regulate’. It remains unclear whether there exists a horizontal conflict between investment and climate treaties, primarily due to the flexible nature of climate treaty obligations. However, a sovereignty‐based justification fails to recognise the international obligation of climate action and is insufficient for reconciling the conflict. This article delves into the intricate nature of the conflict between States' climate measures and their investment treaty obligations and argues that the conflict exhibits a ‘quasi‐normative’ nature, given the combination of binding climate obligations, permissive implementation methods and normative expectations of ambition. The article suggests that investment treaties should include clearly defined conflict clauses that outline the scope of the conflict between investment and climate treaties and establish specific mechanisms for resolving such conflicts.

Rethinking climate agreements: self-enforcing strategies for emission reduction through sanctions

Although climate change is expected to cause significant negative impacts, climate treaties give hope for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, potentially leading to less severe climate change. However, climate change is a public bad: If each country aims to maximize its own benefit, some countries might free ride and continue to emit GHGs. Consequently, climate treaties have seen limited success, and a central question is how future treaties can achieve GHG emission reduction and also be ‘self-enforcing’—where participating countries have no incentive to withdraw or modify their contributions. Here we examine a dynamic negotiation process involving multiple countries, each deciding whether and when to join the agreement and whether to penalize non-participants. In particular, we distinguish between (1) indirect punishment, in which countries invest less in emission reduction in response to non-compliance of other countries, and (2) direct punishment, in which countries impose sanctions, such as punitive tariffs, against countries that do not comply. We analyze the negotiation process using evolutionary game theory. We show that how the two types of punishment are implemented greatly affects the agreement’s outcome. In particular, an efficient combination of the punishments could lead to more desirable self-enforcing agreements. These findings indicate that integrating punitive measures with an effective negotiation framework could result in more desirable climate agreements.

Climate politics in global Hobbesian Jungle.

Climate change, largely triggered by human-induced greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, seems unstoppable. There was a strong rebound of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, the preponderant GHG in terms of contribution to global warming, around the world after the COVID-19 lockdown. Also, there is still no widely accepted international treaty on curbing the anthropogenic emissions of CH 4 and N 2O, the second and third predominant GHG, respectively, so far. Thereby, prima facie, in respect to mitigating climate change, currently, humans have no aces up their sleeves. It seems that current temperature rise is not high enough to take alarm until the occurrence of tipping point. Climate-related international treaties, such as 2016 Paris agreement, are compromises among conflicting geopolitical pressures. However, currently, the climate treaties show little mandatory binding force on the signatories who are able to violate and then get off scot-free, thus may end up like a nostrum. Throughout the European history, I find that the only way, if at all, to achieve the peace or obedience of a treaty is via balancing powers, embodied in Bismarck's Realpolitik of Germany and Richelieu's Raison d'état of France. Similarly, the Chinese history in East Asia proved the significance of unadulterated ideological neutrality and Darwinian adaptability in the kaleidoscope of evolving circumstances in maintaining order and enforcement of international treaties through balancing the power of rivalries to constrain ever-recurring challengers for equilibrium. A successful policy needs to make a thorough analysis of all relevant factors to form a long-term strategic notion. Then, statesmen need to distill an array of nebulous, always contradictory options into a tenacious, controllable direction. Thereby, I suggest that, for better curbing global warming, climate agreements or climate club be incorporated into an overall geopolitical framework among the international communities.

Climate therapy: Developing a climate change charter for Cancer Trials Ireland (CTI).

e23214 Background: Climate change is a threat to human existence. Healthcare is the 5th leading cause of CO2 emissions globally, while clinical trials generate the equivalent of half the CO2 emissions of Denmark. Consequently, both enterprises represent significant, potentially modifiable, causes of climate change. In response to this climate toxicity (PMID 36773799), CTI launched the National Green Cancer Clinical Trials Initiative in 2022. A climate charter, which was to consist of a living document of actionable areas, was commissioned by the CTI board to implement them. Methods: Carbon footprint touch points of CTI’s activity on climate change were identified such as travel, procurement, energy use, financial management. An online scoping review of existing academic and non-academic sustainability initiatives, funding agency and national policy documents, peer reviewed and grey literature sources was conducted using the terms climate change and sustainability. Action points were categorised and collated. No exemplar climate charters for clinical trial organisations were identified in the search. Results: 5 pillars of interaction with sustainability initiatives were evident. These were education, engagement, empowerment, embedding, and emphasising. These pillars related to 8 themes for climate smart involvement by CTI staff and members. Personal commitment to sustainability at an individual level eg dietary choices, EU climate pact participation. Trial design and management eg sustainability assessment & integration into protocols Recycling and waste management at central office and sites. Energy and water use eg optimise computing infrastructure, prioritise low carbon sources. Procurement and contracts eg promote green purchasing, integrate environmental and social sustainability clauses in contracts, sustainability assessment of financial services including pensions Meetings and conferences eg prioritising virtual meetings, select conference venues and accommodation with environmental certs. Commuting and business travel. Outreach eg, to University partners, trainees, network with Green Trial groups. Conclusions: The climate charter provides a structure to facilitate sustainability integration at CTI. This living document registers existing activities, highlights areas for engagement, facilitates horizon scanning and outreach to emerging initiatives, empowers staff , and demonstrates an organisational commitment to climate smart, clinical trial conduct.

Language Affects Climate

AbstractLanguage not only reflects and cocreates social universes but can also be and is performative regarding the planetary common good, e.g., through international treaties and agreements. This paper investigates the rationale and feasibility of altering the language used by Glasgow Climate Pact to a posthuman mode that addresses the issue of more-than-human inequality by becoming inclusive toward nonhuman actors, and presents a selection of edited excerpts. The main findings state that (1) the language of the Glasgow Climate Pact is inadequate concerning its expected agency, (2) the reasons for this include its anthropocentrism, capitalocentrism and technocentrism, and (3) it is possible to rephrase the Glasgow Climate Pact and similar documents to address the diagnosed problems in a radically inclusive way. This paper represents a starting point for a discussion on the interrelations between climate and language and on the importance of language used by policy documents in the optics of climate action.

Does Climate Policy Affect The Price And Volume Of Indonesian Coal Exports?

This study aims to investigate the impact of climate policies, such as the ParisAgreement and its derivatives, the Gasglow climate pact, on the reference coal priceand its effect on the volume of Indonesian coal exports. A qualitative approach,utilizing secondary data from various international level journals, data from theMinistry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the World Bank, and other relevantsources, was employed. The research method utilized literature study. The results ofthis study indicate Climate policies the Paris Agreement, the Glasgow Climate Pact,and benchmark coal price on Indonesia's coal export volume is limited do not have anotable effect the volume of coal exports do not significantly impact the reference.Recommendation for Policy makers should conduct a comprehensive assessment ofcoal export policies, with a particular focus on their alignment with the commitmentsoutlined in the Paris Agreement and the Glasgow Climate Pact. This assessmentshould include an examination of emissions targets and whether or not coal exportsare at odds with them.

Asymmetric role of green energy, innovation, and technology in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions: evidence from India.

The primary cause of environmental degradation, which poses a danger to the long-term viability of the ecosystem, is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). For this reason, the Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26) established a decarbonization goal in response to this ecological concern, for which all economic players have a responsibility. India is among the participants who have a target set for them to decarbonize their economies by the year 2060 via the use of green energy and the advancement of science and innovation. Nevertheless, the asymmetrical effect of green energy, technology, and innovation on India's decarbonization program was not sufficiently explored in the prior study; hence, this research aims to fill this literature vacuum by considering India's GHG emissions from 1990 to 2020 by leveraging the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The findings reveal the asymmetric influences of variables of interest on GHG emissions during the short and long term and under positive and negative shocks. Regarding the positive shock, long-term findings demonstrate that innovation and technical know-how grow GHG emissions and accelerate environmental degradation. However, a negative shock in innovations and technological know-how is opposed to a positive shock and improving environmental conditions. Further, positive shocks in green energy boost environmental effectiveness by reducing GHG secretions in India. In contrast, the negative shock in green energy deteriorates the environment by triggering GHG releases. These factual findings compel the Indian government to prioritize green technologies in addition to green energy generation to decouple economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions and meet rising energy demands.

Forestry Applications of Space-Borne LiDAR Sensors: A Worldwide Bibliometric Analysis.

The 21st century has seen the launch of new space-borne sensors based on LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology developed in the second half of the 20th century. Nowadays, these sensors offer novel opportunities for mapping terrain and canopy heights and estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) across local to regional scales. This study aims to analyze the scientific impact of these sensors on large-scale forest mapping to retrieve 3D canopy information, monitor forest degradation, estimate AGB, and model key ecosystem variables such as primary productivity and biodiversity. A worldwide bibliometric analysis of this topic was carried out based on up to 412 publications indexed in the Scopus database during the period 2004-2022. The results showed that the number of published documents increased exponentially in the last five years, coinciding with the commissioning of two new LiDAR space missions: Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat-2) and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI). These missions have been providing data since 2018 and 2019, respectively. The journal that demonstrated the highest productivity in this field was "Remote Sensing" and among the leading contributors, the top five countries in terms of publications were the USA, China, the UK, France, and Germany. The upward trajectory in the number of publications categorizes this subject as a highly trending research topic, particularly in the context of improving forest resource management and participating in global climate treaty frameworks that require monitoring and reporting on forest carbon stocks. In this context, the integration of space-borne data, including imagery, SAR, and LiDAR, is anticipated to steer the trajectory of this research in the upcoming years.

Country-level estimates of gross and net carbon fluxes from land use, land-use change and forestry

Abstract. The reduction of CO2 emissions and the enhancement of CO2 removals related to land use are considered essential for future pathways towards net-zero emissions and mitigating climate change. With the growing pressure under global climate treaties, country-level land-use CO2 flux data are becoming increasingly important. So far, country-level estimates are mainly available through official country reports, such as the greenhouse gas inventories reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Recently, different modelling approaches, namely dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) and bookkeeping models, have moved to higher spatial resolutions, which makes it possible to obtain model-based country-level estimates that are globally consistent in their methodology. To progress towards a largely independent assessment of country reports using models, we analyse the robustness of country-level CO2 flux estimates from different modelling approaches in the period 1950–2021 and compare them with estimates from country reports. Our results highlight the general ability of modelling approaches to estimate land-use CO2 fluxes at the country level and at higher spatial resolution. Modelled land-use CO2 flux estimates generally agree well, but the investigation of multiple DGVMs and bookkeeping models reveals that the robustness of their estimates strongly varies across countries, and substantial uncertainties remain, even for top emitters. Similarly, modelled land-use CO2 flux estimates and country-report-based estimates agree reasonably well in many countries once their differing definitions are accounted for, although differences remain in some other countries. A separate analysis of CO2 emissions and removals from land use using bookkeeping models also shows that historical peaks in net fluxes stem from emission peaks in most countries, whereas the long-term trends are more connected to removal dynamics. The ratio of the net flux to the sum of CO2 emissions and removals from land use (the net-to-gross flux ratio) underlines the spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the drivers of net land-use CO2 flux trends. In many tropical regions, net-to-gross flux ratios of about 50 % are due to much larger emissions than removals; in many temperate countries, ratios close to zero show that emissions and removals largely offset each other. Considering only the net flux thus potentially masks large emissions and removals and the different timescales upon which they act, particularly if averaged over countries or larger regions, highlighting the need for future studies to focus more on the gross fluxes. Data from this study are openly available via the Zenodo portal at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8144174 (Obermeier et al., 2023).

Climate-biodiversity nexus in transnational climate governance: variation across net zero initiatives

The Glasgow Climate Pact recognizes the importance of biodiversity protection for climate action. While climate and biodiversity governance processes remain separated at the intergovernmental level, transnational initiatives may provide opportunities to better integrate these two important issues. If linkages between the two cannot be well managed in transnational action, we might be running the risk of achieving a net zero economy at the expenses of nature. How do transnational governance initiatives understand and address the linkages between climate change and biodiversity protection? We tackle this question by assessing the targets on biodiversity identified by 25 partner initiatives of the Race to Zero – a UN-backed campaign with clear criteria to rally non-state and subnational action for achieving net zero by 2050. Our study shows variation within the campaign: 28% of its partner initiatives did not consider biodiversity at all, whilst 36% of the partner initiatives have identified detailed commitments and action plans to ensure no harm on biodiversity. Overall, more than two-thirds of the partner initiatives had mentioned the role of biodiversity in climate action. Considering possible explanatory factors of the variation observed, we suggest that the target sector and engagement with environment-oriented organizations are likely to lead transnational governance initiatives to consider biodiversity alongside emission reductions in net zero strategies and commitments. The study sheds light linkages between climate mitigation and biodiversity protection in the recent net zero movement and proposes policy recommendations for transnational initiatives to better integrate climate and biodiversity targets.

Systemwide energy return on investment in a sustainable transition towards net zero power systems

The Glasgow Climate Pact articulated the vital importance of renewables in reducing emissions on the way to net-zero pledges. During the power sector transition, foreseeing conditions affecting the plausibility of pathway options is crucial for specifying an optimal system development strategy. This study examines the net energy performance of nine decarbonisation global energy transition scenarios until 2050 by applying a newly developed systemwide energy return on investment (EROI) model. All scenarios result in an EROI value above the upper limit of the net energy cliff, expected to be around 10. EROI trends heavily depend on transition paths. Once achieving higher renewable energy shares begin requiring significant enabling technologies, EROI continually declines as the shares increase. Shortening the transition period leads to a sharper declining of EROI, which stabilises after achieving 100% renewables. The vulnerability arising from natural gas and oil depletions may have worst impact on EROI of fossil fuels dominated systems.

The Role of the Government of West Java in the Implementation of the New and Renewable Energy Program Based on the Glasgow Climate Pact

Abstrak: COP26 yang dilaksanakan di Glasgow, Skotlandia telah mendorong komitmen negara-negara di dunia yang hadir pada pertemuan tersebut untuk merealisasikan ambisi dunia dalam menekan angka peningkatan suhu bumi di batas 1,5°C. Salah satu solusi yang digemakan pada pertemuan tersebut adalah transisi penggunaan energi menuju energi baru dan terbarukan (EBT). Dalam mewujudkan komitmen tersebut maka Indonesia perlu mengidentifikasi sebaran peran dan kontribusi pemerintah daerah agar dapat membantu pencapaian target RUEN (Rencana Umum Energi Nasional) melalui RUED (Rencana Umum Energi Daerah). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-kualitatif, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana peran pemerintah Jawa Barat sebagai pemerintah daerah dalam implementasi Pakta Iklim Glasgow. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (DPR RI) melalui fungsi pengawasan untuk mendorong distribusi peran pemerintah daerah dalam implementasi EBT melalui empat komponen penting: integrasi regulasi pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah, penyederhanaan birokrasi antara pemerintah daerah dan pemerintah pusat dalam perwujudan EBT, optimalisasi distribusi anggaran dan pembiayaan EBT, serta optimalisasi screening dan monitoring implementasi EBT pemerintah daerah. Dengan demikian, keterlibatan peran pemerintah Jawa Barat dalam mendukung percepatan target RUEN pada implementasi program EBT dapat terwujud secara optimal. Abstract: COP26 in Glasgow, Scotland, has encouraged the commitment of the countries in the world that were present at the meeting to realize the world's ambitions in suppressing the increase in the Earth's temperature to the limit of 1.5°C. One solution echoed at the conference was transitioning from energy use to new and renewable energy (NRE). In realizing this commitment, Indonesia needs to identify the distribution of roles and contributions of subnational governments so that they can help achieve the RUEN (National Energy General Plan) target through RUED (Subnational Energy General Plan). Using a descriptive-qualitative approach, this study aims to explain the role of the West Java government as a subnational government in implementing the Glasgow climate pact. This study recommends to the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR RI), through its oversight function, to encourage the distribution of the role of subnational governments in the implementation of new and renewable energy (NRE) through four essential components: integration of national and subnational government regulations, simplification of the bureaucracy between subnational governments and the national government in the realization of NRE, optimizing NRE budget distribution and financing, as well as optimizing screening and monitoring the implementation of NRE in subnational governments. Thus, the involvement of the role of the West Java government in supporting the acceleration of the RUEN target on the implementation of the NRE program can be realized optimally. .

Political Feasibility and a Global Climate Treaty

ABSTRACT I contend that to be politically feasible a global climate treaty must satisfy the International Paretian principle (IP). I begin by defending IP as a principle of instrumental rationality that reflects the fact of extremely limited altruism vis-à-vis foreigners. I then address two objections to my thesis. One holds that an IP treaty is either economically infeasible or, contrary to its proponents’ claim, does not require side payments from poor states to rich ones. The other holds poor states will reject any climate treaty that requires such side payments because it ignores or exacerbates their unjust treatment by rich states.