Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme Research Articles

Bioclimatic Conditions of the Classic Tourist Route Tashkent-Samarkand-Bukhara-Khiva in Uzbekistan

This article is devoted to assessing the bioclimatic conditions of the most popular route among foreign tourists in Uzbekistan – Tashkent-Samarkand-Bukhara-Khiva based on statistical processing of meteorological observation data for the period 2011-2020 and the use of the thermohygrometric coefficient of air dryness (THC) and Missenard’s Effective Temperature (ET). Climatic descriptions of the cities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva include information on the regime of air temperature, precipitation, air humidity, and cloudiness, which were used to compile the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS). The results obtained show that in the cities under study, there are two seasons with the most favorable thermal comfort conditions throughout the year. In Tashkent, these are the periods April-May and September-first ten days of November, in Samarkand – March-June and September-October, in Bukhara – April-May and September-October, and Khiva – from the second ten days of April to June and from the third ten days of August to the second ten days of October.

Climate-Tourism Information Scheme (CTIS) for sport events from past: analysis of cases of 1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow) and 2018 FIFA World Cup

This article provides a quantitative analysis of local climate-related factors that may influence the organization of large sport events in Moscow, Russia, and its graphic representation in form of CTIS (Climate-Tourism Information Scheme) with decade resolution for 1991-2021. The individual CTIS for two historical sport events with daily resolution were also done, and then compared to meteorological data recorded during two large sport events to assess the agreement between averaged and actual conditions, which was found to be good enough for CTIS to serve as basic evaluation method. The CTIS-difference with sport events in Moscow compared with cases of Doha and Tokyo seem to be more about identifying the time period with biggest thermal comfort frequencies, instead of looking for occurrences of heat stress conditions. According to 1980 Summer Olympics and 2018 FIFA World Cup events it can be noted that time period was planned satisfactorily.

Evaluation of Tourism-Climate Conditions in the Region of Kłodzko Land (Poland)

Kłodzko Land is one of the most important regions of Poland in terms of tourism and health issues. Numerous tourism attractions and health resorts make the region attractive for both tourist and bathers. The goal of this paper was to evaluate the impact of weather conditions on tourism-related conditions and their changes in the multiannual period. In the analysis, the indices of heat days, the UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) and CTIS (Climate Tourism Information Scheme) tools were used. The research on heat days and the UTCI indicated a significant increase in the heat-stress frequency over the last decades. Simultaneously, the number of weather types related to cold stress has considerably decreased. Such trends were noticed in the entire region, in all the considered hypsometric zones. The rising tendency was also observed for strong and very strong heat stress (UTCI > 32 °C), which negatively affects health problems. The analysis showed that the most extreme thermal and biothermal conditions, in terms of heat stress, occur under southern and eastern anticyclonic circulation. The CTIS analysis showed that favorable weather conditions for most of tourism activities are noticed in the warm half-year. The usefulness of weather conditions for tourism can vary depending on atmospheric circulation.

Warunki biometeorologiczne Kłodzka i ich wpływ na klimatoterapię i turystykę

Biometeorological conditions of Kłodzko and their influence on climatotherapy and tourism The region of Kłodzko belongs to the most important tourist areas in the Lower Silesia. It is also a very important region in the context of health resorts. Because of significant impact of weather conditions on both tourism and health issues, a crucial aspect is to evaluate the influence of weather on human organism and various forms of climatotherapy, tourism and recreation. The goal of the paper was to evaluate the biometeorological conditions of Kłodzko, considering its bio-thermal conditions as well as the usefulness of weather for climatotherapy, tourism and recreation. The basis for the analysis was meteorological data for 1971–2015 from the IMGW-PIB station in Kłodzko. The evaluation of biometeorological conditions included the bio-thermal index of UTCI and the weather suitability index for tourism and recreation (WSI). The WSI is calculated on the basis of the MENEX model which enables an assessment of the human heat balance. The climate tourism information scheme (CTIS) was also considered. It enables an evaluation of recreational potential with a consideration of bio-thermal conditions and the impact of particular meteorological variables. Based on the mentioned methods, a structure of heat stress categories and the annual course of usefulness of weather for climatotherapy, tourism and recreation were presented. The results of the research showed that weather conditions related to no thermal stress prevail on an annual scale. As for the context of the impact of weather on tourism issues, the best conditions are observed in the warm season, especially in the spring and autumn period. The results of the study can be a source of information for tourists and bathers visiting the region. They can also be a basis for increasing the knowledge on biometeorological conditions of the Sudetes.

Tourism-related climate information for adjusted and responsible planning in the tourism industry in Barcelona, Spain

The incorporation of climate and environmental resources into the sustainable development of contemporary tourism is a challenge that requires special attention. From this imperative approach, the trustworthy information on local tourism-related climate and bioclimate conditions is a growing need, and influences the tourists’ travel decision-making process. This study aims to increase the sensitivity towards tourism-related climate information to support an adjusted and responsible planning in the tourism industry in Barcelona, Spain. The assessment of local climate and bioclimate conditions was conducted by using meteorological data from 2007 to 2017. Accordingly, a bioclimatological brochure with practical use was designed integrating thermal, esthetic, and physical climate facets for tourism, which were analyzed in 10-day intervals and combined with the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS). The CTIS of Barcelona highlights that the most suitable climatic and bioclimatic conditions last from the end of February to the first 10 days of June, and from September to mid-November, where all analyzed parameters converge at a relatively high rate of ideal conditions. This study certainly is a contribution on how to evaluate the climate and bioclimate for a defined destination from the perspective of tourism. The results here provided are crucial for tourism planners, visitors, tourism attendees, and health authorities. Furthermore, they should be used to encourage and establish decisive strategies to mitigate the seasonality of tourism.

Long-term variability of bioclimatic conditions and tourism potential for Warsaw agglomeration (Poland)

The research area includes one of the largest in terms of population and also the most attractive tourist area in Poland—Warsaw agglomeration. The aim of the study is to assess the temporal and spatial difference of the heat stress on the human body in this area based on long-term data (1980–2016). On the basis of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and designated Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS) diagrams, a comprehensive and detailed bioclimate assessment was made for three different areas. The highest values of the UTCI as well as the frequency of thermal sensations related to heat stress occurred at the Bielany station representing the city area, and the lowest at stations representing suburban area—Legionowo and outskirts—Okęcie. A negative linear trend of the number of days was observed for thermal stress related to cold stress and the category of ‘no thermal stress’ while a positive linear trend was obtained for thermal stress related to heat stress. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that in summer months (in June over 60%) the conditions are favourable for the residents causing the lack or slight intensification of the body’s adaptation processes and they are beneficial for practicing various forms of recreation and tourism. However, on the other hand, the rise in the number of days with the ‘strong and very strong heat stress’ especially at the station representing the city area is a disturbing factor and negatively affecting both the health and well-being of agglomeration residents in the future.

Present and Future Climate—Tourism Conditions in Milos Island, Greece

The objective of this study is to analyze the present and future climate-tourism conditions in Milos Island, Cyclades, Greece, by means of the assessment of the three climate components (physical, thermal, and aesthetic), which interprets the so-called climatic tourism potential. Milos Island is chosen as a representative island of the Cyclades complex in the Aegean Sea. Future climate change conditions are analyzed using the high-resolution simulations (grid size 0.11° × 0.11°) of the Regional Climate Model ALADIN 5.2 from Centre National de Recherche Meteorologiques, Meteo France (CNRM). The climate simulations concern the future periods 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 against the reference period 1961–1990, under two Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Based on regional climate simulations, the tourism potential can be described in a meaningful and simple way by applying the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS), which depicts detailed climate information that could be used by tourists to foresee the thermal comfort, aesthetic, and physical conditions for planning their vacations. More specifically, the thermal climate component is interpreted by the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), which is one of the most popular physiological thermal indices based on the human energy balance. The findings of the analysis could be used by stakeholders and the tourism industry in decision-making regarding the destination of Milos for tourism planning and touristic infrastructure development.

Quantification of the Tourism Climate of Algeria Based on the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme

The relevance and role of aesthetic, thermal and physical facets to climatic tourism potential over Algeria at 12.00 UTC (13.00 local time) are analyzed. This role is revealed using the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS) elaborated for six Algerian cities having indisputable tourism potentiality and representing different regions and climate regimes: Coastline, Highland and Sahara zone. In this paper, the relevance of the use of the 10-day time-scale resolution of the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) derived from the body-atmosphere energy balance as well as the importance of the CTIS at this time-scale resolution is illustrated. The CTIS diagrams produced concern the period 1986–2015 and comprise detailed information on the frequencies of the occurrence of different climatological and human biometeorological parameters throughout the year, which could help tourists to plan ahead their vacations. A significant upward trend in discomfort conditions, as well as a substantial decline in human thermal comfort acceptability, are observed during the period of the study. The obtained results could help enormously in the promotion of tourism and leisure services in the country as a highly promising economic sector in the future and those who are involved, such as tour operators, by diversifying their products through the provision of alternative types of tourism offerings in line with the climate conditions.

Assessment of Tourism Climate Opportunities and Threats for Villages Located in the Northern Coasts of Iran

Identifying environmental potentials has a crucial role in the construction and spatial planning of our country, especially in the countryside. This article attempts to examine the climate characteristics of the tourism villages located at the northern coast of Iran, which is the south of Caspian Sea, in order to expand and develop the tourism industry. In this study, for the first time, terms of climate comfort and climate tourism in 6 tourism villages of 3 provinces of Golestan, Gilan, and Mazandaran were analyzed through physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and climate-tourism-information-scheme (CTIS) by using data from 1994-2014. Results from PET showed that among the 6 studied villages in Mazandaran, Kandolus and Javaher Deh had the most days of thermal comfort with values of 51.6% and 51%, respectively in the entire period of the study while the least thermal comfort was 35.3% which belonged to Zeyarat in Golestan. The results also showed that based on PET, late fall to mid-winter held the maximum climate comfort conditions observed in the villages of the 3 provinces. Furthermore, it was found that the most important climate comfort deterrent factor in villages of Gilan and Golestan was hot class and for Mazandaran, bioclimatic warmth. However, based on CTIS, windy, foggy, and cold stress were not known as comfort limiting factors in the entire study area. Sultry and heat stress were introduced as tourism limiting factors in the summer and spring. On the other hand, the maximum comfort was in the autumn based on thermal comfort.

Quantification of climate-tourism potential for Athens, Greece – Recent and future climate simulations

<p>The aim of this paper is to present in a useful and understandable way how climatic change could be interpreted for tourism and recreation. Future climate change conditions are analyzed using the Climate Version of the Local Model (CLM) based on the COSMO model, which is currently used – among other weather services – by the DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst) for operational weather forecast. The climate simulations concern the future periods 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 against the reference period 1961-1990, under A1B scenario. Based on regional climate simulations, the analysis for tourism can be performed using the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS). The CTIS contains detailed climate information, which can be used by tourists to anticipate thermal comfort, aesthetical and physical conditions for planning their vacations. Furthermore, the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), which is one of the most popular physiological thermal indices derived from the human energy balance, is used in the analysis in order to describe the effect of climate. The future simulations concerning PET and CTIS for the area for Athens have been exemplary used, in order to consider them for tourism industry and local authorities for tourism planning.</p>

Thermal comfort and tourism climate changes in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in the last 50 years

In this paper, the thermal comfort and its changes in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau over the last 50 years have been evaluated by using the physiological equivalent temperature (PET), and a more complete tourism climate picture is presented by the Climate–Tourism–Information Scheme (CTIS). The results show that PET classes in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau cover six out of the nine-point thermal sensation scale — very cold, cold, cool, slightly cool, neutral and slightly warm — and cold stress is prevailing throughout the year. A small number of slightly cool/warm and neutral days occur in summer months. There occur no warm, hot and very hot days. The frequency of PET classes varies among regions, depending on their altitude/latitude conditions. Xining, Lhasa and Yushu are the top three cities in terms of thermal favorability. With global warming, annual cumulative number of thermally favorable days has been increasing, and that of cold stress has been reducing. The change is more obvious in lower elevation than that in higher elevation regions. The improving thermal comfort in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau might be a glad tiding for local communities and tourists. Besides PET, CTIS can provide a number of additional bioclimatic information related to tourism and recreational activities. CTIS for Lhasa and Xining shows that sunshine is plentiful all the year round, and windy days occur frequently from late January to early May. This is a useful bioclimatic information for tourism authorities, travel agencies, resorts and tourists.

Estimation of Tourism Climate in the Lake Balaton Region, Hungary

Abstract Lake Balaton is one of the most important and best-known tourist destinations in Hungary. Although in the last few years, several efforts were implemented to increase the length of the tourist season, the highest visitor turnover occurs in the summer months. We mostly regard the Lake Balaton as a bathing place, despite of the fact that the region offers more and more tourism products. The beach tourism and other lakeside activities are highly dependent on weather and climate. In order to know that a region's climate what extent is suitable to the given tourism activities, the tourism climate potential must be determined. This study aims to illustrate observed changes of the tourism climate potential of Lake Balaton Region during the last half century, by using Tourism Climatic Index (TCI) and Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS). The analysis is based on the long-term measured datasets of Siófok synoptic station. Based on the TCI, the tourism climate potential of the examined region is barely changed over the past 50 years; significant changes can be detected only in February and June. By using the CTIS, smaller changes can also be detected. Such changes are: moderate improvement of the thermal comfort in spring and autumn, slight increase in sunny hours in the tourism season, as well as the sultriness becomes more frequent in the summer months. The results may represent useful background information to the policy decision-makers.

The climate and bioclimate of Bursa (Turkey) from the perspective of tourism

Climate is an important resource for tourism and an equally important element that needs to be included in tourism promotions. This study reveals Bursa’s bioclimatological conditions. These conditions were identified by using physiologically equivalent temperature and a Climate–Tourism–Information–Scheme over 10-day periods and analyzing the mean thermal perception values that emerged. Evaluating bioclimatic conditions and meteorological parameters such as air temperature, duration of sunshine, number of wet days, amount of precipitation, and wind from the perspective of tourism will help people choose the best holiday times depending on their individual needs and circumstances.

Estimation of the tourism climate in the Hunter Region, Australia, in the early twenty-first century

Existing tourism-related climate information and evaluation are typically based on mean monthly conditions of air temperature and precipitation and do not include thermal perception and other climate parameters relevant for tourists. Here, we quantify climate based on the climate facets relevant to tourism (thermal, physical, aesthetical), and apply the results to the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS). This paper presents bioclimatic and tourism climatological conditions in the Hunter Region-one of Australia's most popular tourist destinations. In the Hunter Region, generally, temperatures below 15°C occur from April through October, temperatures less than 25°C are expected throughout the whole year, while humidity sits around 50%. As expected, large differences between air temperature and physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) were clearly identified. The widest differences were seen in summer time rather than in the winter period. In addition, cold stress was observed less than 10% of the time in winter while around 40-60% of heat stress was observed in summer time. This correlates with the highest numbers of international visitors, who usually seek a warmer weather, at the beginning of summer time (November and December) and also to the number of domestic visitors, who tend to seek cooler places for recreation and leisure, in late summer (January-March). It was concluded that thermal bioclimate assessment such as PET and CTIS can be applied in the Hunter region, and that local governments and the tourism industry should take an integrated approach to providing more relevant weather and climate information for both domestic and international tourists in the near future.

Vertical gradient of climate change and climate tourism conditions in the Black Forest

Due to the public discussion about global and regional warming, the regional climate and the modified climate conditions are analyzed exemplarily for three different regions in the southern Black Forest (southwest Germany). The driving question behind the present study was how can tourism adapt to modified climate conditions and associated changes to the tourism potential in low mountain ranges. The tourism potential is predominately based on the attractiveness of natural resources being climate-sensitive. In this study, regional climate simulations (A1B) are analyzed by using the REMO model. To analyze the climatic tourism potential, the following thermal, physical and aesthetic parameters are considered for the time span 1961-2050: thermal comfort, heat and cold stress, sunshine, humid-warm conditions (sultriness), fog, precipitation, storm, and ski potential (snow cover). Frequency classes of these parameters expressed as a percentage are processed on a monthly scale. The results are presented in form of the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS). Due to warmer temperatures, winters might shorten while summers might lengthen. The lowland might be more affected by heat and sultriness (e.g., Freiburg due to the effects of urban climate). To adapt to a changing climate and tourism, the awareness of both stakeholders and tourists as well as the adaptive capability are essential.

The bioclimatological leaflet as a means conveying climatological information to tourists and the tourism industry

Climate is an important resource for tourism and must be taken into account in tourism promotions. Here, a climate leaflet containing climatological and bioclimatological information for tourists is presented. The bioclimatological conditions are portrayed using mean values and frequency of thermal sensation based on physiologically equivalent temperature for 10-day intervals covering the whole year, along with air and sea temperature, sunshine duration, amount and number of days with precipitation and wind roses. In addition, the Climate Tourism Information Scheme is included. When combined with climatological and bioclimatological conditions, this scheme is valuable for tourists as it enables them to choose the most suitable time period for holidays, with the choice depending on personal preferences and requirements. The information provided here assists the tourism industry and stakeholders in decision-making. As an example, the bioclimatological leaflet for Hvar, an island off the Croatian Adriatic coast, is presented.

Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan

Bioclimate conditions at Sun Moon Lake, one of Taiwan's most popular tourist destinations, are presented. Existing tourism-related climate is typically based on mean monthly conditions of air temperature and precipitation and excludes the thermal perception of tourists. This study presents a relatively more detailed analysis of tourism climate by using a modified thermal comfort range for both Taiwan and Western/Middle European conditions, presented by frequency analysis of 10-day intervals. Furthermore, an integrated approach (climate tourism information scheme) is applied to present the frequencies of each facet under particular criteria for each 10-day interval, generating a time-series of climate data with temporal resolution for tourists and tourism authorities.