Climate Resilient Green Economy Research Articles

Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior of Farmers Towards Restoration of Degraded Land; the Cases of Harbo and Adea districts in the Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Land restoration is one of Ethiopia's top priorities for aligning development efforts with a climate-resilient green economy. In Ethiopia, initiatives to rehabilitate degraded land are generally evaluated in terms of the local people's economic and environmental impacts. Farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and actions toward land restoration, on the other hand, have to be taken into consideration for long-term natural resource conservation. As a consequence, this study examines the relationships between farmers' knowledge, attitude, and contributions to behavioral change in the restoration of degraded land. Data were collected from 120 farmers who participated in the restoration of degraded land. Structural equation models and mediation analyses were utilized for path analysis. The findings indicated that farmers had a good understanding of land restoration techniques. Analysis of the causal models revealed that farmers' attitude toward land restoration is highly influenced by their knowledge level of farmers. The outcome also revealed that positive attitudes of farmers resulted in behavioral change towards land restoration. Effective local community participation in the land restoration process and strengthening of their knowledge and attitudes that influence their behavior should be the cornerstones of sustainable land restoration.

The role of institutional design in mobilizing climate finance: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, and Indonesia

International climate finance is a crucial component of the response to climate change. This paper examines how national-level funding vehicles mobilize finance from international sources. Based on interviews with policymakers and various actors involved in the negotiation and design of four major early national climate funds, the Amazon Fund, the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund, Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Facility, and the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund, this paper identifies design features of national climate funds and highlights the trade-offs that developing countries face in their pursuit of climate finance. These design features have significant bearing on the overall effectiveness of the funds themselves. The findings from this study suggest that developing countries seek to maximize control over the funds even though it means that the design features do not minimize costs, as efficiency-oriented perspectives would suggest. The experience of these early national climate funds could be instructive to those governments and stakeholders considering establishing their own national climate funds or improving features. Three policy lessons are noteworthy: the importance of demonstrating commitment to climate policy through transparent data and results, instilling robust fiduciary standards and safeguards, and the virtuous cycle mobilizing climate finance and acquiring a track record on climate programming.

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN ETHIOPIA: IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS

Climate change poses a global challenge with profound impacts on diverse aspects of the environment and human society. Understanding these impacts is crucial for formulating effective mitigation strategies. As one of the most critical threats to sustainable development, climate change is anticipated to affect the environment, human health, food security, economic activities, natural resources and physical infrastructure. This review focuses on climate change, its consequences and mitigation efforts in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has encountered both climate variability and change, evident in an average annual temperature increase of about 1.3∘C since 1960, with a corresponding rise of 0.28∘C per decade. Spatial and temporal variations in precipitation have also intensified, highlighting the country’s exposure to climate fluctuations. To address these challenges, the Ethiopian government has implemented various policies, strategies and programs aimed at enhancing adaptive capacity and minimizing the impacts of climate variability and change. The Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) of Ethiopia centers on four pillars: agriculture, forestry, renewable energy and advanced technologies. These pillars form the foundation for Ethiopia’s pursuit of a sustainable green economy. In conclusion, this review delves into the examination of climate change, its repercussions and the ongoing efforts to mitigate its effects in Ethiopia.

Impacts of forest cover change on carbon stock, carbon emission and land surface temperature in Sor watershed, Baro Akobo Basin, Western Ethiopia

Abstract Human-induced actions aggravate forest degradation and result in carbon emissions. Increment of carbon emission raises land surface temperature (LST) and contributes to climate change. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of forest cover change on carbon stocks, carbon emissions and LST over the period 1992–2022 using geospatial techniques in the Sor watershed, Western Ethiopia. The results revealed that forest land declined by 336.6 km2 due to the expansion of agricultural land with an area of 274.9 km2. Results show a decline in carbon stock of 58,883.4 tons/km2 while annual carbon emission exhibited an increasing trend of 2,418,083.91 tons to the atmosphere over the past three decades. As vegetation declined, LST increased by an average of 3.7 °C over the past three decades. All actors, including government and non-governmental organizations, should contribute to tree planting and reafforestation programmes to minimize the increasing trend of LST and carbon emissions. Furthermore, we need to build a climate-resilient green economy to protect people from the negative impacts of climate change.

Impact of Climate Change on Cereal Crops Production in Ethiopia

Climate change adversely affected agricultural productivity in developing countries. This study aimed to explore the effects of this climate change, particularly on cereal crops production in Ethiopia. The study employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model approach to the co-integration with an error correction term. ARDL technique was selected due to its stationarity assumption and unbiased estimates of its long-run coefficients. The estimated model justifies the existence of a long-run relationship between cereal crops production, climate change variables (temperature and precipitation), and other explanatory variables. Precipitation has a positive and significant effect on cereal crops production both in the long and short runs, while temperature change has a significant negative effect. In the long run, cereal crops production was positively and significantly affected by arable land, fertilizer consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions, while in the short run, labor force participation has a positive and significant effect on cereal crops production. The study results confirmed that there is a long-run relationship between cereal crops production and climate change variables. In agriculture, research and development should focus on varieties of cereal crops that can tolerate high temperatures. Climate Resilient Green Economy should have to strengthen in the country. All countries should have to work hand-in-hand to mitigate the effect of climate change.

Forest Covers, Energy Use, and Economic Growth Nexus in the Tropics: A Case of Ethiopia

Forest is the major source of energy and income in the tropics, while economic growth affects the forest cover and energy use pattern. Although forest cover, energy use, and economic growth are the pillars of Ethiopia's climate-resilient green economy strategy, there is a limitation in empirical studies that substantiate the relationship. This paper uses Vector Auto-Regression and Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag models for the time-series data from 1990 to 2014. Besides the unit root, co-integration, and lag length tests; co-linearity, Heteroskedasticity, CUSUM, and normality were also checked. The main finding shows a direct causal relationship between energy use and forest cover, forest cover and economic growth, and energy use and economic growth. Energy use and economic growth explain 16% and 15% of the variation in forest cover, respectively. Similarly, forest cover and energy use explain 37% and 1.4% of the variation in economic growth. Moreover, forest cover and economic growth explain 29% and 23% of the variation in energy use. Though the contribution of forest cover is significant to improving energy use and economic growth, decision makers should give due emphasis to the finding.

Assessing the integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation into national development planning of Ethiopia

PurposePolicy framework has significant roles in minimizing the impact of climate change in agrarian societies like Ethiopia. The purpose of this paper is to assess the integration of issues related to climate change adaptation into the national development planning of Ethiopia.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research design, which depended on secondary and primary data sources, was used in this study. Data were collected from relevant documents. These were substantiated with field data gathered through key informant interviews and focus group discussions from participants identified using purposive sampling. Thematic analysis of the collected data was done by first considering the relevant documents and then comparing with the field data. During the analysis and interpretation, the results were combined to explain, confirm, refute and/or enrich the data obtained through document reviews and interviews.FindingsThe result of the study revealed that the general issues of environmental management have been included in the relevant documents (national plans). However, the documents do not explicitly identify climate change adaptation strategies and options that can alleviate the current impacts and the projected negative impacts associated with climate change. In fact, some documents were found to be characterized by numerous gaps. For example, the environmental policy of Ethiopia does not address climate trading, climate resilient green economy and recent development. The result from interviews shows that the constitution of the country lacks sufficiently addressing climate change adaptation. The result obtained from focus group discussion with informants indicated that the environmental policy of the country is shallow and suffers from showing clear direction regarding integration. The informants indicate that though there is an office that works on climate change at zonal level, there is no well-defined structure for climate change at zonal, district and Kebele levels and there appears to be weak integration among the different institutions working on climate change.Originality/valueThis study would speed up the revision of environmental policy of Ethiopia and the development of a separate policy document that focuses on adaptation to climate change.

Climate mainstreaming via national climate funds: the experiences of Bangladesh and Ethiopia

ABSTRACT A number of countries have established national climate funds to finance climate actions. This paper explores how these funds help to mainstream climate change and examines the barriers they encounter in the process. The analytical framework uses a process-based understanding of policy integration to examine how financial incentives are able to support climate mainstreaming. Methodologically, this paper examines the experience of the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund and Ethiopia's Climate Resilient Green Economy Facility. Policymakers, officials related to the funds, and other stakeholders were interviewed. This paper finds that national climate funds sought to achieve mainstreaming by engaging with sectoral ministries. Such engagement was expected to lead to changes in sectoral and system-wide policy goals and instruments. The three main approaches for sectoral engagement were: serving as implementing entities, participating in fund governance, and via in-house climate change units. The findings underscore how finance received by the funds shapes programming, how the lack of detailed plans limit the ability of policies to pull in the finance desired, and the inconsistent role played by climate change units. A disaggregated approach to climate mainstreaming allows us to identify where and how financial incentives can be useful.

Climate change and health in Ethiopia: To what extent have the health dimensions of climate change been integrated into the Climate‐Resilient Green Economy?

AbstractEthiopia is experiencing an increasing frequency and intensity of slow‐onset and acute disasters caused by climate change, with significant health impacts. Understanding and addressing these impacts involves trade‐offs, which are central to effective priority setting in health and overarching efforts to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite minimal historic greenhouse gas emissions, Ethiopia has been at the forefront of climate action since launching the Climate‐Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) in 2011, a low‐carbon development strategy. To learn from the Ethiopian approach, this paper examines to what extent health has been integrated into the CRGE. We found that the early years of the CRGE prioritized developing the financial basis of the green economy, while the health impacts of climate change have only been tentatively considered to date and remain detached from broader health strategies. Further analysis of climate adaptation measures, “health co‐benefits,” and reducing specific vulnerabilities of the health sector could help improve health and build climate resilience.

Greenhouse gas emission and mitigation potential from livestock production in the drylands of Northern Ethiopia

Though livestock are one of the major contributors to climate change through emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), the intensity of emission and the mitigation potential from this sector is not clearly known in the study regions. Therefore, the present study was designed to estimate the emission of GHGs from the livestock sector over the time period (2003/04–2017/18) and evaluate the mitigation potential using the global livestock environment assessment model (GLEAM). Both primary and secondary data sources were used to obtain data on livestock population, herd parameters, feeding practices, and manure management. The study revealed an increasing trend of GHG from 2003/04 to 2017/18, where the annual emission increased with an average 3.8 Mt carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) for all species and 3.3 Mt CO2-eq for cattle alone at national level. Though there is some variation between regions, methane (CH4) was the major gas emitted from ruminant production followed by nitrous oxide (N2O), however the emission of N2O was higher (> 70%) in poultry production. The emission intensity from chicken egg and meat, 1.8–3.3 and 2.2–7.2 kg CO2-eq/kg of product, respectively, was much lower than the emission intensity of meat from small ruminants (16.4–51.5 kg CO2-eq/kg of product) and cattle (34.2–148.2 kg CO2-eq/kg of product). Implementing the integrated mitigation approach has much pronounced reduction effect on GHG emissions as well as increasing the productivity of the livestock sector. Unless mitigation measures are taken, the sector’s emission will increase over time. Thus, federal and regional governments, and partner organizations working in the sector need to give more attention and implement the initiatives identified in the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) recommendations to mitigate GHG emissions from the livestock sector.

The Impacts of El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Agriculture and Coping Strategies in Rural Communities of Ethiopia: Systematic Review Article

The principal cause of drought in Ethiopia is asserted to be the fluctuation of the global atmospheric circulation, which is triggered by Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA), occurring due to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. It can make extreme weather events more likely in certain regions in Ethiopia. ENSO episodes and events, and related weather events have an impact on seasonal rainfall distribution and rainfall variability over Ethiopia. Thus, the main aim of this review was to identify and organize the major impacts of El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on agriculture and adaptation strategies of rural communities in Ethiopia. Most of the rural communities in the country depend on rain-fed agriculture, and millions of Ethiopians have lost their source of food, water, and livelihoods due to drought triggered by ENSO. The coping strategies against ENSO induced climate change are creating a collective risk analysis, and Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) at the national level. In addition, community-based coping strategies for ENSO are integrated with watershed management, livelihood diversification and land rehabilitation to better cope with erratic rainfall and drought risks in the country.

CO2emissions, agricultural productivity and welfare in Ethiopia

PurposeClimate change has become one of the most important development challenges worldwide. It affects various sectors, with agriculture the most vulnerable. In Ethiopia, climate change impacts are exacerbated due to the economy’s heavy dependence on agriculture. The Ethiopian Government has started to implement its climate-resilient green economy (CRGE) strategy and reduce CO2emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of CO2emission on agricultural productivity and household welfare.Design/methodology/approachThis study aims to fill these significant research and knowledge gaps using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model to investigate CO2emissions’ impact on agricultural performance and household welfare.FindingsThe results indicate that CO2emissions negatively affect agricultural productivity and household welfare. Compared to the baseline, real agricultural gross domestic product is projected to be 4.5% lower in the 2020s under a no-CRGE scenario. Specifically, CO2emissions lead to a decrease in the production of traded and non-traded crops, but not livestock. Emissions also worsen the welfare of all segments of households, where the most vulnerable groups are the rural-poor households.Originality/valueThe debate in the area is not derived from a rigorous analysis and holistic economy-wide approach. Therefore, the paper fills this gap and is original by value and examines these issues methodically.

Carbon storage along altitudes in agrisilviculture system- Case study of Devprayag Block, Tehri District, Uttarakhand, India

Climate change is one of the impending problems that have affected the productivity of agroecosystems which calls for urgent action. Carbon sequestration through agroforestry along altitude in mountainous regions is one of the options to contribute to global climate change mitigation. Three altitudes viz. lower (286-1200m), middle (1200-2000m), and upper (2000-2800m) have been selected in Tehri district. Ten Quadrates (10m × 10 m) were randomly selected from each altitude in agrisilviculture system. At every sampling point, one composite soil sample was taken at 30 cm soil depth for soil organic carbon analysis. For the purpose of woody biomass, Non destructive method and for crop biomass assessment destructive method was employed. Finally, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass carbon (BGB), Total tree Biomass (TTB), Crop biomass (CB), Total Biomass (TB), Total biomass carbon (TBC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total carbon stock (TC) status were estimated and variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).The result indicated that AGB, BGB, TTB, CB , TB, TBC, SOC, and TC varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the altitudes. Results showed that total carbon stock followed the order upper altitude ˃ middle altitudes ˃ lower altitude. The upper altitude (2000-2800 m) AGB, BGB,TTB, TBC,SOC, and TC stock was estimated as 2.11 Mg ha-1 , 0.52 Mg ha-1, 2.63 Mg ha-1, 2.633 Mg ha-1, 1.18 Mg ha-1 , 26.53 Mg ha-1, 38.48 Mg ha-1 respectively, and significantly higher than the other altitudes. It was concluded that agrisilviculture system hold a high potential for carbon storage at temperate zones. Quercus lucotrichophora, Grewia oppositifolia and Melia azadirach contributed maximum carbon storage which may greatly contribute to the climate resilient green economy strategy and their conservation should be promoted.

Effects of land use and land cover change on soil erosion potential in Berhe district: a case study of Legedadi watershed, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT This research was done in Legedadi watershed since the area was highly susceptible to soil erosion problem that could be aggravated by heavy rainfall, and steep slope. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of LULC change on soil erosion potential in Legedadi watershed, and its implication on sedimentation problems. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery of TM (1985), TM (1997) and ETM+ (2013) were deployed to categorize a LULC map of the study watershed. Soil erosion risk was calculated by using GIS and RUSLE. Digital image processing and classification technique have been done using ERDAS Imagine 9. 2. Results indicate that there was a continuous and active LULC change observed in the watershed for the last 28 years. The settlement area and cultivated land were increased by 14.34% and 18.3%, whereas grazing land and bare land classes were reduced continuously by 25.74% and 18.47% between (1985–2103) respectively. The estimated annual soil losses were 0.0-330 t ha−1year−1in 2013 whereas in 1997 its range was 0-257.1 t ha−1year−1. A mean annual soil loss in the watershed was 54.19 t ha−1year−1 in 1997and 66.21 t ha−1year−1 in 2013, respectively. The average annual soil loss from each sub-watershed ranges from 34.57–89.19 t ha−1year−1. This calls for the coordinated action of the local communities and government in ensuring sustainable natural resource conservation systems considering the Climate Resilient Green Economy strategy of Ethiopia.

Climate Change Mitigation in Agriculture and Forestry Sectors in Ethiopia: A Review

The climate of the planet earth is changing mainly as a result of the increasing concentration of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Climate change causes undesired effects including global warming, sea level rise, occurrence of frequency of extreme events such as droughts and floods, and so on to coupled human-environment systems. This review paper emphasizes on climate change mitigation in agriculture and forestry sectors, which are the two biggest emitters (sources) as well as sinks of greenhouse gases. Ethiopia’s contribution to global emission is insignificant. By 2010, Ethiopia’s overall emissions were estimated to 150 MtCO 2 e which is projected to be more than double, 400 MtCO 2 e by 2030 under a business-as-usual scenario. Ethiopia intended to limit greenhouse gas emissions to 145 MtCO 2 e by 2030. Agriculture and forestry sectors are the two biggest emitters of greenhouse gases while methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are the major greenhouse gases emitted in the country. The country has designed and implementing several climate friendly policies, programs and strategies including Climate Resilient Green Economy, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Intended Nationally Determined Contribution in order to follow green development paths and hence contribute to the global climate protection. Keywords: Greenhouse gas, Climate change, Mitigation, Source, Sink.

Analyzing Impacts of Climate Variability and Changes in Ethiopia: A Review

Climate change is a global problem of this century but its impact is higher in low-income countries like Ethiopia, which has limited capacity to cope with the effects because the country’s economy is based on agriculture that directly affected by the impact of climate change. Subsequently, Ethiopia has been facing severe droughts at least twice per decade and several sever flood hazards. Most of the studies confirmed that the country’s annual temperature is increasing with about 0.37˚C whereas the rainfall has no clear trend and there is high variability with the rising frequency of floods and droughts. The climate changes projection indicated increasing in temperature by 2.2°C and 3.3°C in 2050 and 2090 respectively, but the rainfall trend is uncertain. The drought between 1900 and 2010 killed over 400,000 and exposed 54 million people for starvation and in 2004, 2005, 2008, 2016, and 2017; about 8, 6.3, 11.6, 18, and 8.5 million people respectively, need food aid. The flood in 2006 damaged crops on 1907 hectares and declined productivity by 20%; whereas about 15,600 livestock died and 199,902 people need humanitarian support. The heavy floods resulted in a loss of 1.5 billion tone topsoil which estimated to US$ 106 million. By 2050 climate change will reduce the Ethiopian GDP by 8-10% and 2.4 million people become food unsecured. To mitigate and adapt the impact of climate change the government has implemented the Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy since 2011 under which different development activities such as SWC, afforestation, and agroforestry practices, and fodder banks establishment in different localities. The country also implementing different international agreements as tool to fight climate change. Studies have shown that there are hazards of climate change therefore; the government should implement climate-smart practices in all sectors, access to relief funds, and precise early warning systems.

Perceptions and practices of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies among farmers in the Konta Special District, Ethiopia

Abstract Nowadays climate change is amongst the most critical problems affecting the wellbeing of human beings. In Ethiopia, where the majority of the population rely on agriculture, climate change has adverse effects. In rural areas, low resilient capacity to shocks exacerbates the impacts of climate change such as production failure, which in turn enormously contributed to food insecurity. In view of this fact, this study assessed the perceptions and practices of climate change and related adaptation and mitigation strategies among farmers in the Konta Special District, Southern Ethiopia, by using a mixed research approach involving a concurrent method of data collection and analysis. Quantitative data for this study was generated from 296 randomly selected survey households; while, qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and in-depth interviews. The findings of this study revealed that sample respondents recognized the occurrence climate change and its increasing adverse effects. Regarding its cause, a substantial proportion (46.8%) of the respondents perceived climate change as the wrath of God and a natural phenomenon rather than attributing it to human activities. Participants also acknowledged that anthropogenic factors such as deforestation are the major driving factors for climate change. The study found that farmers affirmatively perceive the feasibility of the majority of the strategies embraced in the Climate Resilient Green Economy initiative endorsed at national level. Understanding that climate change effects are less reversible, farmers were found to practice mitigation strategies such as afforestation, agroforestry and agricultural intensification more than adaptation strategies. Adaptation strategies such as fuel conservation technologies were perceived costly and complex given the economic capacity and skill of farmers. Hence, rural and agricultural development policies should initiate context sensitive adaptation and mitigation strategies to enhance the capability of smallholders to deal with the effects of climate change.

Planning FLR for the landscape between Chebera Churchura National Park and Kafa Biosphere Reserve

Ethiopia has made an ambitious pledge for Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) under the Bonn challenge and the so-called AFR100 initiative – to restore 15 Mio ha of degraded forest lands by 2030. This target is in line with national and international policy objectives to effectively address climate change and develop a ‘Climate Resilient Green Economy’. Implementation at scale is pending as technical, financial and policy challenges need to be addressed. This paper presents a case study that was commissioned by German technical development cooperation. The objective was to develop a landscape restoration strategy for the area connecting Chebera Churchura national park and Kafa Biosphere Reserve in the Southwestern part of Ethiopia. The ‘Restoration Diagnostic’ tool developed by the World Research Institute was used to identify options for establishing a biodiversity corridor and to assess FLR opportunities. Based on the results of a field study and extensive GIS analysis, suitable FLR measures were identified and discussed in stakeholder consultations. Results show that more than 25% of the entire area is suitable for restoration measures; however, in the populated parts of the landscape a focus on productive aspects seems critical, i.e. to improve the provision of food, fuel wood and timber. Barriers relate to low institutional capacity, lack of infrastructure and undeveloped forest product value chains. Addressing these challenges can significantly contribute to sustainable management of natural forests in the buffer zone of the protected areas, and to promote agriculture and socio-economic development of the zones outside protected areas. The findings of such assessments can inform decision makers and donor organizations about FLR in candidate areas. If they become a key source of information in the respective policy processes they can contribute to effective governance of FLR.

Climate smart agricultural practices and gender differentiated nutrition outcome: An empirical evidence from Ethiopia

• We examine adoption of multiple climate smart innovations (CSAP) and their impact on household nutrition. • When a climate is hot and rainfall is variable, farmers prefer a combination of practices over practice in isolation. • We find adoption of combination of CSAP improves household nutrition relative to adopting an innovation in isolation. • Gender difference in nutrition is observed due to difference in household characteristics and returns to resources. Since the beginning of the decade, climate resilient green economy strategies have been proposed in many African countries. One of the pillars of the strategies is the adoption and diffusion of various climate smart agricultural practices for improving crop and livestock production and farmer income while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The effects of these innovations on household nutritional security, including gender-differentiated nutritional status, have hardly been analyzed. We examine the determinants of adoption of combinations of multiple climate smart agricultural innovations and their impact on different nutrition outcomes. We find that adoption of climate smart innovations increases dietary diversity and improves calorie and protein availability. These benefits increase with adoption of combinations of innovations, relative to adopting an innovation in isolation. Gender-disaggregation results suggest nutritional outcome differentials between male and female headed households due to both differences in household characteristics, including household resources, and differences in returns to resources. The study provides insight into the interaction between climate change adaptation and nutrition security among male and female headed households, with implication for the Sustainable Development Goals of ending hunger, achieving gender equality, and taking action on climate change.

Roles of Agroforesty on Climate Resilient Green Economy of Ethiopia: Review

Agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy, which is both the cause for and the one at hardest hit to negative impacts of climate change. The country has annual greenhouse gas emission of 150 Mt CO 2 equivalents, of which 50 percent comes from agriculture sector. On the other hand, the real GDP growth of the country has been decreasing due to climate change. The county’s sustainable development goals will not be achieved without the achievement of Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) goals. Because, the aim of CRGE is to increase agricultural productivity, resilience to climate change, and reduce greenhouse gases emission, to become middle income country by 2025. Fortunately, agroforestry has the potentials to do this, even though little attention has been given to it. For instance, agroforestry enhances crop production by improving soil health, livestock production being as source of fodder, biodiversity conservation by having more biota than monoculture and habitat for wildlife, supplements staple food, fruits and hones are source of income, and reduces risks of climate change and other environmental problems. Keywords: Biodiversity, CRGE, Economy, Monoculture DOI : 10.7176/JEES/9-4-03 Publication date : April 30 th 2019