Climate Control System Research Articles

Climate-induced risk assessment of the quarantine room in a University Library

Microclimate conditions in conservation spaces such as museums, galleries, storages, archives, and libraries significantly impact the preservation of cultural materials, potentially leading to permanent damage. This study focuses on quarantine rooms, essential for isolating and inspecting incoming collections for infestations or contamination. Despite their importance, systematic microclimate investigations in such spaces have not been conducted until now. In this research, temperature and relative humidity monitoring has been conducted over the past 3 years (i.e., 2021-2022-2023) within the quarantine room of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) University Library (located within the DORA I concrete bunker, Trondheim, Norway). Data analysis revealed stable indoor conditions due to the buffering capacity of the massive building envelope together with climate control system. Specific metrics for the estimation of climate-induced chemical and biological risks on vulnerable artifacts were applied to compute the percentage of time for which thermohygrometric conditions could favour cellulose hydrolysis and biodeteriogens proliferation on a yearly basis. In this way, the study provided a decision-making tool useful to evaluate the best time (in terms of safest temperature and relative humidity conditions) when to introduce incoming collections into the quarantine room, depending on the material they are made of and on the timeframe selected for their isolation.

A Comparative Analysis of Land, Water and Energy Requirements for Hydroponic and Conventional Cultivation of Horticultural Crops

The increasing global population and limited availability of arable land have necessitated the development of efficient and sustainable agricultural practices. Hydroponic cultivation has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional soil-based farming, particularly for horticultural crops. This review paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the land, water, and energy requirements for hydroponic and conventional cultivation methods. The study aims to evaluate the sustainability and resource efficiency of these two approaches in the context of horticultural crop production. A thorough literature review was conducted, focusing on peer-reviewed articles, research reports, and case studies that compared hydroponic and conventional cultivation in terms of their resource utilization. The analysis encompassed various horticultural crops, including leafy greens, fruiting vegetables, and herbs. Key parameters such as land use efficiency, water consumption, nutrient management, energy inputs, and yield were examined. The findings revealed that hydroponic systems exhibited significantly higher land use efficiency compared to conventional farming. Vertical stacking and intensive production in controlled environments allowed for greater crop yields per unit area. Furthermore, hydroponic cultivation demonstrated superior water use efficiency, with recirculating systems reducing water consumption by up to 90% compared to traditional irrigation methods. Precision nutrient management in hydroponics minimized nutrient waste and runoff, contributing to enhanced resource conservation. However, the energy requirements for hydroponic cultivation were found to be higher than those for conventional farming, primarily due to the need for artificial lighting, climate control, and pumping systems. Strategies for optimizing energy efficiency, such as the use of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient equipment, were explored.

High-performance electrochromic devices composed of niobium tungsten oxide films

Electrochromic technology plays a pivotal role in various industries, offering significant benefits in energy efficiency and sustainability. By efficiently modulating sunlight, it reduces dependence on traditional climate control systems, thus decreasing overall energy consumption. Among electrochromic materials, tungsten oxide (WO3) is highly favored for its outstanding stability and superior optical modulation amplitude. However, the escalating demands of commercial applications necessitate enhancements in electrochromic performance, achievable through doping or composite designs. This study investigates the electrochromic characteristics of novel niobium tungsten oxide (Nb18W16O93) thin films, employing a gel electrolyte and examining their structural, optical, and electrochemical attributes. Compared to pure WO3, the Nb18W16O93-based electrochromic device exhibited a significant optical modulation of 55.1% in the visible spectrum and 31.3% in the near-infrared region. The gel-based device not only provides safety benefits over liquid electrolytes by mitigating leakage risks but also features rapid switching response times, with a coloration duration of 3.9 s and a bleaching interval of 3.6 s. Moreover, the device showcases exceptional long-term stability, retaining a ΔT of nearly 72% after 10,000 cycles.

Enhancing Leafy Greens’ Production: Nutrient Film Technique Systems and Automation in Container-Based Vertical Farming

Urban agriculture has emerged as a crucial strategy to address food security and sustainability challenges, particularly in densely populated areas. This study focused on enhancing leafy greens’ production, specifically lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and arugula or rocket (Eruca sativa L.), using Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) systems and automation in container-based vertical farming. The study utilized a 20-foot shipping container retrofitted to create a thermally insulated and automated growth environment equipped with energy-efficient LED lighting and precise climate control systems. The results demonstrated significant improvements in crop yields, with the NFT systems achieving productivity up to 11 times higher than traditional methods in protected horticulture. These systems enabled continuous cultivation cycles, responding to the high market demand for fresh local produce. Moreover, the integration of low-cost sensors and automation technologies, each costing under USD 300, ensured that the environmental conditions were consistently optimal, highlighting this approach’s economic feasibility and scalability. This low-cost framework aligns with industry standards for affordable technology, making it accessible for small- to medium-sized urban agriculture enterprises. This study underscores the potential of vertical farming as a sustainable solution for urban food production. It provides a model that can be replicated and scaled to meet the growing demand for healthy, locally grown vegetables.

Exploration on the Application of Smart Home Technologies to Enhance the Quality Design of Elderly-Friendly Living space in Existing Residences

Drawing upon the progressively evolving theoretical frameworks and methodologies for housing adaptation tailored to the needs of the elderly, this study explores the enhancement of age-friendly living spaces through the integration of smart home technologies. A novel, multidimensional framework is introduced, integrating the elements of "elderly individuals, living areas, functional spaces, and technologies," fostering a comprehensive application of technology in elderly care. This approach aims to scrutinize the seamless integration of technological advancements into the daily lives of the elderly from a multidisciplinary perspective. The study delves into the effectiveness and adaptation strategies of smart home systems across three pivotal scenarios: daily living, health monitoring, and safety measures. It underscores the pivotal role of smart home technologies in elevating the well-being of the elderly. By implementing sophisticated smart solutions, such as voice commands and streamlined operations, these technologies empower seniors to effortlessly manage lighting, climate control, and security systems within their living spaces, fostering a customized, intelligent living ambiance. This initiative not only propels the application of smart home systems in the lives of the elderly but also ensures a safer, more comfortable, and autonomous lifestyle.

IOT Based Air Conditioner Monitoring System

In the context of rising urbanization, the surge in air conditioner usage has become a significant contributor to energy consumption. To address this, our research introduces an innovative Air Conditioner Monitoring System (ACMS) designed to optimize energy usage, enhance system efficiency, and ensure optimal indoor conditions. The proposed system employs cutting-edge sensors to monitor crucial parameters, including current, voltage, power consumption, and room temperature in real-time. By integrating these metrics into a unified framework, the ACMS facilitates proactive management and enables users to make informed decisions for energy conservation. The collected data is processed through advanced algorithms to predict potential faults or inefficiencies, allowing for preemptive maintenance and reducing downtime. Furthermore, the system supports remote monitoring and control, providing users with the flexibility to manage air conditioning settings from any location. Practical implementation and performance evaluations demonstrate the system's effectiveness in improving energy efficiency, reducing operational costs, and enhancing overall sustainability. This research contributes to the development of intelligent solutions for air conditioning systems, addressing the growing need for energy conservation in the face of expanding urbanization. The modularity of the proposed system allows for seamless customization and integration of additional features, paving the way for future advancements in intelligent climate control systems.

Pengaruh Store Atmosphere dan Harga terhadap Revisit Intention Konsumen pada Kawisari Coffee dan Eatery Jakarta

Food and beverages are a component of the tourism industry that draws people to a location. Price and the atmosphere of the store, in addition to taste and product quality, can influence a customer's decision to shop. Kawisari Coffee & Eatery is a food and beverage retailer based in Jakarta. Many people who went to Kawisari Coffee & Eatery Jakarta had bad experiences because the hot environment made them feel uncomfortable and the prices weren't what they expected. Their decision to return may be influenced by this. The motivation behind this examination is to figure out how clients' expectations to get back to Kawisari Espresso and Restaurant Jakarta are impacted by the shop environment and costs. This study used quantitative descriptive methods. The sample for this study consists of customers who have made purchases at Kawisari Coffee & Eatery Jakarta. To gather information, polls were disseminated to 100 respondents utilizing the purposive inspecting methodology. SPSS Experiences 25 was used to play out different straight backslide examination on the data. With a normal t worth of 4.473 which is more unmistakable than the t table of 1.661 and a significance level of 0.000 which is more noticeable than 0.05, this investigation shows that (1) shop air basically influences plan to get back to. (2) Cost influences mean to get back to, with a basic worth of 0.317 more conspicuous than 0.05 and a normal t worth of 1.005 t table of 1.661. (3) The goal is to return to the combination of store climate and cost impacts, with an expected f-count value of 10.419 higher than the f-table value of 3.09 and an importance level of 0.000 higher than 0.05. The ideas that can be given for Kawisari Espresso and Restaurant Jakarta are to expand the quantity of climate control systems to keep clients from feeling overheated and focusing entirely on reasonable and cutthroat costs for clients to increment client encounters and animate client interests to visit once more.

Nanocellulose-Based Resistive Sensors for Air Humidity Measurements

Introduction. The measurement of relative air humidity plays a crucial role in various aspects of human life, such as climate control systems, medical breath and skin hydration monitoring. Typically, humidity sensors use inorganic materials and petroleum-derived polymers. However, there is a growing trend towards the transition to biodegradable materials, which eliminates the need for waste disposal.Problem Statement. Currently, nanocellulose (NC) has been being explored as a promising material for humidity sensors. However, the influence of the chemical composition and nanoparticle size of NC on the sensor characteristics remains understudied.Purpose. This study aims to investigate the influence of the chemical composition and structure of NC on the parameters of humidity sensors.Materials and Methods. NC has been synthesized from reed stalks and wheat straw bz the oxidation and acid hydrolysis methods. NC-film sensors having a mass within 0.3—3 mg have been fabricated. The static parameters (response, sensitivity, reversibility, and repeatability) and the dynamic parameters (short and long-term stability, response and recovery time) of the sensors have been analyzed.Results. The manufacturing method influences the NC chemical composition, while the origin material affects its structure. The sensors produced by the oxidation method have demonstrated improved sensitivity (2.69 · 106), response (0.2 (%RH)–1), recovery time (60 s) and long-term stability (1.44%) as compared with those made by the hydrolysis method. Additionally, the application of wheat straw NC as origin material has resulted in improved reversibility (5%), repeatability (5% deviation), short-term stability (30% deviation), and response time (1 s) as compared with the reed stalks NC.Conclusions. It has been established that the origin material of nanocellulose influences the reversibility, repeatability, response time, and short-term stability of the sensors. The manufacturing method has effect on the sensitivity, response, recovery time, and long-term stability of the sensors.

Wireless Automated Irrigation System

Abstract: This research paper explores the role of automated irrigation systems in modern agriculture, focusing on their effectiveness in optimizing crop growth, resource utilization, and environmental sustainability. The highly increasing demand for food production, coupled with the need for resource efficiency, has led to increased interest in advanced agricultural technologies. Automated irrigation, consisting of technologies like climate control, irrigation and monitoring systems, presents a promising solution to address these challenges. The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of various automated irrigation technologies, examining their impact on crop yield, resource efficiency, and overall environmental sustainability. Key parameters, such as temperature, humidity, pH of soil and irrigation, are considered to evaluate the system’s effectiveness in creating optimal growing conditions for diverse crops. Additionally, the research investigates the potential conservation of research, including water and energy, achieved through precise automation. The findings of this research aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable agriculture, offering valuable insights for policymakers, agricultural practitioners, and researchers. By understanding the impact of automated irrigation, stakeholders can make informed decisions to enhance food production while minimizing the ecological footprint of modern agricultural practices. The study advocates for the integration of advanced technologies as a crucial step towards achieving a balance between agricultural productivity and environmental conservation.

Photography’s Other Sensitivities

This article sets out to challenge the idea of photography as a medium that deals purely in the visible. Taking the example of the mid-twentieth-century British photography industry, this article considers photographic sensitivity as part of a sensory economy in which human, technological and environmental sensing are mutually entangled. I emphasise these interlinked sensing systems, and what I see as the “passive agency” of photographic materials, showing how photographic emulsions are capable of registering much more than visible light or even radiation. Chemical photographic materials had distinct cultural biases built into them, yet often registered entities other than those they were designed to picture. Great effort went into restricting photographic sensitivities, as well as into cultivating them. By the 1930s, the photographic materials factories had air purification and climate control systems, sensitometry laboratories and specialist tropical materials. Their sensitised materials and chemicals transformed ecosystems and participated in a “technological sensory training”, shaping what people could perceive.

Automated Hydroponic Farm System

Current agriculture faces a multitude of issues – limited seasons, excessive pesticide use, sustainability concerns in organic farming, high carbon footprint, and inconsistent produce quality. Traditional methods, restricted by seasons and harming the environment with pesticides, are struggling to keep up with a changing world. This paper proposes a groundbreaking solution: an automated hydroponic farm system. Unlike traditional methods, this system allows year-round, pesticide-free production through advanced growing stations using a precise nutrient delivery technique (NFT). To create perfect growing conditions, a Greenhouse Climate Control System with various sensors regulates factors like temperature, humidity, and light. Additionally, a Central Console acts as the brain of the system, connecting everything and monitoring the entire farm. By automating these processes, this hydroponic system aims to revolutionize agriculture, offering a sustainable, efficient, and high-quality alternative.

Phytotesting as a method for soil quality assessing

Phytotesting is used for environmental monitoring of soil objects. The purpose of the work is to evaluate phytotesting to determine the quality of artificially created soils. Two samples were examined: Soil 1 with sewage sludge and Soil 2 with pit soil, a small amount of peat and sapropel. Control is soil that ensures free growth of test crops in the natural conditions of a certain soil-climatic zone where it is planned to supply the finished soil. Tests were carried out with seeds of three types of test plants: a monocot – oats (Avena sativa) and two dicotyledons – white mustard (Sinapis alba), creeping white clover (Trifolium repens). They were sown in containers with soil/ground and placed in a climate control system for 14 days (daytime – 20°C, night – 15°C). It was found that in Soil 1 all the studied biometric indicators of oats and white mustard are statistically significantly higher than in the control soil, and the development of creeping white clover is suppressed (wet weight is 8.9 and 2.1 times less compared to the control soil, respectively for seeding rates 10 and 30 g/m2). At the same time, in Soil 1, an excess of the content of gross forms of zinc by 2.5 and copper by 1.4 times was revealed. When testing Soil 2, the biometric indicators of oats and white mustard were at the control level, the wet and dry weight of clover sprouts was 2.9 and 1.7 times higher, respectively. Phytotesting can be considered as a qualitative reaction of the studied soil to plants and an integral indicator of its fertility. A prerequisite is the use of test plants with small seeds. This will allow us to evaluate their response to stimulating and toxic soil components.

Environmental Conditions for Danish Storage Buildings: A Summary of 20 Years of Air Quality Surveys

ABSTRACT Air quality in 36 Danish storage buildings was investigated, ranging from naturally ventilated historical buildings to modern purpose-built storage facilities, some with full HVAC climate control systems. Most were able to maintain a humidity level within 40–60% RH. The main deviations were for older heated buildings without humidity control, resulting in dry winter periods. Many modern stores were un-heated, which resulted in an annual average temperature about 12–13°C, and a high (>80) time-weighted preservation index (TWPI). The older buildings often struggled to maintain a moderate temperature, but experienced summer levels of 20–30°C. This lowered the TWPI considerably, typically to index 40–80. Concentration of organic acids in air was below 50 ppb for 22 sites, and only high (>100 ppb) for a few sites due to off-gassing from heritage materials. The outdoor pollutants ozone and nitrogen dioxide were mainly found in low concentrations indoors (<5 ppb) except for a few locations with forced but unfiltered air intake. Low-energy storage had the lowest energy consumption of <3 kWh/m3 annually, while repositories with traditional climate control systems were in the range of 10–30 kWh/m3. Information on energy consumption in storage buildings is sparse, and the authors call for more research. The most optimal solutions were offered by the modern low-energy buildings, where the best conservation conditions as defined by TWPI (high), pollution levels (low), and energy consumption (low) were observed, and where sustainable operation such as sharing space between several institutions was often practiced.

Thermoelectric climate control systems for agro-industrial facilities with non-linear control of Peltier modules

A promising direction in solving the problem of energy saving at agribusiness facilities is the use of an integrated approach - the principle of trigeneration, in which thermal energy is generated based on the thermoelectric method, which involves the use of special modules from thermoelements based on the Peltier effect. On the basis of this method, a climate control system for agro-industrial complex objects has been developed, represented by a block diagram and an equivalent functional model. To assess its compliance with a certain quality of the control process during the transition of the system to a new operating mode, a comparative analysis of the use of linear and nonlinear control algorithms for thermoelectric modules was carried out. In this case, the nonlinearities were set by two saturation links corresponding to the Saturation blocks in the MatLAB Simulink environment. With the help of the developed models, a study was made of the operation of the proposed climate control system in the time domain for the studied control modes of thermoelectric modules at different values of saturation blocks, according to the results of which it was found that the use of nonlinear control can reduce the time of transients, dynamic control error and oscillation, which unattainable using traditional linear algorithms.

Methods for increasing the efficiency of climate control systems for electric buses

Increasing the range of an electric bus on a single battery charge is an important task facing electric bus developers. The auxiliary system that consumes the largest amount of electricity is the air conditioning system. This paper examines the main methods for increasing the efficiency of a climate control system and evaluates them using numerical methods using a verified one-dimensional mathematical model. The following methods were chosen to improve efficiency: the most suitable refrigerants, the use of an internal heat exchanger of a vapor compression unit, the recovery of heat from the air removed from the interior electric bus in the evaporator of a vapor compression unit, and the use of heat from electrical equipment in the climate control system. The greatest efficiency in cooling and heating modes is shown by the use of refrigerants R404a, R410a and R507a in the vapor compression unit. The use of an internal heat exchanger in a vapor compression unit allows an increase in coefficient of performance by 11%. The combined use of cabin heat in the evaporator of the vapor compression unit and the internal heat exchanger allows the coefficient of performance to be increased by 27%. Using the heat of electrical equipment allows you to increase the coefficient of performance in heat pump mode by 20%. The most promising is the combined use of the above methods to reduce the cost of air conditioning in the cold season.

Application of Fractional-order PID controllers in a Greenhouse Climate Control System

A model-based Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) control design method is applied to a multivariable greenhouse climate control system. A multivariable transfer function model of the greenhouse system, obtained via model Identification experiment, provides plant’s model information for control design. The fractional controller is tuned using the conventional Biggest Log-modulus Tuning (BLT) method associated with integer order PID controllers. However, unlike the conventional PID case, the controller gains are first computed using internal model control design procedure. This produces preliminary values of controller parameters. The FOPID controller gains are further tuned using a single detuning factor (F) until a biggest log modulus of 2N dB is obtained where N is the number of loops in the MIMO system. Simulation studies, using MATLAB and Simulink, show that good compromise between performance and robustness is achievable for both temperature and humidity regulation in a greenhouse control application.

The Beginning of the Large-Scale Reconstruction of the Russian State Library: Architecture and Digitalization

The article reveals the foundations of design and research surveys, on the basis of which the Russian State Library (RSL) implemented the project of repair and restoration works for the central entrance of the library. The aim of the works was to adapt the cultural heritage object to modern use. The building complex, conceived in the mid — 1920s, was completed by 1940, but it was not fully commissioned until 1960. In the mid — 1970s, there was insufficient space to store the growing holdings. The front decoration of the central hall suffered enormous damage over the years. In 2019, a negative trend in the condition of the building was revealed. The main book depository was overloaded. The problems of the RSL are combined in a comprehensive investment programme for the reconstruction and restoration of infrastructure facilities. In 2019—2020, design solutions were developed for the repair and restoration of buildings and individual public spaces of the library. In 2021, the first stage of restoration of the entrance group began. The decision was made to carry out the work in a service-preserving environment and the challenge was to transform the very model of service to readers. The team working on the restoration made decisions reflecting the development of 21st century technologies and current standards for the automation of library processes. As a result of the works, new technological channels for the building operation and space for servicing readers were arranged, a climate control system was installed, the power supply and electric lighting system was replaced, historical interiors were restored, modern fire and engineering safety systems were created, a new centralized information and navigation complex for readers was deployed, etc. In 2023, a grandiose historical space was opened for the RSL readers.

Uncertainty modelling in the selection of climate control system manufacturers for preconstruction of hydroelectric power plants

Heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems, the critical intersection point of low environmental impact, neutral thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality are technologies that directly affect the electricity generation of hydroelectric power plants on the axis of sustainability. Addressing challenges in decision-making for pre-construction system selection, this study employs fuzzy set theory, specifically Pythagorean and q-Rung Orthopair fuzzy sets, to model uncertainty in hydroelectric power plant specific considerations. Utilizing Analytic Hierarchy Process, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution and the Complex Proportional Assessment the model evaluates ten global climate control system manufacturers. Sensitivity and comparative analysis ensure result validity, offering valuable insights for industry professionals and decision-makers, streamlining the complex process of selecting the most suitable manufacturer.

Climatização em área de alimentação de vacas Girolando: Interferências nas variáveis ambientais e produtivas

ABSTRACT High-production cows require facilities providing comfortable environments to enhance production efficiency and sustain milk quality. This study evaluated the impact of climatizing the feeding area post-morning and afternoon milking on environmental variables, thermal comfort indices, and the yield and quality of milk in lactating Girolando cows. The experiment followed a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four treatments across four experimental periods, using four cows per treatment. The post-milking climate control treatments included: shading; shading + ventilation; shading + ventilation + shower; and an evaporative adiabatic cooling system. The evaporative adiabatic cooling system proved most effective in maintaining thermal conditions near the comfort level for dairy cows, as indicated by lower thermal comfort indices. This system also enhanced morning and overall milk production. However, the climate control systems did not significantly affect the contents of protein, fat, or lactose in the milk.

Energy management for demand response in networked greenhouses with multi-agent deep reinforcement learning

Greenhouses are key to ensuring food security and realizing a sustainable future for agriculture. However, to ensure crop growth efficiency, greenhouses consume a significant amount of energy, primarily through climate control and artificial lighting systems. Owing to this high energy consumption, a network of greenhouses exhibits immense potential to participate in demand response programs for power grid stability. In this work, a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) control framework utilizing an actor-critic algorithm with a shared attention mechanism is proposed for energy management in networked greenhouses. A network of renewable energy integrated greenhouses is constructed to interact with the power grid, when necessary, to address the fluctuations associated with renewable energy generation and dynamic electricity prices. The viability and scalability of this multi-agent approach is demonstrated by evaluating its capabilities for a network of five greenhouses of varying capacities. The proposed MADRL-based control approach for demand-side energy management in networked greenhouses demonstrates efficiency in maintaining indoor climate in all greenhouses while ensuring a 28% reduction in net load demand as compared to well-known algorithms.