Climate Change Mitigation Initiatives Research Articles

Climate governance, growth opportunities, and innovation in addressing climate change: Empirical evidence from emerging countries

Emerging economies are often more vulnerable to the impacts of global warming, experiencing devastating floods and a collapse in agricultural production. This study, under the lens of resource dependence theory, aims to determine the role of climate governance and growth opportunities in driving the adoption of climate change mitigation initiatives by the leading listed companies in the 28 most important emerging economies from 2013 to 2022. The results indicate that climate governance mechanisms facilitate the development of innovative solutions to fight climate change. However, further efforts are required to mitigate the negative effects of growth opportunities and disruptive events.

Wilder rangelands as a natural climate opportunity: Linking climate action to biodiversity conservation and social transformation

Rangelands face threats from climate and land-use change, including inappropriate climate change mitigation initiatives such as tree planting in grassy ecosystems. The marginalization and impoverishment of rangeland communities and their indigenous knowledge systems, and the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, are additional major challenges. To address these issues, we propose the wilder rangelands integrated framework, co-developed by South African and European scientists from diverse disciplines, as an opportunity to address the climate, livelihood, and biodiversity challenges in the world’s rangelands. More specifically, we present a Theory of Change to guide the design, monitoring, and evaluation of wilder rangelands. Through this, we aim to promote rangeland restoration, where local communities collaborate with regional and international actors to co-create new rangeland use models that simultaneously mitigate the impacts of climate change, restore biodiversity, and improve both ecosystem functioning and livelihoods.

Examining the Effectiveness of International Climate Agreements in Fostering Global Cooperation and Collective Action Towards Climate Change Mitigation in Nigeria

This paper aims to examine the role of international climate agreements in encouraging cooperative action and facilitating climate-change mitigation efforts in Nigeria. It begins by underscoring the pressing necessity of addressing climate change as one of the most significant challenges confronting humanity in the 21st century. It emphasizes the vital role of international climate agreements in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable growth, and supporting vulnerable nations in mitigating the consequences of climate change. Given that Nigeria is highly susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change, it is exposed to significant risks to the environment, economy, and socioeconomic development. This paper discusses Nigeria’s commitment to climate change mitigation through its participation in international agreements such as the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. It evaluates Nigeria’s progress in implementing climate change mitigation strategies and collaborative efforts with global partners. Furthermore, the concept of collective action theory is introduced, highlighting its relevance in tackling global challenges such as climate change. Additionally, this paper emphasizes that collective action is essential in addressing climate change, as it entails cooperative efforts among individuals, groups, and countries to achieve common objectives. It delves into how collective action theory provides valuable insights into the efficacy of international climate agreements and the need for international collaboration to develop comprehensive solutions. This paper identifies the factors that influence the success or failure of climate agreements in Nigeria and underscores the importance of in-depth studies to comprehend their impact on international partnerships and collective action. It concludes by discussing the implications of the research findings for future policy and decision-making, to contribute to more effective global climate change mitigation strategies. Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges faced by humanity in the 21st century. Its impact is far-reaching, affecting ecosystems, economies, and human well-being worldwide. Recognizing the urgency of addressing this global issue, international climate agreements have been established to foster global cooperation and collective action.[1]These agreements aim at mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable development, and supporting vulnerable nations in adapting to climate change. In Nigeria, a country highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, it is crucial to examine the effectiveness of international climate agreements in fostering collective action and facilitating climate-change mitigation efforts.[2] Nigeria, located in West Africa, is particularly susceptible to climate-related risks such as rising temperatures, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and desertification.[3]These challenges pose significant threats to the country’s agriculture, water resources, health systems, and overall socioeconomic stability.[4] To reduce the effects of climate change, nations must work together and take coordinated action. International climate agreements are essential for promoting cooperation among nations and for group efforts to mitigate climate change. These agreements provide forums for nations to coordinate efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions, prepare for climate change, set goals, and share resources and expertise.[5] Nigeria has acknowledged the significance of taking part in these agreements and implementing sustainable policies to address the climate crisis, given its status as a developing country that is extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate change.[6] The issue is that there is currently a dearth of in-depth studies that carefully examine how international climate agreements affect international collaboration and group action, particularly in Nigeria.[7]It is imperative for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders engaged in climate change mitigation initiatives in Nigeria to understand the efficacy of these agreements.[8] This paper offers important insights into boosting the efficacy of international climate agreements in Nigeria and eventually contributing to more successful global climate change mitigation strategies by identifying the strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement.

The Impact of Climate Change on Food Insecurity in The Southern African Development Community

Despite the fact that the Southern African region is one of the most vulnerable to climate change, research on the impact of climate change on food insecurity in the SADC region as a whole is scarce. We make two major contributions to the literature. First, we examine how climate change affects a group of SADC countries. Second, in contrast to previous studies, we supplement an analysis of climate change on crop yield with an analysis of climate change on other food insecurity indicators such as food affordability, malnutrition, and a food insecurity measure. Relying on the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, results show that precipitation has a statistically significant impact on all four indicators of food insecurity in both its linear and non-linear forms; precipitation has the greatest impact on food affordability, followed by its negative impact on malnutrition; and temperature -whether in its linear or nonlinear form- has no statistically significant influence on all four indicators of food insecurity. However, temperature change gains statistical significance in explaining movements in food security after controlling for the interaction of temperature and precipitation. The policy implications of these findings highlight the need to increase precipitation availability in the SADC region by designing sustainable irrigation programs while also implementing climate change mitigation initiatives alongside those designed to ensure food affordability and access to a healthy and decent meal, particularly for the poor.

Implementation of climate change mitigation initiatives in land management measures and in the context of strategic environmental assessment

The paper considers the possibilities of implementing climate change mitigation initiatives in environmental land management measures, since land management itself is, by definition, a set of socio-economic and environmental measures. It is proposed to update land management projects providing ecological and economic substantiation of crop rotation and landscaping within the framework of decarbonization as an element of the European Green Deal with calculations of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere, depending on the crops provided for in crop rotations. The implementation of climate change mitigation initiatives is also proposed as part of the strategic environmental assessment of land management documentation in Ukraine, in particular, to assess planning decisions for the Climate and Air Quality criterion in the context of assessing changes in CO₂ release/absorption as one of the greenhouse gases that affect climate change. In the context of The European Green Deal, the article examines approaches to assessing greenhouse gas absorption (decarbonization) which can be implemented in Ukraine both within the framework of strategic environmental assessment of land management documentation and in environmental measures for land management, since the principles of land management include ensuring the priority of environmental safety requirements, protection of land resources and restoration of soil fertility, productivity of agricultural land, and establishment of a regime for environmental protection, health, recreation, and historical and cultural purposes.

Persuasion, information technology, and the environmental citizen: An empirical study of the persuasion effectiveness of city applications

As the negative environmental impacts of cities continue to grow, citizens must be involved in climate change mitigation initiatives. A range of policy instruments can be used by municipal policy makers to encourage citizens to engage in environmentally responsible behaviours. Information and communications technology (ICT) is an important lever for changing individuals' behaviours and thus is increasingly found among the policy approaches adopted by cities. This research focuses on cities' use of ICT-enabled persuasion. Combining the unimodel of persuasion with the persuasive system design framework, the research develops and tests a theoretical model explaining how dimensions of the user context (green identity, goal intention) and technology context (integration support) influence the persuasiveness of city-sponsored applications with respect to environmentally responsible behaviours performed in the home and community. A survey of 203 individuals in North America shows that goal intention and integration support provided by the applications significantly influence perceived persuasion effectiveness for environmentally responsible behaviours at home. For environmentally responsible behaviours in the community, all three independent variables have a positive influence on the perceived persuasion effectiveness. The research extends the digital government literature by investigating an emerging policy intervention and providing a novel theoretical explanation of how elements within an ICT-enabled persuasion event come together to affect individuals' behaviours. Furthermore, the research provides municipal policy makers with new insights into how to design an ICT-enabled policy instrument for encouraging greater environmental citizenship.

A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION INITIATIVE

This study assessed the extent of involvement of rural women in climate change mitigation initiative through solid waste management practices conducted during the calendar year 2020 in the eight lakeshore towns in the 4th District of Laguna. The study employed descriptive-quantitative correlational design. Employment influenced the extent of involvement of rural women in climate change mitigation initiative in terms of solid management practices who favored that environmental education be taught in schools and educating about proper garbage management to fix garbage crisis, and insisting the local government put recycling laws and program in place. Moreover,they had stance on using alternative energy source such as windmills, solar power and others, learning to make right practical decisions for adapting to climate change, and learning more on climate change response strategy and promoting them to others. Consequently, rural women had utmost involvement in climate change mitigation initiative about health risk related to burning garbage, illegal dumps polluting rivers, streams and wells and about flooding due to garbage blocking drains and gullies.

Transformative Conservation of Ecosystems

Non-technical summaryMany conservation initiatives call for ‘transformative change’ to counter biodiversity loss, climate change, and injustice. The term connotes fundamental, broad, and durable changes to human relationships with nature. However, if oversimplified or overcomplicated, or not focused enough on power and the political action necessary for change, associated initiatives can perpetuate or exacerbate existing crises. This article aims to help practitioners deliberately catalyze and steer transformation processes. It provides a theoretically and practically grounded definition of ‘transformative conservation’, along with six strategic, interlocking recommendations. These cover systems pedagogy, political mobilization, inner transformation, as well as planning, action, and continual adjustment.Technical summaryCalls for ‘transformative change’ point to the fundamental reorganization necessary for global conservation initiatives to stem ecological catastrophe. However, the concept risks being oversimplified or overcomplicated, and focusing too little on power and the political action necessary for change. Accordingly, its intersection with contemporary biodiversity and climate change mitigation initiatives needs explicit deliberation and clarification. This article advances the praxis of ‘transformative conservation’ as both (1) a desired process that rethinks the relationships between individuals, society, and nature, and restructures systems accordingly, and (2) a desired outcome that conserves biodiversity while justly transitioning to net zero emission economies and securing the sustainable and regenerative use of natural resources. It first reviews criticisms of area-based conservation targets, natural climate solutions, and nature-based solutions that are framed as transformative, including issues of ecological integrity, livelihoods, gender, equity, growth, power, participation, knowledge, and governance. It then substantiates six strategic recommendations designed to help practitioners deliberately steer transformation processes. These include taking a systems approach; partnering with political movements to achieve equitable and just transformation; linking societal with personal (‘inner’) transformation; updating how we plan; facilitating shifts from diagnosis and planning to action; and improving our ability to adjust to transformation as it occurs.Social media summaryCurious about stemming the global biodiversity and climate crises? Browse this article on transformative conservation!

How climate policies can translate to tangible change: Evidence from eleven low- and lower-middle income countries

Formally adopting climate change mitigation policies does not necessarily translate to tangible change on the ground. Here, we analyse 31 semi-structured interviews with climate policy government officials and consultants from 11 low-income and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) as well as the respective climate policy context, and find high average degrees of perceived discrepancies between formally adopted climate change mitigation policies and their actual implementation. Our results suggest that for our LMIC sample, both the global political process to limit climate change and domestic environmental threats have been key to drive the formal adoption of climate change mitigation policies, but have had limited effect on implementation. By contrast, momentum for implementation of climate change mitigation initiatives and projects on the ground emerges where climate policies are firmly embedded within economic and social development policies, the economy and society are comparably well-positioned to embrace the associated change, and where they have been governed by cross-ministerial institutions capable of implementing wider climate-compatible development pathways. Thus, to help translate climate policy into action, national LMIC governments and the international community need to find context-specific ways to successfully integrate climate with economic and social development policies, identify and build on feasible opportunities and competitive advantages through which the local economy can benefit from green growth, build adequate social capital, and actively create institutional spaces and processes for well-equipped and meaningful cross-ministerial co-benefit governance. The importance of unlocking co-benefits for implementing climate policies underlines both the urgency with which the international community needs to increase finance for LMICs for climate change mitigation, as well as the associated development opportunities.

The role of high-socioeconomic-status people in locking in or rapidly reducing energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions

People with high socioeconomic status disproportionally affect energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions directly through their consumption and indirectly through their financial and social resources. However, few climate change mitigation initiatives have targeted this population segment, and the potential of such initiatives remains insufficiently researched. In this Perspective, we analyse key characteristics of high-socioeconomic-status people and explore five roles through which they have a disproportionate impact on energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions and potentially on climate change mitigation, namely as consumers, investors, role models, organizational participants and citizens. We examine what is known about their disproportionate impact via consumption and explore their potential influence on greenhouse gas emissions through all five roles. We suggest that future research should focus on strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by high-socioeconomic-status people and to align their investments, organizational choices and actions as social and political change agents with climate change mitigation goals.

Modeling urban evapotranspiration using remote sensing, flux footprints, and artificial intelligence

As climate change progresses, urban areas are increasingly affected by water scarcity and the urban heat island effect. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a crucial component of urban greening initiatives of cities worldwide aimed at mitigating these issues. However, ET estimation methods in urban areas have so far been limited. An expanding number of flux towers in urban environments provide the opportunity to directly measure ET by the eddy covariance method. In this study, we present a novel approach to model urban ET by combining flux footprint modeling, remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) data, and deep learning and machine learning techniques. This approach facilitates spatio-temporal extrapolation of ET at a half-hourly resolution; we tested this approach with a two-year dataset from two flux towers in Berlin, Germany. The benefit of integrating remote sensing and GIS data into models was investigated by testing four predictor scenarios. Two algorithms (1D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and random forest (RF)) were compared. The best-performing models were then used to model ET values for the year 2019. The inclusion of GIS data extracted using flux footprints enhanced the predictive accuracy of models, particularly when meteorological data was more limited. The best-performing scenario (meteorological and GIS data) showed an RMSE of 0.0239 mm/h and R2 of 0.840 with RF and an RMSE of 0.0250 mm/h and a R2 of 0.824 with 1D CNN for the more vegetated site. The 2019 ET sum was substantially higher at the site surrounded by more urban greenery (366 mm) than at the inner-city site (223 mm), demonstrating the substantial influence of vegetation on the urban water cycle. The proposed method is highly promising for modeling ET in a heterogeneous urban environment and can support climate change mitigation initiatives of urban areas worldwide.

Satellite estimation of emission factors and emissions of biomass-carbon due to deforestation and forest degradation in Bangladesh for a REDD+ program

Deforestation and forest degradation are two important contributors to atmospheric emissions of carbon. To claim carbon credit for conservation plus enhancement of existing forest carbon stock under reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) program, a post-Kyoto climate change mitigation initiative, developing countries need to assess the level of respective forest biomass-carbon and corresponding emissions of carbon in a complete and verifiable manner. We aimed to develop a comprehensive approach following the recommended inter-governmental panel on climate change good practice guidelines to estimate emission factors and emissions of biomass-carbon due to deforestation and forest degradation at Raghunandan Hills Reserved Forest, Bangladesh, for REDD+ implications. The estimation was done using a combination of field and satellite data employing geospatial techniques. The critical assessment provided a comprehensive estimate of the emission factors and emissions of biomass-carbon in the form of maps and statistics with acceptable accuracy. The approaches and findings of this study may have important scientific and management implications including providing baseline information for biomass-carbon stock-related concerns such as REDD+.

Co-benefits of soil carbon protection for invertebrate conservation

The global decline in invertebrate diversity requires urgent conservation interventions. However, identifying priority conservation areas for invertebrates remains a significant challenge. We hypothesized that aligning the conservation of invertebrate biodiversity with climate change mitigation ofer offers a solution. As both soil carbon storage and invertebrate biodiversity are positively influenced by plant diversity and productivity, a positive correlation can also be expected between SOC and invertebrate biodiversity. Drawing on >10,000 invertebrate observations organized into functional groups, and site-specific soil organic Carbon (SOC) measurements from Patagonia, the Peruvian Andes, and montane tropical rainforest, we examined the role of climate, soil, topographical position and land use for prediction of invertebrate biodiversity. We found that taxonomic and functional invertebrate diversity and abundance closely correlate with SOC stocks within ecosystems. Topographical position of sites, which was partly associated with SOC, was also important, whereas land use was of subordinate importance. We conclude that recent advances in predicting and mapping SOC can guide the identification of habitats within landscapes with high biodiversity and conservation value for invertebrates. Our findings stress the importance of linking global climate change mitigation initiatives that aim to preserve and restore SOC to efforts aimed at improving the conservation of invertebrates and the ecosystem services they provide, for the realization of mutual climate and biodiversity benefits.

A map of African humid tropical forest aboveground biomass derived from management inventories

Forest biomass is key in Earth carbon cycle and climate system, and thus under intense scrutiny in the context of international climate change mitigation initiatives (e.g. REDD+). In tropical forests, the spatial distribution of aboveground biomass (AGB) remains, however, highly uncertain. There is increasing recognition that progress is strongly limited by the lack of field observations over large and remote areas. Here, we introduce the Congo basin Forests AGB (CoFor-AGB) dataset that contains AGB estimations and associated uncertainty for 59,857 1-km pixels aggregated from nearly 100,000 ha of in situ forest management inventories for the 2000 – early 2010s period in five central African countries. A comprehensive error propagation scheme suggests that the uncertainty on AGB estimations derived from c. 0.5-ha inventory plots (8.6–15.0%) is only moderately higher than the error obtained from scientific sampling plots (8.3%). CoFor-AGB provides the first large scale view of forest AGB spatial variation from field data in central Africa, the second largest continuous tropical forest domain of the world.

How Can Jurisdictional Approaches to Sustainability Protect and Enhance the Rights and Livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities?

Tropical forests are posited to hold up to one-third of the solution to slow climate change. It is estimated that over two-hundred million “forest peoples”- including indigenous peoples and local communities- live within and depend upon the tropical forests in the Amazon, Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica and the Congo Basin. To successfully mitigate climate change, we must find new forms of collaboration that meet the goals of forest-dependent communities for secure land rights, equitable participation in decision-making, and dignified livelihoods in conjunction with meeting commitments to reduce GHG emissions. In 2018, 34 subnational governments and 18 indigenous and local community organizations announced their endorsement of the “Guiding Principles for Collaboration between Subnational Governments, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities”. The Guiding Principles of Collaboration (GPC) are a set of 13 universal tenets, which lay out a blueprint for collaboration between subnational state actors, indigenous peoples and local communities to recognize rights, support livelihoods, strengthen participation of forest-dependent communities in decision-making, and protect indigenous and community environmental defenders within the context of joint action for climate change mitigation. Their implementation would advance the integration of climate justice in subnational efforts for forest conservation. Taking the GPC as a departure point, we explore how approaches to jurisdictional sustainability can protect and enhance the rights and livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples (IP) and Local Communities (LC). We develop and apply a suite of indicators to assess existing conditions across 11 tropical forest jurisdictions towards meeting the commitments described in the GPC. Our findings suggest that while Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities rights are recognized within national legal frameworks, implementation and security of those rights is uneven across subnational jurisdictions. Participation of IP and LC is not yet formalized as part of jurisdictional climate change mitigation initiatives in most cases, limiting their potential inform policy outcomes and benefit-sharing mechanisms. Monitoring the implementation of the GPC may foster greater accountability for commitments, as well as collective action and learning to support regional transformations to sustainability.

Mapping national REDD+ initiatives in the Asia-Pacific region

Countries in the Asia-Pacific region are pioneers in the implementation of climate change mitigation initiatives. They have implemented readiness activities to fulfil the requirements for results-based payments from the forestry sector (termed REDD+). Using content analysis, a questionnaire, and a series of workshops with key stakeholders, we mapped the REDD + readiness of 11 Asia-Pacific countries with respect to UNFCCC's resolutions on REDD+. Their status was mapped against the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which constitutes the five design elements of the Warsaw REDD + Framework and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) requirements. While the overall achievements vary across the studied countries, our results demonstrate that Vietnam, Nepal, and Indonesia are in an advanced stage of REDD + readiness. A significant number of conditional NDCs and timely and adequate technical and financial support are imperative for the studied countries to achieve a high level of readiness. However, lack of trust and coordination among the state and non-state actors, limited national participation of Civil Society Organizations and Indigenous Peoples in REDD + related committees, and conflicts among regulatory frameworks related to forestry and other land uses remain common challenges for these countries. These challenges risk disrupting the essence of REDD + as a multi-level, multi-stage and multi-stakeholder governance system. Stakeholders in these countries are optimistic about a better performance of REDD + regarding emission reduction, enhanced livelihoods, improved forest governance and improvement in biodiversity. However, any optimism is challenged by stakeholder's own suspicion of the effectiveness of REDD + projects to achieve permanency and control leakage/displacement. Building political will and the development of context-specific benefit-sharing plans and their effective implementation could be important keys to maintaining optimism of stakeholders about REDD + initiatives.

Golden carbon of Sargassum forests revealed as an opportunity for climate change mitigation

Marine climate change mitigation initiatives have recently attracted a great deal of interest in the role of natural carbon sinks, particularly on coastal systems. Brown seaweeds of the genus Sargassum are the largest canopy-forming algae in tropical and subtropical environments, with a wide global distribution on rocky reefs and as floating stands. Because these algae present high amounts of biomass, we suggest their contribution is relevant for global carbon stocks and consequently for mitigating climate change as CO2 remover. We modelled global distributions and quantified carbon stocks as above-ground biomass (AGB) with machine learning algorithms and climate data. Sargassum AGB totaled 13.1 Pg C at the global scale, which is a significant amount of carbon, comparable to other key marine ecosystems, such as mangrove forests, salt marshes and seagrass meadows. However, specific techniques related to bloom production and management, or the utilization of biomass for biomaterials, should be fostered.

CLASlite unmixing of Landsat images to estimate REDD+ activity data for deforestation in a Bangladesh forest

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has emerged as a global climate change mitigation initiative under negotiation by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aimed at providing financial support to the developing countries for conserving respective forests. To implement the REDD+ initiative, developing countries need to estimate, among other necessitates, the activity data (i.e., pattern and process) of respective deforestation and forest degradation. Bangladesh is steadily progressing through its REDD+ roadmap. However, an important research issue to address includes using remote sensing technology to detect activity data for deforestation in a spatially explicit manner following the recommended good practice guidelines by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This study mapped the activity data for deforestation of a mixed forest in Bangladesh during 1995 to 2015, applying Monte-Carlo spectral unmixing classification algorithm to Landsat images in CLASlite software. The classification was verified using independently drawn reference points from high-resolution Google Earth images. A postclassification comparison method was applied to generate landcover transition matrices. The outputs were highly accurate maps (overall accuracy >90 % ) and statics of activity data for deforestation of the study area. The approaches and findings may have significant implications in adopting any REDD+ project in Bangladesh.

Evaluating the effectiveness of electric vehicle subsidies in Canada

The electrification of transportation has been identified as a necessary aspect of climate change mitigation in order to limit global temperatures to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and prevent potentially catastrophic effects on the environment. Despite this, in Canada and most other developed countries, consumers have been slow to adopt electric vehicles. In March of 2019, to encourage increased adoption of electric vehicles, the government of Canada announced a new federal EV subsidy program that will offer a rebate of up to $5000 on the purchase of zero-emission vehicles. When evaluating the costs and benefits of such a program, it is important to consider that the magnitude of emissions reductions achieved through EV subsidies relates to the emissions intensity of the electricity used to power the EV. In this paper, the cost-effectiveness of achieving emissions reductions through EV subsidy programs is evaluated with respect to each provincial electricity system in Canada. These results were then used to compare the cost-efficiency of EV subsidies to other investments in climate change mitigation initiatives, and ultimately decide whether EV subsidies are feasible to implement in any of Canada’s provinces.

Climate-risk vulnerability assessment of the agriculture sector in the municipalities and cities of Bukidnon, Philippines

Climate change is happening and is causing a huge problem to agriculture. It is affecting the agriculture sector of many places and certainly the province of Bukidnon, known as the food basket of Mindanao, is included. With its limited resources, the government has to target and prioritize sites that urgently need for programs relative to climate change adaptation and mitigation. To achieve this, an assessment of the climate-risk vulnerability of the agriculture sector in the municipalities and cities of Bukidnon was conducted. The CIAT framework to vulnerability assessment was employed in this study. Our results have shown that the municipalities of Kitaotao and Damulog have the most vulnerable agriculture sector in Bukidnon. This is mainly because these two municipalities obtained the lowest adaptive capacity ratings. As the results have indicated, this study recommends for the prioritization of Kitaotao and Damulog in the selection of sites to implement climate change adaptation and mitigation initiatives and projects to uplift the agriculture sector of Bukidnon.