Climate Change Mitigation Goals Research Articles

Biodiversity loss reduces global terrestrial carbon storage.

Natural ecosystems store large amounts of carbon globally, as organisms absorb carbon from the atmosphere to build large, long-lasting, or slow-decaying structures such as tree bark or root systems. An ecosystem's carbon sequestration potential is tightly linked to its biological diversity. Yet when considering future projections, many carbon sequestration models fail to account for the role biodiversity plays in carbon storage. Here, we assess the consequences of plant biodiversity loss for carbon storage under multiple climate and land-use change scenarios. We link a macroecological model projecting changes in vascular plant richness under different scenarios with empirical data on relationships between biodiversity and biomass. We find that biodiversity declines from climate and land use change could lead to a global loss of between 7.44-103.14 PgC (global sustainability scenario) and 10.87-145.95 PgC (fossil-fueled development scenario). This indicates a self-reinforcing feedback loop, where higher levels of climate change lead to greater biodiversity loss, which in turn leads to greater carbon emissions and ultimately more climate change. Conversely, biodiversity conservation and restoration can help achieve climate change mitigation goals.

Urban trees' potential for regulatory services in the urban environment: an exploration of carbon sequestration.

Urbanisation has emerged as a formidable challenge for urban policymakers, reaching unparalleled heights and unsettling the ecological equilibrium of the cities. Urban areas now grapple with many issues encompassing climate change, resource depletion, population surges and increased pollution levels. Many planned cities have planted trees and other vegetation within the urban sectors to enhance air quality, mitigate climate effects and provide valuable ecosystem services. This study assessed tree species diversity and their potential for carbon sequestration in Panjab University Campus, Chandigarh. We established 188 plots, each comprising randomly selected quadrats measuring 10 m × 10 m, encompassing areas with varying levels of vegetation, ranging from low to moderate and high density. We used four different allometric equations to estimate tree biomass and carbon stock. Our findings revealed that 92 tree species belong to 72 genera and 35 families, with a total tree density of 975 ha-1. The total CO2 sequestration in form of carbon stock was 18,769.46 Mg C ha-1, with Manilkara hexandra (1239.20 Mg C ha-1), Ficus benghalensis (1072.24 Mg C ha-1), Kigelia pinnata (989.89 Mg C ha-1) and Lagerstroemia floribunda (716.88 Mg C ha-1) being the top contributors. Specifically, the equation of Chave et al. (2005) without tree height yielded the highest biomass and carbon stock estimates than other equations. The present study underscores the vital role of trees on the campus as potent carbon reservoirs meet to maintain an aesthetic sense for biotic components and alleviate rising levels of CO2 in the atmospheric environment. By emphasising the role of urban trees as potent carbon reservoirs, the study underscores the importance of integrating green infrastructure into urban planning strategies. Furthermore, it offers valuable guidance for urban planners. It suggests that strategic tree planting and maintenance can enhance green spaces, regulate temperatures and ultimately support regional and global climate change mitigation goals. Incorporating these findings into urban planning processes can aid policymakers in developing resilient, ecologically sustainable cities worldwide.

State Responsibility for Environmental Damage from Climate Change under the No-Harm Principle

This research delves into the critical role of states in addressing environmental damage stemming from climate change, underpinned by the fundamental principle of “no harm”. Climate change represents a profound threat to both the global ecosystem and human welfare, necessitating concerted action from all nations. The no harm principle places an obligation on states to undertake effective measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, facilitate adaptation to climate change impacts, and mitigate adverse effects on vulnerable communities. This research uses normative legal research methods with a regulatory and contextual approach. By examining both theoretical frameworks and legal instruments, the study aims to elucidate the responsibilities of states and the mechanisms through which they can fulfill these obligations. A central focus of this research is the examination of how nations collaborate internationally to achieve climate change mitigation and adaptation goals through global agreements. These agreements serve as frameworks for collective action, guiding states in their efforts to combat climate change and minimize its harmful effects. By emphasizing the no harm principle, this study seeks to deepen our understanding of state responsibility for climate change and associated environmental damage. It underscores the imperative for robust collaborative endeavors aimed at safeguarding the global environment and ensuring a sustainable future for all. Through enhanced awareness and collective action, states can fulfill their duty to protect the planet and mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on present and future generations.

Including SDGs in low-carbon transport scenarios: A case of Udaipur

<p>Transportation is fundamental in shaping urban form and quality of life. The transport sector contributes to a quarter of the global GHG emissions. It is integral to countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to mitigate global warming or control warming beyond 2 ℃ or 1.5 ℃ above the pre-industrial level. Climate change mitigation in the transport sector demands a tailored approach for cities of the global South- rapidly urbanizing with increased dependence on motorization- incorporating social aspects of sustainability. The study examines the delivery of climate change mitigation and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in Udaipur’s passenger transport sector through six SDGs. Over and above the Business-as-usual Scenario, the two scenarios presented are- the Technology Scenario, which recalibrates Udaipur’s available Low-Carbon Mobility Plan and the SDG Scenario, addressing social transformations applying assumptions derived from the primary survey in the city. The socially sensitive SDG scenario prioritizes the mobility demand of those with low or no mobility. It also enhances mobility by retaining the share of non-motorized transport (NMT), intermediate public transport (IPT), and public transport (PT) and regulates excessive use of private motorized vehicles. However, the SDG scenario causes a 26% increase in the vehicle kilometer traveled (VKT), a 24% increase in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and a 29% decrease in other GHG emissions over the Technology Scenario.</p>

CCS under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement establishes the foundation for international carbon markets by allowing Parties to cooperate to achieve their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The Paris Agreement also embeds the concept of ‘net zero’ by calling for a balance between anthropogenic emissions of GHGs and removals of GHGs by sinks to be reached in the latter part of this century. All signatory Parties therefore tacitly acknowledge that meeting the Agreement's ambitious climate change mitigation goals relies not only on deep cuts in anthropogenic GHG emissions, but also on the offsetting of residual, hard-to-abate, GHG emission sources through significant increases in carbon removal from the active climate system and the storage of CO2 in enhanced sinks and reservoirs. In these respects, Article 6 potentially offers a variety of routes to incentivize CO2 capture and storage (CCS) including through emissions trading but also more novel means of cooperation that focus more specifically on carbon storage and which could potentially address some of the challenges posed for CCS over the past 15 years or so. In order to assess the status and outlook for Article 6 with a focus on CCS activities, we define three potential models for cooperation and undertake a comparative evaluation against the key criteria of effectiveness, environmental integrity, commercial and financial viability, progression and policy performance. We conclude with some observations regarding the factors that may influence the likelihood of these different market models evolving over coming years.

Cross-regional economic impact of carbon emission regulations: A quantitative spatial equilibrium model for China

We develop and quantitatively evaluate a spatial general equilibrium model that incorporates carbon emission regulations. We study the impact of emission regulation on the economies of regions within a country under climate change mitigation goals, and how the impact of emission regulation in one region influences other regions through regional‒sectoral linkages. The model is calibrated using Chinese regional and sectoral data, and several counterfactual exercises are performed. The results indicate that undifferentiated increases in emission regulation across regions have resulted in inter-regional differences in real GDP changes; however, “equity-oriented” regionally differentiated emissions regulations reduce this imbalance. Regarding interactions between regions, negative impacts on the economy are characterized by geographical proximity, whereas positive impacts are not geographically constrained. Sectoral linkages exacerbate the negative economic impacts of emission regulations and widen regional disparities. Additionally, we demonstrate the extended application of our model through two case studies.

Diagnosis of the main forest hubs in Paraná to mitigate climate change

In order to fulfill Brazil’s climate change mitigation goals and uphold its environmental commitments, it is crucial to have knowledge of volume, biomass, and carbon stocks of its native forests. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of the forest hubs from the state of Paraná, Brazil, towards climate change mitigation efforts. The Guarapuava hub possesses the largest area of native forests and the largest stored stock of volume, biomass, carbon, and carbon dioxide equivalent, while Sengés has the smallest area and the lowest stocks. Apart from Telêmaco Borba, which has only 12% of its native forests within Conservation Units, all the other hubs have more than 35% of their native area inside these locations. This emphasizes the significance of establishing and maintaining these Units. The total wood volume found was 276,136,486 m³, the total biomass 367,233,059 Mg, the total carbon 173,652,842 Mg, and the carbon dioxide equivalent 636,727,087 Mg. These values indicate that native forests can help mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Climate change mitigation and Sustainable Development Goals: Evidence and research gaps

Climate change mitigation and Sustainable Development Goals: Evidence and research gaps

The Role of Renewable Energies for Sustainable Energy Governance and Environmental Policies for the Mitigation of Climate Change in Nigeria

In response to the escalating global challenges posed by climate change, this research investigates the role of renewable energies in shaping sustainable energy governance and environmental policies for climate change mitigation in Nigeria. The study underscores the pivotal relationship between renewable energies and governance structures, emphasizing the need for innovative policy approaches. In Nigeria, a country grappling with a surge in energy demand, particularly in densely populated urban areas, this research delves into the current state of renewable energy adoption, technological aspects, and the policy and regulatory frameworks governing its integration. The study scrutinizes the technological aspects of solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass energy in Nigeria, exploring advancements in solar photovoltaic, hydropower, bioenergy, and geothermal technologies. Additionally, it dissects the nation's policy landscape, assessing key initiatives such as the National Energy Policy, the National Policy and Guidelines on Renewable Electricity, and Feed-in Tariffs. Furthermore, the research examines the alignment of environmental policies with renewable energy goals, highlighting the importance of targets, incentives, and regulatory frameworks. It also scrutinizes incentives for sustainable practices in Nigeria, including investment tax credits, the Renewable Energy Development Fund, and concessional import duty rates for renewable equipment. The study assesses the impact of renewable energy initiatives in Nigeria, gauging investment trends, ongoing projects, and the effectiveness of policy frameworks. It also delves into the economic, social, and environmental co-benefits of renewable energy projects, emphasizing their role in job creation, investment attraction, and reduction in energy costs. Finally, the research evaluates the effectiveness of renewable energy initiatives in reducing the nation's carbon footprint and fostering environmental sustainability. It highlights progress in achieving climate change mitigation goals through increased renewable energy capacity, policy frameworks, and off-grid electrification initiatives.

Who Sets the Agenda for Climate Change in China? A Longitudinal Analysis of Primary Actors that Drive Online Discussions on Social Media

ABSTRACT Multiple actors may harness social media to promote their own stances and influence others on climate change. Our investigation focused on second-level agenda-setting, determining which actors drove climate change conversations by attracting public attention to various topics. We examined the primary topics and actors involved in climate change discussions on Weibo (N = 1,090,420 posts) from 2010 to 2020. Our findings indicate that most discussions centered around environmental impact rather than culture, politics and government, or action advocacy. Celebrities, ordinary users, and civil society organizations were found to be influential for many topics, challenging the notion that governments and media lead the online climate change discourse. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of second-level agenda-setting in the digital age and highlights the importance of leveraging different social actors, especially celebrities, in China to achieve global climate change mitigation goals.

Impact of Land-Use Changes on Climate Change Mitigation Goals: The Case of Lithuania

The land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector is receiving increasing attention in climate change mitigation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission offsetting. The sector itself and measures applied to mobilize this sector in order to tackle climate change are dominant in nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement as well as in national strategies, as in the case of Lithuania. Lithuania has set the goal of becoming a carbon-neutral country in 2050, reducing GHGs by 80% compared to 1990 and offsetting the remaining 20% through the LULUCF sector. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing historical land-use changes in 1990–2021, as reported for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, and LULUCF’s potential to achieve climate change mitigation goals, taking into account different land-use change scenarios (business as usual, forest development, forest development + additional measures and forest land 40% + additional measures) for 2030 and 2050 in Lithuania. The scenarios are based on historical and potential future policy-based land-use changes. Projections of GHG emissions/removals for different scenarios are prepared according to the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results indicate that land-use changes over the period 1990–2021 remained rather stable, with some increases in forest area and grassland at the expense of cropland. The whole LULUCF sector acted as a carbon sink in most cases, forests being a key category for removal. However, reaching climate neutrality in 2050 might be challenging, as the goal to offset 20% of remaining GHG emission compared to 1990 through LULUCF would not be met in any of the scenarios analyzed, even the scenario of maximal forest-area development and additional measures. Considering the high historical GHG-removal fluctuations and the uncertainties of the sector itself, caution should be taken when relying on LULUCF’s potential to reach the set goals.

Navigating Mangrove Protection: A Jurisdictional Approach to Climate Action in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract Mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia, essential for coastal protection and carbon sequestration, are under severe threat from deforestation. This article emphasizes their significance and their role in Indonesia’s climate change mitigation strategies. Their carbon sequestration capacity is substantial, potentially preventing significant CO2 emissions. Indonesia is committed to climate change mitigation, with its Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution focusing on the Forest and Other Land Use (folu) sector, where mangroves are pivotal. However, optimizing this potential and involving local communities present challenges due to weak enforcement, policy conflicts, and limited community engagement. Based on a case study in South Sumatra, this study highlights the importance of involving local governments and communities in mangrove conservation efforts as a climate change mitigation measure. By applying a jurisdictional approach, especially through social-forestry schemes (e.g. Village Forests and mangrove-based ecotourism), local governments can play a crucial role in preserving mangrove ecosystems, integrating them into climate policies, and supporting community empowerment while achieving climate change mitigation goals.

The fate of rice crop residues and context-dependent greenhouse gas emissions: Model-based insights from Eastern India

Crop residue burning is a common practice in many parts of the world that causes air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Regenerative practices that return residues to the soil offer a ‘no burn’ pathway for addressing air pollution while building soil organic carbon (SOC). Nevertheless, GHG emissions in rice-based agricultural systems are complex and difficult to anticipate, particularly in production contexts with highly variable hydrologic conditions.Here we predict long-term net GHG fluxes for four rice residue management strategies in the context of rice-wheat cropping systems in Eastern India: burning, soil incorporation, livestock fodder, and biochar. Estimations were based on a combination of Tier 1, 2, and 3 modelling approaches, including 100-year DNDC simulations across three representative soil hydrologic categories (i.e., dry, median, and wet).Overall, residue burning resulted in total direct GHG fluxes of 2.5, 6.1, and 8.7 Mg CO2-e in the dry, median, and wet hydrologic categories, respectively. Relative to emissions from burning (positive values indicate an increase) for the same dry to wet hydrologic categories, soil incorporation resulted in a −0.2, 1.8, or 3.1 Mg CO2-e change in emissions whereas use of residues for livestock fodder increased emissions by 2.0, 2.1, or 2.3 Mg CO2-e. Biochar reduced emissions relative to burning by 2.9 Mg CO2-e in all hydrologic categories. This study showed that the production environment has a controlling effect on methane and, therefore, net GHG balance. For example, wetter sites had 2.8–4.0 times greater CH4 emissions, on average, than dry sites when rice residues were returned to the soil. To effectively mitigate burning without undermining climate change mitigation goals, our results suggest that geographically-target approaches should be used in the rice-based systems of Eastern India to incentivize the adoption of regenerative ‘no burn’ residue management practices.

Delineation of high‐resolution soil carbon management zones using digital soil mapping: A step towards mitigating climate change in the Northeastern Himalayas, India

AbstractDelineation of carbon management zones (CMZs) by capturing geospatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock down the profile is an effective strategy for precision agriculture and climate change mitigation. Satellite (Landsat OLI 8), terrain (SRTM 30 m DEM) and bioclimatic (WorldClim dataset) factors were used as covariables in this digital soil mapping approach. Depth harmonization using the quadratic spline method (equal‐area) was carried out prior to quantile regression forest (QRF) algorithm‐based modelling to estimate SOC stock at six standard soil depths (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 cm). Soil depth and SOC stock for the whole soil profile were used for the delineation of CMZs using fuzzy k‐means clustering. The predicted SOC stock, varied from 14.68 to 42.35 Mg ha−1 in the top layer (0–5 cm depth), while 17.91 to 36.88, 14.15 to 34.70, 12.55 to 35.59, 10.30 to 28.52 and 7.26 to 20.16 Mg ha−1 in the depths of 5–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–100 and 100–200 cm, respectively. The QRF algorithm performed well in predicting SOC stock with high R2, which ranged from .67 to .83 for all the soil depths. To delineate three CMZs, modified partitioning entropy and the fuzzy performance index were used. In CMZ2, there was a significant increase in SOC stock, followed by CMZ1 and CMZ3. This zone (CMZ2) was located in the central region of the study area and was mostly covered by dense forest and perennial plantations (rubber). The CMZs provided the necessary foundation for the development of site‐specific carbon management techniques that can enhance ecosystem service and meet climate change mitigation goals.

Carbon storage in old hedgerows: The importance of below‐ground biomass

AbstractAmbitious climate change mitigation goals require novel carbon (C) sinks in agricultural systems. Thus, the establishment of new hedgerows is increasingly attracting attention as a C sequestration measure. Despite hedgerows being a traditional agroforestry system, few studies have been conducted on hedgerow C stocks. Data on below‐ground biomass (BGB) in particular are limited. The aim of this study was therefore to quantify both above‐ground biomass (AGB) and BGB C stocks, as well as litter and soil organic C stocks, of established hedgerow systems by destructive sampling at three sites in northern Germany. The total biomass C (TBC) stock of the sampled hedgerows was 105 ± 11 Mg ha−1 on average. An additional 11 ± 2 Mg ha−1 were found in hedgerow litter and dead roots. Coarse roots (34% of TBC), stumps (22%) and harvestable biomass (20%) were the largest biomass C pools of the hedgerows. The BGB:AGB ratio was 0.7 ± 0.1, showing the importance of BGB in old hedgerow systems. Compared with other woody systems, these old hedgerows seem to have a different biomass distribution, with more biomass allocated below‐ground. About 15% of BGB C stock was stored in fine roots, whereas 85% was stored in coarse roots. The topsoil (0–30 cm) contained 85% of coarse root biomass C and 51% of fine root biomass C. Hedgerow C stock exceeded that of average German forests, and thus demonstrated their large potential for C sequestration when newly planted. This study provides detailed empirical data on C stocks in old hedgerow systems, and thus can be used to take hedgerow C sinks into account in C farming frameworks.

How politicians and the population attribute responsibility for climate change mitigation: no indication of a ‘governance trap’ in Norway

ABSTRACT Previous research claims that ‘the most significant risk’ to achieving climate change mitigation goals is the ‘governance trap’, whereby governments and the public attribute responsibility for action to one another. While it is well documented that individuals call for political action on climate change, there is limited knowledge about how politicians attribute responsibility for climate change mitigation. The present study examines whether there is evidence of a ‘governance trap’ in Norway, by using two online surveys to compare how politicians (N = 1211) and the population (N = 2030) attribute responsibility for climate change mitigation to individuals, the local and regional authorities, the national authorities, the international community, and business and industry. Contrary to expectations, politicians and the population attribute responsibility to the actors in the same order. Thereby, the study contests the assumption that governments attribute primary responsibility for climate change mitigation to the population.

Potential reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from waste banks and 3R waste treatment facilities in Bandung City

The Indonesian government has established a 30% reduction by 2030 target for reducing GHG emissions, through the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) approach. In the City of Bandung, various institutions are involved in waste handling and reduction. The objectives of this study were to determine the GHG emissions, resulting from household waste disposal at Sarimukti Landfill, without (scenario 1) and with (scenario 2) the utilisation of Waste Banks, 3R Waste Treatment Facility (TPS 3R), and an incinerator in a TPS 3R, at Ciwastra Market, as well as to estimate the GHG emissions, once Bandung City successfully achieves its waste reduction and waste management target in 2025, as stated in the Bandung Mayor Regulation No. 1426 of 2018, leveraging all existing facilities with the landfilling (scenario 3) and incineration (scenario 4) method. The calculations made were aligned with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2019 Guidelines Tier 1. The findings of this study revealed that, in the first scenario, the GHG emissions amount to 185,271.934 tons of CO2eq. In the second scenario, the emissions amount to 150,423.096 tons of CO2eq. Consequently, the reduction in GHG emissions achieved is 34,848.847 tons CO2eq. In the third scenario, the emissions are 64,373.560 tons of CO2eq, while in the fourth scenario, GHG emissions are 70,001.973 tons of CO2eq. These findings highlight the substantial GHG emission reductions achievable through the implementation of waste management strategies. By adopting these approaches, it is possible to mitigate the environmental impact of waste disposal and contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions, well in tandem with the climate change mitigation goals.

In Situ Raman Methodology for Online Analysis of CO2 and H2O Loadings in a Water-Lean Solvent for CO2 Capture.

Carbon capture represents a key pathway to meeting climate change mitigation goals. Powerful next-generation solvent-based capture processes are under development by many researchers, but optimization and testing would be significantly aided by integrating in situ monitoring capability. Further, real-time water analysis in water-lean solvents offers the potential to maintain their water balance in operation. To explore data acquisition techniques in depth for this purpose, Raman spectra of CO2, H2O, and a single-component water-lean solvent, N-(2-ethoxyethyl)-3-morpholinopropan-1-amine (2-EEMPA) were collected at different CO2 and H2O concentrations using an in situ Raman cell. The quantification of CO2 and H2O loadings in 2-EEMPA was done by principal component regression and partial least squares methods with analysis of uncertainties. We conclude with discussions on how this simultaneous online analysis method to quantify CO2 and H2O loadings can be an important tool to enable the optimal efficiency of water-lean CO2 solvents while also maintaining the critical water balance under operating conditions relevant to post-combustion CO2 capture.

Environmental Law for Sustainable Palm Oil Development to Combat Deforestation and Climate Change Impact

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examie how environmental law to mitigate the impact of climate change caused by deforestation in Indonesia due to the high demand for palm oil. Theoretical framework: Theoretical framework incorporate principles from international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aligned with environmental law with Indonesia's national policies and strategies, such as the National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO). Design/methodology/approach: The research method used a qualitative approach with data collected through library research. Various sources, including articles, journals, books, reports, and documents, were utilized to gather comprehensive and reliable information on the Indonesian palm oil problem and its environmental and societal impact. Findings: The result of the study concluded that addressing deforestation and the environmental impact of palm oil production requires several measures. These include reducing global demand for palm oil, promoting sustainable palm oil production, and adopting best practices in the palm oil industry. Implementing environmentally friendly approaches, protecting critical conservation areas, respecting the rights of local communities, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are essential steps to mitigate the issue Research, Practical & Social implications: The study outline the role of engage all stakeholders, including producers, companies, governments, civil society, and global consumers, in these efforts. Striking a balance between economic interests and environmental concerns is vital. By promoting sustainable agricultural practices, negative impacts on the environment and society can be minimized, and progress can be made towards achieving climate change mitigation and sustainable development goals. Originality/value: The value of the study lies in its holistic approach to addressing multiple interconnected issues. It not only focuses on environmental conservation but also considers the socioeconomic aspects of small-scale farmers in Indonesia. This integrated perspective is vital for finding sustainable solutions that benefit both the environment and local communities.

International technology innovation to accelerate energy transitions: The case of the international energy agency technology collaboration programmes

International cooperation in technology innovation can help accelerate energy transitions globally. If they are to promote global systemic change, partnerships need to move beyond nurturing niches and increase their geographical reach. Moving beyond niches brings challenges for such international partnerships traditionally focused on technological-hardware innovation in advanced countries. Based on an analytical framework rooted in innovation and transition studies, this paper explores how international technology innovation partnerships can help accelerate transitions globally by conducting a unique empirical study of the almost five decades-old IEA Technology Collaboration Programmes (TCPs). Results suggest that well-established networks for knowledge diffusion, growing compatibility of activities with climate change mitigation goals, and increased global participation currently enable TCPs to contribute to the energy transition. Improving outreach to non-scientific audiences, knowledge diffusion beyond technical knowledge, and cross-sectoral coordination, as well as ensuring equal-footing participation of developing countries, remain challenges to be addressed, especially as the transition accelerates.