Climate Change Adaptation Efforts Research Articles

Unveiling mid-century conservation priorities: Co-occurrence of biodiversity, climate change exposure, and carbon storage in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin, China

The global challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change necessitate the implementation of integrated conservation strategies. A forward-looking framework is necessary to reconcile climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts with biodiversity goals, supporting effective long-term planning and management of protected areas (PAs) network. This study develops a comprehensive approach to identify priority areas for biodiversity conservation until 2050, integrating assessments of species distributions, climate change exposure and carbon storage under distinct shared socioeconomic pathways. The Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin (MLYRB) in China serves as a case study. Using an ensemble species distribution modeling (ESDM) method, we predicted the distributions of 435 threatened terrestrial vertebrate species and plants. We then mapped their richness in the MLYRB. Distance-based climate velocity analysis was performed to identify climate change coldspots and hotspots. The patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model and InVEST model were coupled to simulate carbon storage changes. Systematic conservation planning tool, Zonation, was used to prioritize species conservation hotspots. By examining the co-occurrence of these hotspots with climate change coldspots/hotspots and areas of high carbon storage, conservation priorities for the MLYRB were revealed. Our findings indicate that 18.27–24.94% of the MLYRB risks over 20% species richness declines by 2050 under various scenarios, while increases over 10% are projected for only 0.81–1.75% of the area. Co-occurrence analysis highlights significant associations, such as a 32.26% overlap between species conservation hotspots and climate change hotspots in SSP1-2.6. Particularly noteworthy is the substantial co-occurrence (57.93–59.50% across scenarios) between areas maximizing species conservation and carbon storage. The identified conservation priority areas, covering 41.95% of the MLYRB (441554km2), hold potential for long-term species conservation, climate resilience, and nature-based climate solutions by 2050. However, only 6.08% of these priorities currently benefit from protection. These results offer valuable guidance for region-specific landscape management and conservation policy aligned with international goals. The presented methodology provides a broader application, serving as a valuable resource for prioritizing conservation efforts in other regions integrating biodiversity, climate change adaptation, and mitigation goals.

Investigating climate change adaptation strategies among informal residents in Kumasi, Ghana, through the lenses of the social action and control theories

The urban poor in informal settlements in Ghana remain exposed and vulnerable to climate--induced hazards. Their exclusion from official adaptation interventions, undeniably calls for social mechanisms to enable them to adapt to climate change hazards such as heatwaves and floods. Individuals may contribute to exacerbating climate-induced hazards or employ adaptation measures as a common practice or due to their connectedness to a group, as hypothesised by the social action and social control theories, respectively. There is, however, no known study on the empirical and theoretical contributions of these theories to influencing climate change adaptation efforts in urban Africa. At best, studies have looked at the importance of individual and community skills, and assets to adapting to climate change hazards. Underpinned by the social action and social control theories, 367 household interviews, four focus group discussions and seven relevant agency interviews in two of Kumasi’s largest informal settlements – Aboabo and Asawase - were conducted to explore how elements of the theories shape hazard reduction and adaptation efforts, and discuss the barriers to building adaptation to climate impacts. We found that most households employed several adaptation measures because they saw other residents do the same which was confirmed by the Chi-square test statistic (χ2=4.968, p<0.000) and as hypothesised by the social action theory. Similarly, as hypothesised by the social control theory, we also found differences in the adaptation measures employed by households belonging to identified environment-related groups (χ2=21.465, p<0.001). This was, largely, because among other activities, the education and training exercises undertaken by the groups influenced the knowledge levels of members about climate change hazards and adaptation measures. The groups offer emotional, monetary, material, and practical support to cope within the short-term; first to the members, and the general residents, who are hit by disasters. Generally, adopted measures to reduce adverse impacts and build adaptation were unsustainable. This study is among few studies that demonstrate the contribution of social action and social control theories to managing and adapting climate change and its associated impacts in African cities.

Climate Litigation

The last decade has seen an increase in the number, specificity and importance of laws codifying national and international responses to climate change. As these laws have recognised new rights and created new obligations, they have led to the initiation of lawsuits challenging either their effectiveness or their concrete application. The aim of these disputes is to force legislators and policy makers to take a more ambitious and thorough approach to climate change. In addition, litigation has continued to fill the gaps left by legislative and regulatory inaction. As a result, the courts are increasingly adjudicating disputes over actions – or inaction – in relation to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Enhancing the Capacity of Tourism Awareness Groups in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation at the Tanjung Batu Mangrove Ecotourism, Sekotong Tengah Village, West Lombok Regency

Mangrove Ecotourism in Tanjung Batu is one of the unique tourist attractions on Lombok Island, featuring a scenic 11-hectare mangrove area with dense vegetation coverage. The site is equipped with several facilities, including a 417-meter wooden bridge, several gazebos, selfie spots, a homestay, and a café. The ecotourism management is handled by the Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) of Sekotong Tengah Village. This destination is quite popular, with no fewer than 300 tourists visiting each month. However, this area is prone to climate-related disaster risks such as tidal floods, strong winds, high waves, floods, and droughts. Additionally, the ecotourism management has mainly focused on physical aspects and lacks sufficient managerial skills for implementing a sustainable governance system. The proposed solution is to strengthen the Pokdarwis management to improve ecotourism governance, optimizing its potential to deliver greater social, economic, and environmental value while contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. The conclusion from the community service activity is that to address these challenges, the community is committed to preserving the mangrove ecosystem, preventing disturbances from both internal and external factors, and managing ecotourism in a way that benefits the surrounding community by reducing climate-related disaster risks. Priority activities include mangrove rehabilitation and enrichment, beach cleanup, monthly management meetings, semi-annual evaluations, and promptly developing plans to strengthen the fishermen's economy through involvement in marine tourism packages

Measurement of the social investment impact of the bahtera segara program using the social return on investment method (SROI)

PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Integrated Terminal Semarang conducted this study to analyze the impact of the BAHTERA SEGARA (Bahagia Sejahtera Nelayan Pesisir Semarang Utara) Program, aiming to enhance the program's quality in the future. This research employs the SROI method to measure the impact of all activities carried out by PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Integrated Terminal Semarang within the framework of the BAHTERA SEGARA (Bahagia Sejahtera Nelayan Pesisir Pesisir Semarang Utara) Program. Based on the study results of the BAHTERA SEGARA Program (Bahagia Sejahtera Nelayan Pesisir Semarang Utara), this program has proven to be effective and has a significant positive impact. The program has succeeded in improving the economic, social, and environmental welfare of the target community groups and communities that replicate it independently. Increasing SROI scores from 2020 to 2023 indicate that the program is increasingly effective in delivering benefits, particularly through the replication of food crop cultivation and increased fish processing productivity. The program also contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and supports climate change adaptation efforts. The program's successful replication demonstrates the effectiveness of BAHTERA SEGARA as a collective learning tool, as well as its potential for replication in other areas with similar conditions.

Climate change adaptation in Norwegian businesses − Awareness, integration and barriers

Preventive measures adopted to protect buildings and infrastructure from extreme weather and natural hazard events may serve to mitigate extensive damage and thus avoid major expenditures to businesses and society. A survey of 1,001 representative companies across different sectors and regions in Norway reveals that most companies fail to prioritise the climate change adaptation of their buildings or infrastructure. Most respondents have not conducted risk assessments. The greatest focus is adopted by large companies, those that own their buildings and infrastructure, and businesses in the primary and energy sectors. Small companies, service sector businesses and companies that rent their buildings and infrastructure are the least well prepared. The largest perceived barrier to adaptation is costs, followed by a lack of knowledge and competence in the fields of climate change impacts and adaptation measures. The large majority state that they do not measure climate change adaptation at all. Less than 10 per cent use indicators or evaluate their climate change adaptation efforts. Survey results suggest that Norwegian businesses need stronger incentives and clearly defined responsibilities, combined with appropriate tools and guidelines relevant to the entire climate change adaptation cycle. These will include the performance of risk assessments, the tracking of their adaptation status, as well as the measurement and evaluation of their climate change adaptation actions with the help of indicators.

Global-scale ERA5 product precipitation and temperature evaluation

ERA5 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis Fifth Generation) is a significant dataset in climate reanalysis. Conducting a global-scale accuracy assessment and spatiotemporal distribution characteristic study of its temperature and precipitation data is crucial for gaining in-depth understanding of extreme climate changes. This study, based on CRU TS v4.04 (Climatic Research Unit Time-Series version 4.04) gridded data, employs multiple statistical indicators and detection metrics to assess the accuracy of the ERA5 temperature and precipitation dataset at a monthly scale over the past 70 years. Additionally, it utilizes Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) to explore its spatiotemporal distribution characteristics. The results indicate that: (1) ERA5 demonstrates good consistency in most regions globally; however, the influence of uneven station density distribution results in weaker correlation in areas with sparse station density. (2) The accuracy of ERA5 data exhibits certain differences between the two periods (1950–1979, 1979–2019); with the overall performance of ERA5 temperature data near the Earth’s surface being better than that of precipitation data. (3) ERA5 precipitation data in the mid and low latitudes of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres exhibit characteristics of positive–negative distribution, while temperature data show an opposite distribution in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (with a predominant pattern of warmer temperatures in the north and colder temperatures in the south). Additionally, the typical patterns for both variables occur in January and July each year. The above study will provide reference and insights for future climate change prediction and adaptation efforts.

Tropical Cyclone Storm Surge‐Based Flood Risk Assessment Under Combined Scenarios of High Tides and Sea‐Level Rise: A Case Study of Hainan Island, China

AbstractIn the context of climate change, coastal flood risk is intensifying globally, particularly in China, where intricate coastlines and frequent tropical cyclones make storm surges a major concern. Despite local government's efforts to initiate coastal monitoring networks and qualitative risk guidelines, there remains a gap in detailed and efficient quantitative assessments for combinations of multiple sea‐level components. To address this, we develop the Tropical Cyclone Storm Surge‐based Flood Risk Assessment under Combined Scenarios (TCSoS‐FRACS). This framework integrates impacts of storm surges, high tides, and sea‐level rise using a hybrid of statistical and dynamic models to balance reliability and efficiency. By combining hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, it incorporates economic and demographic factors for a deeper understanding of risk composition. Applying TCSoS‐FRACS to Hainan Island reveals that the combined effects of storm surges, high tides, and sea‐level rise significantly amplify local coastal flood risk, increasing economic losses to 4.27–5.90 times and affected populations to 4.96–6.23 times. Additionally, transitioning from Fossil‐fueled Development (SSP5‐8.5) to Sustainability (SSP1‐1.9) can reduce the risk increase by approximately half. The equivalence in flood hazard between current high tides and future sea level under a sustainable scenario boosts confidence in climate change adaptation efforts. However, coastal cities with low hazard but high exposure need heightened vigilance in flood defense, as future risk could escalate sharply. Our study provides new insights into coastal flood risk on Hainan Island and other regions with similar profiles, offering a transferable and efficient tool for disaster risk management and aiding in regional sustainable development.

Understanding climate change awareness and adaptation measures in urban settings: A study in Surakarta, Indonesia

Backgorund: The effects of climate change in the atmosphere are starting to manifest, impacting not only the natural world but also human cultures. In Indonesia, these impacts are expected to intensify over the coming decades, with rising temperatures, declining rainfall, and sea-level rise affecting coastal areas. Extreme weather events, such as flooding and droughts, are becoming more common, posing significant challenges to human existence, economic growth, and the natural environment. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of climate change awareness and adaptation measures among adolescents and local people in Surakarta, Indonesia. The study seeks to assess how the local population perceives and responds to climate change, as well as to identify factors that make communities vulnerable to severe weather events. By exploring these factors, the study aims to shed light on the underlying causes of vulnerability and inform the development of effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. Method: The research methodology involves the use of structured questionnaires and surveys to collect data from 100 respondents in Surakarta. Statistical analysis, including regression analysis, is employed to assess the relationship between various demographic factors and climate change awareness. Demographic factors such as age, education level, and income are evaluated to understand their impact on climate change perception and responsiveness. Findings: The findings of the study highlight the importance of enhancing climate change knowledge among adolescents and local residents and underscore the need for targeted adaptation measures to address the unique challenges faced by urban communities in Surakarta. Conclusion: Overall, this study contributes to the broader understanding of climate change adaptation and resilience-building efforts in urban settings and provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and community stakeholders working in the field of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Novelty/Originality of this article: Using a structured survey, this study assessed climate change awareness and adaptation measures among adolescents and residents. The findings highlight the importance of improving knowledge about climate change and developing appropriate adaptation strategies for urban communities.

Historical and future extreme climate events in highly vulnerable small Caribbean Islands

Small Caribbean islands are on the frontline of climate change because of sea level rise, extreme rainfall and temperature events, and heavy hurricanes. The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina (SAI), are Caribbean islands belonging to Colombia and declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. SAI is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts but no hydroclimatological study quantified the extreme climatic changes yet. This study analyzes historical (1960s-2020, 7 stations) and future (2071–2100, CMIP6 multi-model ensemble, for four scenarios: SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) trends in mean and extreme precipitation and temperature duration, frequency, and intensity. We find that heatwaves have more than tripled in frequency and doubled their maximum duration since the end of the ‘80 s. Precipitation is historically reduced by 5%, with a reduction recorded in 5 stations and an increase in 2, while extreme rainfall events significantly increased in frequency and intensity in most stations. The hotter-and-drier climate is amplified in the future for all scenarios, with much drier extremes (e.g., -0.5─-17% wet days, +8%─30% consecutive dry days, and +60%─89% in hot days). Although we show that hurricanes Categories IV and V near SAI (< 600 km) more than doubled since the’60 s, only a small fraction of extreme rainfall in the archipelago is associated with hurricanes or tropical storms. La Niña events also have no substantial influence on extreme precipitation. Interestingly, opposite and heterogeneous historical extreme rainfall trends are found across such small territory (< 30 km2). Thus, downscaled hydrometeorological data and model simulations are essential to investigate future extreme climatic events and strengthen small Caribbean islands' climate change adaptation efforts.

Climate Litigation

The last decade has seen an increase in the number, specificity and importance of laws codifying national and international responses to climate change. As these laws have recognised new rights and created new obligations, they have led to the initiation of lawsuits challenging either their effectiveness or their concrete application. The aim of these disputes is to force legislators and policy makers to take a more ambitious and thorough approach to climate change. In addition, litigation has continued to fill the gaps left by legislative and regulatory inaction. As a result, the courts are increasingly adjudicating disputes over actions – or inaction – in relation to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Climate change adaptation and mitigation and historic centers preservation. Underway and repeatable technological design solutions

Since the Paris Agreement, European member countries have been committed to mitigating climate change and adapting to its effects. Climate action planning allows cities to organize their approach. It is critical to ensure that investments in infrastructure and services have a low-carbon impact and consider likely climate change perspectives. The output of this process is the climate action plan (CAP): one or more documents where a city sets out its roadmap to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen climate resilience throughout the community. Many cities have already developed and published a Paris Agreement-compatible CAP. The quality and compliance of these plans will also influence the achievement of the goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2015). Thus, cities are crucial players in global climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, and how they engage in climate policy is currently under debate. The paper is intended to support technological design, selecting good practices from the latest and most complete ones for climate mitigation and adaptation in urban settings. In particular, the paper focuses on public space and built environment regeneration actions that can tangibly contribute to the global climate resilience movement. Considering the operational difficulty that could arise in planning climate adaptation measures in historical urban contexts, the study critically analyzes current strategies in sedimented landscape realities of high cultural-historical value. The goal is to draw from them a cognitive and expeditious method of intervention that can be reiterated for similar contexts and is compatible with the consistency and value of urban and built heritage. The theme is timely and falls into Sustainable Development Goals No. 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and No. 13 (climate action).

Exploring Drivers of Historic Mercury Trends in Beluga Whales Using an Ecosystem Modeling Approach.

While mercury occurs naturally in the environment, human activity has significantly disturbed its biogeochemical cycle. Inorganic mercury entering aquatic systems can be transformed into methylmercury, a strong neurotoxicant that builds up in organisms and affects ecosystem and public health. In the Arctic, top predators such as beluga whales, an ecologically and culturally significant species for many Inuit communities, can contain high concentrations of methylmercury. Historical mercury concentrations in beluga in the western Canadian Arctic's Beaufort Sea cannot be explained by mercury emission trends alone; in addition, they could potentially be driven by climate change impacts, such as rising temperatures and sea ice melt. These changes can affect mercury bioaccumulation through different pathways, including ecological and mercury transport processes. In this study, we explore key drivers of mercury bioaccumulation in the Beaufort Sea beluga population using Ecopath with Ecosim, an ecosystem modeling approach, and scenarios of environmental change informed by Western Science and Inuvialuit Knowledge. Comparing the effect of historical sea ice cover, sea surface temperature, and freshwater discharge time series, modeling suggests that the timing of historical increases and decreases in beluga methylmercury concentrations can be better explained by the resulting changes to ecosystem productivity rather than by those to mercury inputs and that all three environmental drivers could partially explain the decrease in mercury concentrations in beluga after the mid-1990s. This work highlights the value of multiple knowledge systems and exploratory modeling methods in understanding environmental change and contaminant cycling. Future work building on this research could inform climate change adaptation efforts and inform management decisions in the region.

Preparatory study for carbon sequestration modelling of agroforestry systems in Hungary: The assessment of the yield class distribution of windbreaks

The escalating carbon dioxide emissions leading to global climate change are acknowledged as a paramount environmental challenge in the twenty-first century. The significance of land use systems in stabilising carbon dioxide levels and enhancing carbon sink potential has gained noteworthy attention from both the scientific and political communities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emphasises that agroforestry systems present vital prospects for synergising climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts, offering substantial technical mitigation potential. Windbreaks are well-known agroforestry systems in Hungary and form an important part of agricultural landscapes. The improved agroforestry subsidy system in our country makes it relevant to model the carbon sequestration potential of windbreaks. In the framework of the ForestLab project we plan to develop a carbon sequestration model specific for Hungarian agroforestry systems. In this study, as a preparatory step of the model development, we assessed the yield class distribution of Hungarian windbreaks by tree species group and identified variables that had significant effect on yield class based on the data of the National Forestry Database. Our results show that among the examined effects the most important predictor of the yield class of windbreaks was the tree species group, followed by the thickness of the productive soil layer and the hydrology of the site.

Responsible Artificial Intelligence for Climate Action: A Theoretical Framework for Sustainable Development

Climate change poses an urgent and significant challenge, with far-reaching impacts already affecting our planet, and projections indicating worsening conditions in the future. The concept of sustainable development aims to meet present needs while safeguarding the ability of future generations to meet their own requirements. However, climate change's effects on sustainable development are of paramount concern, as they amplify issues like poverty, food insecurity, and environmental degradation, affecting economic growth, social progress, and environmental protection. Taking immediate action to mitigate climate change and implement sustainable practices is crucial to ensuring a habitable planet for future generations. In this context, Responsible Artificial Intelligence (RAI) emerges as a promising direction, striving for ethical and responsible technology use in diverse sustainable development tasks. RAI proves to be a robust candidate for empowering climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study introduces a theoretical RAI framework designed to support climate action by responsibly enabling more accurate predictions and analysis of climate data, enhancing energy efficiency, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The framework emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among policymakers, scientists, and technicians to develop RAI solutions that advance sustainable development and alleviate the adverse impacts of climate change. Unlike previous works, this research presents a novel perspective on the principles of RAI that explicitly consider climate-related aspects. By laying the foundations of AI research to bolster our fight against climate change, this article establishes essential pillars that encourage further advancements in this critical endeavor.

Chemical Perspectives on the Impact of Climate Change in Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Review

: Climate change is a global phenomenon that has significant impacts on various aspects of human life, including the environment, economy, and social well-being. Afghanistan, one of the least developed and most vulnerable countries to climate change, is facing alarming effects due to its high dependence on agricultural livelihoods, fragile environment, poor socio-economic development, high frequency of natural hazards, and over four decades of conflict. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the impact of climate change on Afghanistan's environment, economy, and society, and to highlight the vulnerability of Afghanistan to climate change. The review also explores the chemical composition of air pollutants in Afghan cities, the impact of air and water pollution on human health and the environment, the influence of climate change on soil composition and nutrient availability, and the implications for water resources, including groundwater quality and availability. Finally, the review discusses the chemical aspects of climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts in Afghanistan, focusing on innovative technologies and practices to address climate-related challenges in the country.

Climate change adaptation through traditional Buffalo knowledge: learning reflection from the Blackfoot indigenous community

ABSTRACT This paper highlights the potential of Indigenous Buffalo knowledge as a valuable resource for adapting to the impacts of climate change. Buffalo, particularly in regions where they have been traditionally reared, have played a crucial role in Indigenous cultures and livelihoods. Indigenous communities have developed an intimate understanding of buffalo behaviour, ecological interactions, and their relationship with changing environmental conditions. This traditional Buffalo knowledge encompasses observations, practices, and Indigenous knowledge systems passed down through generations, providing insights into adaptive strategies that can be applied in the face of climate change. Following decolonial and relational theoretical frameworks, we used deep listening to learn how traditional Buffalo knowledge contributed to climate change adaptation strategies in Indigenous communities; how does integrating traditional Buffalo knowledge into climate change adaptation policies and practices contribute to the resilience of vulnerable communities? What challenges and opportunities are associated with incorporating traditional Buffalo knowledge into mainstream climate change adaptation efforts?

Conflict mitigation as a means of climate change adaptation: Lessons for policy and development practice

In this article, we examine the ways conflict can drive climate change vulnerability and, in turn, argue that conflict mitigation can act as a means of climate change adaptation. We identify three key ways in which conflict mitigation enhances adaptation opportunities: (a) addressing conflict dynamics increases opportunities to address climate risks; (b) grounded analysis of conflict dynamics often reveals high-value opportunities for climate change-oriented programs as well as potential maladaptations to be avoided; and (c) conflict mitigation interventions which rely heavily on governance can be leveraged in climate change adaptation efforts. This has multiple implications for global climate change policy, especially when one considers key climate security outcomes emanating from international policy discussions such as COP 28. We conclude this article by identifying three under-examined—and practical—lines of inquiry that would address key knowledge gaps in how to fortify climate resilience in conflict-affected regions.

Holistic analysis of factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry to foster forest sector based climate solutions

Improving adoption rate is vital for realizing agroforestry innovations' financial and environmental benefits including fostering climate change adaptation and resilience efforts. Adoption rate of agroforestry innovations improves through feedback-enriched interventions. Yet, the lessons that decades of adoption research generated were only partially incorporated for improving prospective development interventions. Among others, application of reductionist approaches and rarity of holistic perspectives were primary causes for poor understanding of adoption contexts and subsequent incorporation in development programs. This study shows how to undertake holistic adoption empirical analysis by constructing Bayesian Belief Network (BBN). Findings revealed that household contexts consistently, followed by innovation attributes and system level features, influenced likelihood of adopting agroforestry innovations. BBN allowed discovery of the contribution of each variable and layer of variables on optimized adoption rate. Hence results suggested which (groups of) variables to focus when aiming to improve adoption results. Further testing hypothetical policy intervention allowed comprehension of potential outcomes. The approach consolidated the view that comprehensive assessment is essential for inclusive and actual understanding of adoption influencing factors. The stratification of farmers from discretization feature of BBN allowed potential of addressing all groups of farmers (e.g., poor, medium, rich, male decision-making dominated families), evading earlier concerns of development interventions benefitting only better-off farmers. Our findings proved that holistic analysis can better foster agroforestry innovations adoption by allowing targeted interventions and hence consolidated the forest sectors climate solution opportunities for smallholder farmers.

Climate change adaptation policies and institutional arrangement: Agriculture and fishery sector in India

&lt;p&gt;India’s agriculture and fishing sectors confront significant challenges due to climate change because of its distinctive geographical location and predominantly agrarian economy, highlighting the urgent need for institutional frameworks and effective adaptation strategies. This study delves into the current state of institutional structures and policies aimed at climate change adaptation within these key sectors in India. Through an exhaustive analysis of literature, official reports, and policy documents, the research evaluates the policies and interventions implemented to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and fisheries. Several policies are in place to facilitate the planning, establishment, and implementation of adaptation programs at the national and regional scales in the country. However, given India’s broad geographical size and varied socio-cultural settings, the adaptation requirements of diverse sectors and susceptible populations are still not sufficiently recognized and addressed. Key areas under scrutiny include crop diversification, water management techniques, technological advancements, and community-based adaptation approaches. Furthermore, the study evaluates the effectiveness of existing institutional arrangements, including governmental bodies, academic institutions, and community organizations, in fostering climate resilience across different domains. By synthesizing insights from diverse sources, this research aims to offer valuable perspectives on the institutional dynamics and policy landscape shaping climate change adaptation efforts in India’s agriculture and fisheries sectors to build resilience and sustainability. This research paper highlights some of the evolving as well as existing adaptation requirements and suggests how new research, policy, and practice engagements could meet these requirements.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;