Cleat Design Research Articles

Influence of Cleat Design on Knee Joint Moments During Cutting Maneuver and Instep Kick in Soccer

Influence of Cleat Design on Knee Joint Moments During Cutting Maneuver and Instep Kick in Soccer

Should high-top or low-top cleats be used when playing baseball

There is a shortage of knowledge about how baseball cleat design may impact athletes. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the height of the baseball cleat affected performance, perception of the cleat, and ankle range-of-motion. Thirteen subjects participated in the study, and each subject performed three drills (base-running, 5:10:5 "pro agility," and hitting) in both high-top and low-top baseball cleats. Performance time was measured for the first two drills. Perception of comfort, heaviness, shoe climate (heat), stability, and traction were measured for all three drills using 10-cm visual analog scales (VAS). Ankle range-of-motion (dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, eversion, and inversion) was measured using goniometry in both cleats, plus socks-only as baseline control. Shoe height did not significantly affect completion time in either the base-running drill (6.1±0.1 sec. in high-top vs. 6.1±0.1 sec. in low-top) or pro-agility drill (4.8±0.1 sec. in high-top vs. 4.6±0.1 sec. in low-top). There were significant differences in perception of heat (6.4 in high-top vs. 4.6 in low-top; p<.001), stability (6.9 in high-top vs. 5.1 in low-top; p=.001), and heaviness (6.0 in high-top vs. 4.1 in low-top; p<.001), but not in perception of comfort (6.1±2.0 in high-top vs. 6.6±1.5 in low top) or traction (7.3±2.0 in high-top vs. 7.4±1.5 in low-top). There were significant differences between high-top and low-top cleats in plantarflexion (42.5° in high-top vs. 47.5° in low-top; p=.033), eversion (7.9° in high-top vs. 11.3° in low-top; p=.003), and inversion (12.8° in high-top vs. 16.6° in low-top; p=.044), but not dorsiflexion (8.2° in high-top vs. 10.9°). For baseball players concerned about excessive ankle movements during play, these results suggest that using a high-top baseball cleat might reduce ankle range-of-motion without impairing performance or feeling burdensome. KEYWORDS: Baseball; Cleats; High-Top; Low-Top; Perception; Performance; Range-of-Motion; Shoes

Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Game-Related High School Football Injuries Across Artificial Turf Systems of Various Infill Weights.

Background:Artificial turf surfaces are developed to duplicate playing characteristics of natural grass. With the newer generations of sand and rubber infill systems, the infill is a common component that varies between fields and is a critical factor that could influence the player-surface interaction. Because the influence of infill weight on sport trauma is unknown, this study quantified football trauma in high schools in the United States across artificial turf systems of various infill weights.Hypothesis:Athletes would not experience differences in game-related injuries across artificial turf systems of various infill weights.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:Artificial turf systems were divided into 4 sand/rubber infill weight groups by pounds per square foot: ≥9.0, 6.0-8.9, 3.0-5.9, and 0.0-2.9. A total of 57 high schools in 4 states participated over the course of 5 seasons. Outcomes of interest included injury severity, as a function of infill weight, across head, knee, and shoulder traumas; injury category; primary type of injury; tissue type; specific body location of injury; cleat design; environmental factors; and turf age. Data were subject to multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) and Wilks λ criteria through use of general linear model procedures.Results:Of 1837 games documented, 528 games were played on infill weights of ≥9.0 lb/ft2, 521 on 6.0-8.9 lb/ft2, 525 on 3.0-5.9 lb/ft2, and 263 on 0.0-2.9 lb/ft2, with 4655 total injuries reported. MANOVAs indicated significant infill weight effects across injury severity (F 2,4648 = 5.087; P = .0001), with significant main effects also observed by injury category, tissue injured, lower extremity joint and muscle, cleat design, environmental factors, and turf age. Post hoc analyses indicated significantly lower (P < .05 to .0001) total and substantial traumas, concussions, shoe-surface interaction during contact trauma, surface impacts, muscle-tendon overload, cleat design influence, adverse weather trauma, lower extremity injuries, and turf age effect while athletes were competing on the 6.0 to ≥9.0 lb/ft2 infill weight systems compared with the lighter infill weight systems.Conclusion:As infill surface weight decreased, football trauma significantly increased across numerous playing conditions. Based on findings, high school football fields should minimally contain 6.0 pounds of infill per square foot.

Effects of turf and cleat footwear on plantar load distributions in adolescent American football players during resisted pushing

Metatarsal and midfoot injuries are common in American football. Footwear design may influence injury rates by altering plantar foot loading patterns in these regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cleat design on in-shoe plantar foot loading during a football-specific, resisted pushing task. Twenty competitive football players (age 14.7 ± 1.8 years, height 1.72 ± 0.10 m, and mass 71.8 ± 26.9 kg) completed three trials of pushing a weighted sled at maximal effort in a standard shoe (CLEAT) and artificial turf-specific shoe (TURF), with flexible in-shoe force measuring insoles. Repeated measures ANOVAs identified mean differences in maximum force and relative load under all regions of the foot. Results showed higher forces in the CLEAT under the medial (p < 0.001) and lateral (p = 0.004) midfoot, central (p = 0.007) and lateral (p < 0.001) forefoot, and lesser toes (p = 0.01), but lower forces in the hallux (p = 0.02) compared to the TURF shoe. Additionally, relative loading was higher in the CLEAT under the medial (p < 0.001) and lateral (p = 0.002) midfoot and lateral (p < 0.001) forefoot, but lower in the medial forefoot (p = 0.006) and hallux (p < 0.001) compared to the TURF shoe. The two shoes elicited distinct plantar loading profiles and may influence shoe selection decisions during injury prevention or rehabilitation practices.

Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Match-Related Collegiate Men’s Soccer Injuries on FieldTurf and Natural Grass Surfaces: A 6-Year Prospective Study

Background: Numerous injuries have been attributed to playing on artificial turf. More recently, newer generations of artificial turf have been developed to duplicate the playing characteristics of natural grass. Although artificial turf has been deemed safer than natural grass in some studies, few long-term studies have been conducted comparing match-related collegiate soccer injuries between the 2 playing surfaces. Hypothesis: Collegiate male soccer athletes do not experience any difference in the incidence, mechanisms, or severity of match-related injuries between FieldTurf and natural grass. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Male soccer athletes from 11 universities were evaluated over 6 seasons. Demographic features and predictors included player position, cleat design, player weight, turf age, and environmental factors. Outcomes of interest included injury incidence, injury category, time loss, injury mechanism and situation, type of injury, injury grade and anatomic location, injury severity, head and lower extremity trauma, and elective medical procedures. All match-related injuries were evaluated by the attending head athletic trainer and team physicians on site and subsequently in the physician’s office when further follow-up and treatment were deemed necessary. In sum, 765 collegiate games were evaluated for match-related soccer injuries sustained on FieldTurf or natural grass during 6 seasons. Results: Overall, 380 team games (49.7%) were played on FieldTurf versus 385 team games (50.3%) played on natural grass. A total of 722 injuries were documented, with 268 (37.1%) occurring on FieldTurf and 454 (62.9%) on natural grass. Multivariate analysis per 10 team games indicated a significant playing surface effect: F2,720 = 7.260, P = .001. A significantly lower total injury incidence rate (IIR) of 7.1 (95% CI, 6.6-7.5) versus 11.8 (95% CI, 11.3-12.2; P < .0001) and lower rate of substantial injuries, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5-1.0) versus 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5-2.3; P < .03), were documented on FieldTurf versus natural grass, respectively. Analyses also indicated significantly less trauma on FieldTurf when comparing injury category, time loss, player position, injury mechanism and situation, injuries under various environmental conditions, cleat design, turf age, anatomic location, and elective medical procedures. No significant difference (F11,710 = 0.822, P = .618) between surfaces by knee injury was observed, with the majority of knee injuries involving patellar tendinopathies/syndromes followed by medial collateral ligament injuries on both surfaces. Conclusion: Although similarities existed between FieldTurf and natural grass during competitive match play, FieldTurf is, in many cases, safer than natural grass when comparing injuries in collegiate men’s soccer. The findings of this study, however, may not be generalizable to other levels of competition or to other artificial surfaces.

Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Game-Related High School Football Injuries across Artificial Turf Systems of Various Infill Weight

Objectives:Today’s new generations of artificial turf are increasingly being installed to duplicate or exceed playing characteristics of natural grass. Rather than playing on the polyethylene turf fibers, shoe: surface interaction actually occurs between the cleat and the various proprietary sand/rubber infill composites of varying weight. At this time, the influence of surface infill weight on football trauma is unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify incidence, mechanisms, and severity of game-related high school football trauma across artificial turf systems of various infill weight.Methods:Artificial turf systems were divided into four sand/rubber infill weight groups based on lbs per square foot: (A) > 9.0, (B) 6.0 - 8.9, (C) 3.1 - 5.9 and, (D) 0.0 - 3.0. A total of 52 high schools participating across four states over 5 competitive seasons were evaluated for injury incidence, injury category, time of injury, injury time loss, player position, injury mechanism and situation, primary type of injury, injury grade and anatomical location, field location at time of injury, injury severity, head, shoulder, and lower extremity trauma, elective imaging and surgical procedures, cleat design, turf age, and environmental factors.Results:Of the 1,467 high school games documented, 494 games (33.7%) were played on infill (A), 404 (27.5%) on infill (B), 379 (25.8%) on infill (C), and 190 (13.0%) on infill (D). A total of 3,741 injuries were documented, with significantly lower total injury incidence rates (IIR), [18.4 (95% CI, 18.0-18.7) vs 27.5 (26.8-27.9) vs 33.5 (32.7-34.0) and 23.7 (22.7-24.4)], substantial IIRs [3.4 (95% CI, 3.0-3.8) vs 6.6 (6.2-7.1), 8.5 (8.2-8.9) and 6.5 (5.8-7.1)], trauma from shoe: surface interaction during contact [4.6 (95% CI, 4.1-5.0) vs 7.5 (7.0-7.9), 6.4 (5.9-6.9) and 6.9 (6.2-7.5)], playing surface impact trauma [2.4 (95% CI, 2.1-2.8) vs 4.9 (4.4-5.4), 6.1 (5.6-6.6) and 4.4 (3.7-5.1)], and less total elective imaging and surgical procedures [4.6 (95% CI, 4.1-5.0) vs 7.5 (7.0-7.9), 6.4 (5.9-6.9) and 6.9 (6.2-7.5)], while competing on infill weighing >9.0 (A) versus 6.0 -8.9 (B), 3.0 - 5.9 (C), and 0.0-3.0 (D), respectively. Significantly lower trauma (P<.05) was also observed across player-to-player collisions, muscle-tendon overload, injury time loss, injury grade, skill positions, injury mechanism and situation, various cleat styles, adverse weather conditions, and turf age while competing on infill (A) when compared to infill (C).Conclusion:As the artificial infill surface weight decreased, the incidence of game-related high school football trauma significantly increased across numerous playing conditions. This is the first study to investigate the influence of artificial infill surface weight on the incidence of game-related high school football trauma. Since this study is in the early stages, initial findings warrant further investigation.

Incidence and Severity of Lower Extremity High School Football Trauma on Artificial versus Natural Grass

New generations of artificial turf have been developed to duplicate the playing characteristics of natural grass. No long-term studies have compared game-related, high school football articular and muscle trauma of the lower extremity between the two surfaces. PURPOSE: To quantify incidence, mechanisms, and severity of game-related lower extremity high school football injuries on artificial turf versus natural grass. METHODS: 15 high schools were evaluated over 11 seasons for injury incidence rate (IIR) across injury category, injury time loss, player position, injury mechanism, type of injury, injury grade and anatomical location, type of tissue injured, knee trauma, cleat design, and environmental factors. RESULTS: In sum, 504 high school games were evaluated for football injuries sustained on artificial turf or natural grass, with 315 games (62.5%) played on artificial turf versus 189 games (37.5%) played on natural grass. A total of 475 injuries were documented, with 288 occurring on artificial turf, and 187 on natural grass. MANOVAs per 10 games indicated a significant playing surface effect by total injuries (F2,195 = 3.274; p = 0.04), injury situation (F14,931 = 2.232; p = 0.006), primary type of injury (F14,931 = 1.777; p = 0.038), cleat design (F5,940 = 2.244; p = 0.048), field conditions (F3,942 = 3.368; p = 0.035), and turf age (F3,942 = 2.888; p = 0.035). Significantly lower IIRs across total injuries, 9.1 (95% CI, 8.8-9.4) vs 9.9 (95% CI, 9.6-10.0; p = 0.03), injuries while pass catching, 0.6 (95% CI, 0.4-0.8) vs 1.3 (95% CI, 0.9-1.9; p = 0.01), inflammations, 0.3 (95% CI, 0.1-0.5) vs 0.8 (95% CI, 0.6-1.3; p = 0.005), wearing molded/hybrid cleats, 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2-2.0) vs 3.0 (95% CI, 2.4-3.7; p = 0.003), during adverse weather conditions, 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.8) vs 2.6 (95% CI, 2.0-3.3; p = 0.002), and playing surfaces ≥8 years of age, 0.4 (95% CI, 0.3-0.7) vs 1.3 (95% CI, 0.9-1.9; p = 0.003) were reported on artificial turf versus natural grass, respectively. No significant surface differences were observed across specific joints/muscles between surfaces, or other variables. CONCLUSION: Although similarities existed between artificial turf and natural grass during competitive play, artificial turf is in many cases safer than natural grass when comparing this specific artificial surface and level of play.

Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Game-Related High School Football Injuries Across Artificial Turf Systems of Various Infill Weight

Objectives:Today's new generations of artificial turf are increasingly being installed to duplicate or exceed playing characteristics of natural grass. Rather than playing on the polyethylene turf fibers, shoe:surface interaction actually occurs between the cleat and the various proprietary sand/rubber infill composites of varying weight. At this time, the influence of surface infill weight on football trauma is unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify incidence, mechanisms, and severity of game-related high school football trauma across artificial turf systems of various infill weight.Methods:Artificial turf systems were divided into four sand/rubber infill weight groups based on lbs per square foot: (A) > 9.0, (B) 6.0 - 8.9, (C) 3.0 - 5.9 and, (D) 0.0 - 3.0. A total of 43 high schools participating across four states over 3 competitive seasons were evaluated for injury incidence, injury category, time of injury, injury time loss, player position, injury mechanism and situation, primary type of injury, injury grade and anatomical location, field location at time of injury, injury severity, head, shoulder, and lower extremity trauma, cleat design, turf age, and environmental factors.Results:Of the 847 high school games documented, 301 games (35.5%) were played on infill (A), 231 (27.3%) on infill (B), 189 (22.3%) on infill (C), and 126 (14.9%) on infill (D). A total of 1,979 injuries were documented, with significantly lower total injury incidence rates (IIR), [18.8 (95% CI, 18.3-19.1) vs 23.3 (22.4-24.0) vs 31.6 (30.5-32.2) and 22.1 (20.8-22.9)], substantial IIRs [3.9 (95% CI, 3.4-4.5) vs 4.8 (4.1-5.4), 7.7 (7.1-8.3) and 6.1 (5.2-5.9)], trauma from player-to-player collisions [8.7 (95% CI, 8.2-9.0) vs 11.0 (10.5-11.5), 16.4 (15.5-17.1) and 9.8 (9.4-10.0)], playing surface impact trauma [2.6 (95% CI, 2.1-3.1) vs 4.2 (3.6-4.8), 5.6 (4.8-6.2) and 4.4 (13.5-5.2)], and less muscle trauma [6.1 (95% CI, 5.5-6.6) vs 9.7 (9.4-9.9), 13.7 (12.8-24.4 and 8.7 (8.0-9.2)], while competing on infill weighing >9.0 (A) versus 6.0 -8.9 (B), 3.0 - 5.9 (C), and 0.0-3.0 (D), respectively. Significantly lower trauma (P < .05) was also observed across concussions, muscle-tendon overload, time loss, skill positions, injury mechanism and situation, lower and upper extremity joints, adverse weather conditions, and turf age while competing on infill (A) when compared to infill (C).Conclusion:As the artificial infill surface weight decreased, the incidence of game-elated high school football trauma significantly increased across numerous playing conditions. This is the first study to investigate the influence of artificial infill surface weight on the incidence of game-related high school football trauma. Since this study is in the early stages, initial findings warrant further investigation.

Does soccer cleat design influence the rotational interaction with the playing surface?

Non-contact injuries in soccer players may be related to the interplay between cleat type and playing surface, and bladed shoes were often blamed for non-contact injuries with no research support. The aim of this study was to compare the rotational resistance (stiffness and peak sustainable torque) among three types of soccer cleats (metal studs, molded rubber studs, and bladed) in a controlled laboratory environment. The shoes were tested on both natural and artificial turfs under a compressive preload of 1000 N and with internal and external rotations. The three shoe models showed comparable performances with a good repeatability for each individual test on both playing surfaces. A less stiff behavior was observed for the natural turf. A tendency toward highest peak torque was observed in the studded model on natural surface. The bladed cleats provided peak torque and rotational stiffness comparable to the other models. Studded and bladed cleats did not significantly differ in their interaction with the playing surface. Therefore, soccer shoes with bladed cleats should not be banned in the context of presumed higher risk for non-contact injuries.

Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Match-Related Collegiate Women’s Soccer Injuries on FieldTurf and Natural Grass Surfaces

Background: Numerous injuries have been attributed to playing on artificial turf. Over the past 2 decades, however, newer generations of synthetic turf have been developed to duplicate the playing characteristics of natural grass. Although synthetic turf has been determined to be safer than natural grass in some studies, few long-term studies have been conducted comparing match-related collegiate soccer injuries between the 2 playing surfaces. Hypothesis: Collegiate female soccer athletes do not experience any difference in the incidence, mechanisms, and severity of match-related injuries on FieldTurf and on natural grass. Study Design: Cohort study: Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Female soccer athletes from 13 universities were evaluated over 5 competitive seasons for injury incidence, injury category, time of injury, injury time loss, player position, injury mechanism and situation, primary type of injury, injury grade and anatomic location, field location at the time of injury, injury severity, head and lower extremity trauma, cleat design, turf age, and environmental factors. In sum, 797 collegiate games were evaluated for match-related soccer injuries sustained on FieldTurf or natural grass during 5 seasons. Results: Overall, 355 team games (44.5%) were played on FieldTurf versus 442 team games (55.5%) on natural grass. A total of 693 injuries were documented, with 272 (39.2%) occurring during play on FieldTurf and 421 (60.8%) on natural grass. Multivariate analysis per 10 team games indicated a significant playing surface effect: F2,690 = 6.435, P = .002, n – β = .904. A significantly lower total injury incidence rate (IIR) of 7.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-8.1) versus 9.5 (95% CI, 9.3-9.7) (P = .0001) and lower rate of substantial injuries, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5-1.0) versus 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2-1.9) (P = .001), were documented on FieldTurf versus natural grass, respectively. Analyses also indicated significantly less trauma on FieldTurf when comparing injury time loss, player position, injury grade, injuries under various field conditions and temperatures, cleat design, and turf age. Conclusion: Although similarities existed between FieldTurf and natural grass during competitive match play, FieldTurf is a practical alternative when comparing injuries in collegiate women’s soccer. It must be reiterated that the findings of this study may be generalizable to only collegiate competition and this specific artificial surface.

Torsional injuries of the lower limb: an analysis of the frictional torque between different types of football turf and the shoe outsole

BackgroundFootball turf is increasingly used in European soccer competition. Little is known on the rotational torque that players experience on these fields. High rotational torques between the shoe outsole and...

Harmful cleats of football boots: A biomechanical evaluation

Football players wear boots of varying cleat designs with some preferring the bladed cleats while others opting for the conventional studded cleats. The current study compares biomechanically the boots with differing cleat designs and their effect on feet, if any. Twenty-nine healthy male volunteers were recruited from amateur football teams. They were asked to perform three trials each of two activities: a straight run and a run cutting at a 60° angle wearing bladed and studded Adidas®-F series boots on artificial turf. Plantar pressure values were recorded using the Pedar®-X in-shoe pressure measuring device. Peak pressure and pressure-time integral were analysed over 11 clinically relevant areas under the foot. While the in-shoe pressure and pressure-time integral were higher under the medial half of the foot with studded boots, they were higher under the lateral half of the foot with the bladed design. The studded boots can be considered safer as the pressure distribution across the foot and the pattern of centre of pressure progression mimicked the normal motif, whereas the bladed boots could potentially be deemed relatively more harmful due to the unnatural increased loading under the lateral half of the foot, predisposing the foot to injuries.

The influence of soccer cleat design on resultant joint moments

Footwear traction has previously been associated with lower extremity injury such as ankle and knee sprains. Recent changes in soccer shoe cleat design such as the introduction of bladed cleats have the potential to dramatically affect footwear traction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how soccer cleats of different designs and traction influence resultant ankle and knee joint moments during soccer movements. Two traditional soccer cleat designs and one bladed cleat design were compared to a standard running shoe as the control condition. Translational and rotational traction of the shoes on artificial turf were measured using a Stewart platform. Ankle and knee joint moments were quantified on a group of 12 recreational soccer players while performing cutting and turning movements at 4.0 m s−1 on the same artificial turf. All soccer shoes had significantly higher rotational traction than the running shoe but there were no significant differences between cleat designs. The bladed cleat design had significantly higher translational traction than the traditional cleat designs. As a result, the bladed cleat design that was tested appears effective at decoupling translational and rotational traction characteristics of soccer shoes, which could potentially be beneficial in reducing injuries. There were no significant differences in resultant ankle and knee joint moments between the shoes during the cutting movement. During the turning movement, the cleated shoes had significantly higher ankle and knee rotation moments than the control running shoe. Thus, increased rotational traction increases ankle and knee joint loading which in turn could lead to a greater incidence of injury, however, it is important to note that this was only true during a rotational movement.

축구화 스터드 형태에 따른 무릎 모멘트의 변화

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between different soccer cleat designs and knee joint moments. Twelve physically active males (mean(SD): age: 26.4(6.2)yrs; height: 176.4(4.1)cm; mass: 74.0 (7.4)kg) were recruited Kinematic and force plate data were collected for all subjects during normal running and a <TEX>$45^{\circ}$</TEX> cutting maneuver, called a v-cut. Both motions were performed at <TEX>$4.0{\pm}0.2\;m/s$</TEX> on infilled artificial turf with three pairs of soccer cleats of different sole plate designs, and one pair of neutral running shoes. Inverse dynamics were used to calculate three dimensional knee joint moments, with repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc paired Student's t-test used to determine significance between shoe conditions. Significant differences were found in the extension moments of the knee for running trials, and for external rotation and adduction moments in the v-cutting trials. Knee moments were greater in v-cut than running, and the traditional soccer cleats (Copa Mondial and World Cup) tended to result in greater knee moments than the Nova runner or TRX soccer cleat. Cleat design was found to influence 3-dimensional knee moments in a v-cut maneuver. In the translational traction test, there were significant differences between all conditions. In the rotational traction test, friction with soccer shoes were greater than friction with running shoes. However, no differences were found between soccer shoes. Higher moments may lead to increased loads and stresses on knee joint structures, and thus, greater injury rates.

The influence of soccer cleat design on joint moments

A few epidemiological studies have linked lower extremity injuries to high rotational resistance between shoe and surface. Torg et al. (1971, 1974) found that injuries in American football were mor...

Football cleat design and its effect on anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A three-year prospective study.

A 3-year prospective study was initiated to evaluate torsional resistance of modern football cleat designs and the incidence of surgically documented anterior cruciate ligament tears in high school football players wearing different cleat types. We compared four styles of football shoes and evaluated the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears among 3119 high school football players during the 1989 to 1991 competitive seasons. The four cleat designs were 1) Edge, longer irregular cleats placed at the peripheral margin of the sole with a number of smaller pointed cleats positioned interiorly (number of players wearing this shoe, 2231); 2) Flat, cleats on the forefoot are the same height, shape, and diameter, such as found on the soccer-style shoe (N = 832); 3) Screw-in, seven screw-in cleats of 0.5 inch height and 0.5 inch diameter (N = 46); and 4) Pivot disk, a 10-cm circular edge is on the sole of the forefoot, with one 0.5-inch cleat in the center (N = 10). The results showed that the Edge design produced significantly higher torsional resistance than the other designs (P < 0.05) and was associated with a significantly higher anterior cruciate ligament injury rate (0.017%) than the other three designs combined (0.005%).