Cleanliness Testing Research Articles

ATP-based assessments of recent cleaning and disinfection for high-touch surfaces in low-resource shared toilets

Quality improvements and reduction of disease risk for low-resource shared sanitation facilities require cleanliness assessment approaches that are both rigorous and practical. Using Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence testing, we assessed contamination on high-touch (HT) surfaces (inner door handles) at 32 shared toilet sites in Kisumu, Kenya. In public toilets, contamination was lowest after cleaning and disinfection (C&D) with 0.5% chlorine solution (adjusted difference in mean log10 Relative Light Units per 100 cm2 (aDiff): −1.61; CI: −2.43, −0.59), followed by C&D with 0.1% chlorine solution (aDiff: −1.16; CI: −1.77, −0.55). ATP levels were not associated with overall observable toilet cleanliness and had poor agreement with visually assessed HT surface cleanliness. Our findings demonstrate the utility of this field-feasible method for detecting the impact of recent C&D in low-resource shared toilets, a novel setting for ATP cleanliness testing, while also highlighting the importance of using effective C&D procedures and addressing HT surfaces within cleaning protocols.

Development of an ultra-clean sample heating stage for thermal desorption spectroscopy

Control of surface molecular contamination (SMC) for components used in chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD) and EUV photolithography is important to maintaining high yield and optimal tool operation at the latest process nodes in leading edge semiconductor manufacturing. High temperature thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) is a versatile tool for analyzing the cleanliness of surfaces, simulating thermal vacuum processes and studying the kinetics of desorption processes. A basic analysis of TD spectra allows for full characterization of volatile outgassing from surfaces, while detailed analysis can provide chemical information about the substrate surface.In fundamental studies, TDS is often carried out from low temperatures to room temperature or for small samples. However, for microelectronics applications, high temperature studies of large (100 mm or greater) samples are of greater interest due to direct applications for cleanliness testing and thermal vacuum simulation. A limitation for TDS sensitivity is the outgassing of sample stage materials, particularly when analyzing gases that may be present in the chamber background such as water, CO and CO2. Typical sample stages are often tested only for total pressure or at room temperature.In this study, we present a simple ultra-high vacuum (UHV) compatible sample heating stage for trace outgassing analysis of 100 mm samples at high temperatures. Simulation results are presented to support the feasibility of the concept. Experimental results verify the cleanliness of the stage via room temperature residual gas analysis (RGA) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of stage components. Finally, use of this stage in a TDS analysis of a 100 mm Si witness wafer and comparison to room temperature RGA demonstrates operational capability.The sample heating stage is both shown to be clean at high temperature and capable of analyzing 100 mm wafers to higher sensitivity than room temperature RGA for all m/z at the 1 × 10−9 mbar level. Despite its high performance, the heating stage is also easily produced by any laser machining service, greatly improving the accessibility of UHV science for all researchers.

Effectiveness of Chitosan Oligosaccharide as Chelating agent in Smear Layer Removal and The effect on Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth

One factor affecting root canal treatment's success is the cleanliness of root canal systems. Smear layer removal is needed to ensure the cleanliness of root canals. Fracture resistance is also essential things in endodontic-treated teeth. Chitosan is one of the irrigant alternatives in dentistry that is biocompatible. The study aimed to investigate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide as a root canal chelating alternative in the cleaning smear layer and its impact on fracture resistance of endodontic treated teeth.Experimental research with 56 mandibular premolar teeth with a single canal was used. For the smear layer cleanliness test, 24 teeth were used and divided into four treatment groups. Statistical analysis used was the one‑way analysis of variance and LSD Post Hoc test. Thirty-two teeth were divided into two treatment groups for the fracture resistance test. The statistical analysis used was the Independent T-test. There was no significant difference between smear layer removal in chitosan oligosaccharide 2% and EDTA 17% groups. There was a considerable difference between fracture resistance of endodontic treated teeth in chitosan oligosaccharide 2% and EDTA 17% groups. Chitosan oligosaccharide 2% can be used as an alternative in the final irrigation of root canal treatment.

Tank Cleaning Process Optimization For Loading Tanks MT Bauhinia Guna Cargo Change

Suboptimal implementation of tank cleaning will produce suboptimal results and can affect loading failure. These less than optimal results are influenced by several things. Tank Cleaning is a tank cleaning carried out on a tanker which serves to reduce the risk of damage to the cargo. Wall wash test is a tank cleanliness test for chemical tankers after completing tank cleaning. In the loading process, chemical tankers must prepare their loading tanks in accordance with the correct procedures. In every process of preparing this tank must always pay attention to the standards that have been determined from the surveyor or based on IMO (International Maritime Organization). When the Chemical ship will load, the ship's tank will be checked by the cargo surveyor, if there is dirt or residual cargo before the ship can be declared a failure in the tank cleaning process and as a result the ship will be ordered out of the Jetty, ordered to re-clean. This causes company losses because there will be delays in the loading and discharging process of the ship and the company gets complaints from the charter party. The method used to carry out the research is descriptive qualitative. Cutting the time for tank cleaning can result in poor tank cleaning results, poor quality materials also result in less than optimal results, and equipment that lacks maintenance will result in less than optimal tool performance. When the Chemical ship will load, the ship's tank will be checked by the cargo surveyor, if there is dirt or residual cargo before the ship can be declared a failure in the tank cleaning process and the ship will be ordered out of the Jetty and ordered to re-clean. This causes losses to the company because there will be delays in the loading and discharging process of the ship and the company can get complaints from the charter party. The success or failure of tank cleaning and wall wash tests depends on the discipline of the crew, adequate tools and materials, and procedures that are carried out properly.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN MASKER Gel Peel Off EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium Guajava L.) SEBAGAI PEMBERSIH WAJAH

Guava plants contain psiditanin “eugenol” essential oil, tannis, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids. Compounds that have very good strength come from the class of flavanoids, vitamin C which can be usedas a facial cleanser. This study aims to determine the preparation of peel gel mask of guava leaf extract is effective as a facial cleanser and to find out the peel off gel mask of guava leaf extract can irritate the skin of volunteers. The made with 4 formulation with concentrations of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%. The testing of the peel off gel mask formulation ethanol extract on cleanliness was carried out with the analysis of the ms. Excel bar diagram. The results showed that (psidium guajava L) contain flavonoid, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The results of the characteristics of the simplicia powder were 5,42% water content 9,56% total ash content 0,34% acid insoluble ash, ethanol soluble extract 64,295. The results of the peel off gel mask formulation test with a cleanliness test on the panelists facial skin concentration of 15% included in the category can clean the panelist’s facial skin.Guava leaf ethanol extract has a facial cleansing activitywith a score of 3

Patient Safety Related to Microbiological Contamination of the Environment of a Multi-Profile Clinical Hospital.

Nosocomial infections pose a serious burden for hospitals, patients, and the entire society. The aim of the study was to assess the microbiological cleanliness of the hospital environment through quantitative and qualitative analysis of microbiological contamination of air and surfaces in inpatient treatment facilities, based on the example of a large clinical hospital in Poland. Data were collected between 2012 and 2018 in premises of a large teaching hospital in Gdansk using the sedimentation method and the impact method using the Aerideal apparatus (Biomerieux). In the analyzed clinical center, the microbiological cleanliness tests in most of the hospital rooms in the analyzed period showed an acceptable number of saprophytic microorganisms. Of all the tested samples, 1159 (21.8%) were positive, indicating the presence of microorganisms in the tested sample. Species potentially pathogenic for hospital patients were identified, constituting 20.8% of all positive samples (4.6% of all samples). Significantly higher proportion of microorganisms potentially dangerous to patients were isolated from sanitary facilities. Due to the potentially pathogenic microorganisms detected in the tested samples, the authors suggest that in the analyzed hospital, the areas requiring a specific level of microbiological purity should be designated and described, with [specifically] defined cleaning and disinfection protocols.

Cleanliness Test for Variable Packaging Solutions in the Automotive Supply Chain

Technical cleanliness is at the centre of attention in more and more sectors of the automotive industry. Its importance primarily lies in the need to ensure the correct function of components and it is necessary to take into account that impurities can affect the assembly and proper functioning of other components if they are connected together in the working circuit. Requirements for technical cleanliness vary according to the type and function of components and can be divided into two basic areas - chemical cleanliness (for example, lubricant contamination) and particulate cleanliness (particles and fibres). So-called clean production must include all areas up until final assembly - production, assembly, storage, transport and the packaging itself. In process chains, measures are taken to minimise contamination or particle generation to achieve a continuous and controllable standard of cleanliness. A special section is the cleanliness of the cable connectors, which is dealt with in this article. The introduction describes the current state of science and research in this field and then summarises the standard requirements in the automotive environment and the basic possible consequences of connector contamination. This is followed by a case study showing the possibilities of preventing contamination by particles and fibres, including a discussion of the effectiveness of these measures.

Performance Evaluation of Portable Hot Water Jet for Frozen Meat Industry Application

High temperature-induced water jet has important cleaning factors for effective cleaning at food industries because it can provide mechanical, heat, and chemical effects during cleaning. It can also reduce cleaning time, labor load, and utility consumptions, hence reducing the operating costs and enhance sustainability. However, it has not been used widely in small and medium food industries due to a lack of cleaning awareness and small budget allocation for cleaning and disinfection. In this article, we evaluated the performance of a portable water jet in the laboratory before it was introduced to the frozen meat industry. Removal of invisible fat-based fouling deposits which remained on the surfaces of the meat processing equipment is quite a challenge. In this work, stainless steel surfaces were fouled with the fat-based fouling deposit. The fouled stainless-steel surfaces were used for the cleanability tests. The tests were conducted at different parameters which were cleaning parameters (temperature (35 °C and 65 °C) and cleaning detergent presence), cleaning operations (nozzle distances (5 cm and 30 cm)) and surface geometries (vertical and horizontal) which representing the different equipment’s geometry. Physical cleanliness (visual and touch) and protein residue swab test was used as the cleaning indicators. The target cleanliness was achieved at a high cleaning temperature of 65°C and with the presence of cleaning detergent. Results from these tests will be used as a guide to design an optimal cleaning program for SMEs frozen meat patty factory.

Development of a Fuel System Cleanliness Test Method in a Euro 4 Direct-Injection Gasoline Engine (VW 1.4 L TSI 90 kW)

Development of a Fuel System Cleanliness Test Method in a Euro 4 Direct-Injection Gasoline Engine (VW 1.4 L TSI 90 kW)

食品製造環境の清浄度検査における卵黄加クロモアガーオリエンタシオンの有用性評価

食品製造環境の清浄度検査における卵黄加クロモアガーオリエンタシオンの有用性評価

Creation of Modern Instruments for Glassware Cleaning and Cleanliness Testing

As we all know, glass instrument reactive substances in Physical, chemical experiments, bloom residue attached to the inner wall of the instrument after a chemical reaction, often heated to high temperatures or placed the longer reactive substances glass instrument, but not easy to clean. Use unclean instruments, will affect the experimental results, and even let the experimenter observed error phenomenon, induction, reasoning out the wrong conclusions. Therefore, the chemical experiments using glass instruments must be washed clean. In this paper, by using ordinary scrub, ultrasonic cleaning, using a muffle furnace or oven drying, last extraction air form headspace and using GC-MS to detect it, then you will know glass instrument is thoroughly clean or not.

Qualitative analysis of cocaine and heroin users’ main partner sex-risk behavior: is safety in love safety in health?

BackgroundIn 2009, 27% of the 48,100 estimated new cases of HIV were attributed to heterosexual contact with an infected or at-risk person. Sexually active adults are less likely to use condoms in relationships with main partners than with non-regular partners, despite general knowledge that condom use reduces HIV transmission.MethodsThe purpose of this secondary qualitative analysis was to explore and contextualize perceptions of main partnerships, HIV risk, and attitudes toward condom use within main partner relationships among a subsample of intervention-arm cocaine- and/or heroin-using patients enrolled in a negative trial of brief motivational intervention to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted disease and unsafe sexual behaviors. The open-ended portion of these interview audiotapes consisted of questions about perceptions of risk and attitudes about condom use with main partners. Enrollees were aged 18-54, English or Spanish speaking, and included in this analysis only if they reported having a main partner. We identified codes and elaborated important themes through a standard inductive three step coding process, using HyperRESEARCH™ software.ResultsAmong 48 interviewees, 65% were male, half were non-Hispanic white, over 60% were 20-39 years of age, 58% had intravenous drug use (IDU), and 8% were HIV-positive. Participants defined respect, support, trust, and shared child-rearing responsibility as the most valued components of main partner relationships. Condom use was viewed occasionally as a positive means of showing respect with main partners but more often as a sign of disrespect and a barrier to intimacy and affection. Enrollees appraised their partners’ HIV risk in terms of perceptions of physical health, cleanliness, and sexual and HIV testing history. They based decisions regarding condom use mainly on perceived faithfulness, length of involvement, availability of condoms, and pregnancy desirability.ConclusionsRisk appraisal was commonly based on appearance and subjective factors, and condom use with main sexual partners was described most often as a demonstration of lack of trust and intimacy.Trial registrationNCT01379599

Low-Cost Monitoring and Surface Cleanliness Testing

Low-Cost Monitoring and Surface Cleanliness Testing

VISION METHODS OF EXAMINING THE CLEANLINESS OF TEXTILE MATERIALS

This article discusses methods of assessment for the cleanliness of materials made of cotton and polyester soiled with oil and pigment. Cleanliness tests were carried out using the vision method as well as nanometre-scale exa­mination of fibre surface, and their results presented. This article describes a method of image analysis and the adopted indices associated with cleanliness visible on the image of the tested material. Also, nanometre-scale ima­ges of fibre surfaces were presented, with the differences between clean and filthy fibres pointed out.

Probability of subsurface fatigue initiation in rolling contact

Subsurface initiated rolling contact fatigue cracks initiate in the vicinity of material defects. As these exist randomly in the material, fatigue will appear randomly under otherwise constant conditions. By combining statistical methods with a contact mechanics and fatigue analysis, probabilities of fatigue initiation are evaluated. The developed model takes as input contact geometry, contact load and the statistical properties of the material defects. It is shown that under some well-defined presumptions the probability of rolling contact fatigue initiation in a rolling wheel can be expressed by a simple formula. Based on this, the parametric influence is assessed and it is found that the mean material defect size has a large influence. The benefit of material cleanliness testing procedures and the influence of the allowed defect size on the risk of subsurface initiated rolling contact fatigue in railway wheels are then quantified with the aid of numerical simulations.

An Oral Cleanliness Test Based on Ammonia Concentration and/or Turbidity of Mouth Rinse Solution

An Oral Cleanliness Test Based on Ammonia Concentration and/or Turbidity of Mouth Rinse Solution

Survey of Orthopedic Implant Cleanliness Test Methods

Abstract In the past, orthopedic implant cleanliness assessment has largely relied on visual and microbiological evaluations; this may not be the case in the future. Test methods to quantity and identify manufacturing residues may need to be added to the cleanliness toolbox to verify that contact materials have been removed to acceptable levels. ASTM has begun exploring this new territory with the F04.15.17. Cleanliness Testing Committee. This paper addresses the need for test methods by reporting a few techniques that may be successful in assessing the cleanliness of metallic implants. The survey describes an extraction technique and several methods that quantify categories of typical contact materials, such as machining oils, coolants and detergents. The methods range from simple gravimetric measurements to employing analytical instrumentation, including Total Organic Analyzers, Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometers and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers. The approach of classifying residues as particular categories of contact materials facilitates the application of the techniques across many products and manufacturing processes and allows for a greater degree of standardization, as opposed to identifying specific components of an individual material. The methods described may prompt discussions and provide guidance for future ASTM efforts to develop new standards for orthopedic implants.

Cleanliness Testing and Identification of Residues on Polymer Medical Devices

Abstract Machining and cleaning are key processes in the manufacturing of metal, ceramic, and polymer medical devices. During these processes, the components and final devices are exposed to processing aids, handling equipment, cleaning agents, and packaging materials. Methods for the cleanliness testing of such potential residues are discussed in this paper. To assess the effectiveness of the total organic carbon (TOC) analysis for cleanliness testing, the recovery of organic residues was studied. Spiking tests showed that nonpolar hydrocarbons are not well extracted, neither by 1 h ultrasonication nor by 24 h refluxing in boiling water. This results in a very poor TOC recovery for mineral oil-like residues. Good recovery and a high sensitivity for such residues are obtained by solvent extraction following Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Furthermore, extracted organic residues from machined polymer devices were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicate that nonpolar polymers like ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) absorb hydrocarbons from mineral oil-based processing aids during machining.

The Effect of Electromagnetic Vibration on the Continuous Elimination of Inclusions in Molten Aluminum Alloy by Electromagnetic Force

The separation system including a DC electric field with steady magnetic field was adopted for removal of inclusion in molten Al alloy. But, very small inclusions, which less than 10 ㎛ are not eliminated. So, firstly, small inclusions are agglomerated by low frequency electromagnetic vibration. And then, we adopting the previously used electromagnetically inclusion removal process. Experiments were carried out on commercial die casting aluminum alloy A380 (JIS: ADC 10). Inclusion was separated continuously. XRF was used for compositional test and PoDFA for cleanliness test. Chemical composition of specimen was not changed and UTS, elongation and cleanliness were increased.

A standard test for filter media cleanliness

Rapid sand filters are expected to produce clean, safe water, without interruption, for many years. Unfortunately, filters very often develop some problems during this time, most of which only become apparent when the damage is already done. Routine measurement of filter media cleanliness could provide the necessary early warning, which is the reason why the American Water Works Association (AWWA) suggested a media cleanliness test for inclusion in a structured filter assessment programme at drinking water treatment plants. After performing such assessments at 3 South African water treatment plants, the authors found that the results were not consistent, the turbidity could not be measured easily and the guideline values seemed to be excessively conservative. This led to an investigation to find a method for stripping the filter deposits from the media grains with an easy, reproducible method, and for characterising the stripped deposits. After a series of tests on various filter media, using 6 stripping methods, 2 methods were identified that met the criteria in the first objective. The first, a magnetic stirrer method is a mechanical agitation method and the second, referred to as the cylinder inversion method, is a manual agitation method. Each of these methods was chosen on the basis of their operator and speed-of agitation independence. The criteria in the second objective were met by an in-depth suspended solids (SS) analysis performed on the filter media residue, with the total mass of solids removed from the media quantitatively separated on the grounds of acid solubility and volatility at 550oC. Standard Methods (1985) 209C and 209D were applied to the sample, with and without acid addition, in order to characterise the total filter media residue using 4 groupings: Soluble, non-volatile; soluble, volatile; non-soluble, non-volatile; and non-soluble, volatile. By meeting the criteria of these 2 objectives, the previous non-specific suggestions in the literature have been improved to suggest the performing of tests in a well-specified, uniform way, the results of which can be internally compared. Water SA Vol.30(1): 81-88