Cleaning Task Research Articles

Changes in household use of disinfectant and cleaning products during the first lockdown period in France

BackgroundFew studies evaluated the use of Household Disinfectant and Cleaning Products (HDCPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic, but no population-based cohorts used longitudinal data. We studied changes in HDCPs during the first lockdown, based on longitudinal data from the French population-based NutriNet-Santé and CONSTANCES cohorts.MethodsBased on standardized questionnaires on household cleaning tasks in 2018–2019 and around the first lockdown in France (March17-May3 2020), we compared the duration of weekly use of HDCPs (< 1 day/week, < 10 min/week; 10-30 min/week; > 30 min/week) and the household cleaning help (yes/no) before and during the lockdown period by Bhapkar and McNemar’s tests. Moreover, we assessed self-reported changes in the frequency of HDCPs during the lockdown from before (unchanged/increased).ResultsAnalyses were carried on 31,105 participants of NutriNet-Santé (48 years, 75% women, 81% ≥ high school diploma) and 49,491 of CONSTANCES (47 years, 51% women, 87% ≥ high school diploma). During the lockdown, compared with 2018–2019, duration of HDCPs use increased (> 30 min; NutriNet-Santé: 44% versus 18%; CONSTANCES: 63% versus 16%) and household help decreased (NutriNet-Santé: 5% versus 40%; CONSTANCES: 3% versus 56%). Regarding the frequency of HDCPs use, 55% of participants of NutriNet-Santé (57% women/49% men) and 83% of CONSTANCES (86% women/81% men) reported an increased use since the beginning of the lockdown, significantly higher among women (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe frequency and duration of weekly use of HDCPs has significantly increased since the pandemic. As the use of HDCPs is associated with health issues, further studies are now needed to evaluate the potential health impacts of these changes.

Design of a sweeping robot based on fuzzy QFD and ARIZ algorithms

The design of a multifunctional intelligent robotic vacuum cleaner is essential for meeting user needs and replacing human cleaning tasks, thereby improving the effectiveness and convenience of human-robot interaction. Existing robotic vacuum cleaners can address the issues of small dust and hair accumulation; however, a comprehensive and integrated solution for sweeping, mopping, sanitizing, and general waste cleaning remains necessary. This paper employs the Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment (FQFD) tool and the Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ) algorithm to address these challenges. The research framework integrates FQFD with the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) methodology to evaluate the weights of user requirements for a robotic vacuum cleaner. Subsequently, these requirements were translated into technical specifications, thus establishing a link between user needs and technical requirements. The ARIZ algorithm is subsequently employed to resolve conflicts and inconsistencies within the FQFD model. Finally, an innovative design for a robotic vacuum cleaner was proposed by utilizing the ARIZ algorithm's problem-solving principles and qualitative and quantitative insights derived from the FQFD. The design is evaluated using the Fuzzy Order Preference Technique (FTOPSIS) method, which resembles the ideal solution. Furthermore, the operational dynamics of the critical components of the design solution that navigate obstacles are analyzed to ensure their effectiveness. The final product can effectively replace humans in complex cleaning tasks while navigating obstacles during sweeping, mopping, and sanitizing for comprehensive space cleaning. The results of this study provide valuable insights for designers to enhance user experience, improve customer emotional satisfaction, and guide future product designs in related product development initiatives.

The Functional, the Imperative, and the Sudoku: Getting Good, Bad, and Ugly to Get Along (Functional Pearl)

Conventional wisdom suggests that the benefits of functional programming no longer apply in the presence of even a small amount of imperative code, as if the addition of imperative code effectively subtracts. And yet, as we show in this paper, combining functional programming with the special imperative language Esterel provides a multiplicative improvement to the benefits of functional programming. The key to the benefit of both Esterel and functional programming stems from a restriction that both share. As in functional programming, where only the inputs to a function determine its outputs, the state of an Esterel computation is fully determined by the program’s input and the state that the computation had in the previous time step, where the notion of a time step is explicit in the language. Esterel’s guarantee holds even though Esterel programs feature concurrent threads, mutable state, and the ability to create, suspend, and even terminate threads as the computation proceeds. This similarity is the root of the benefits that programmers accrue as they informally reason about their program’s behavior. To illustrate these benefits, the bulk of this paper consists of an in-depth exploration of HipHop code (a mashup of JavaScript and Esterel) that implements a Sudoku solver, showing how it is possible to write code that is as easy to understand as if it were written in a pure functional programming style, even though it uses multiple threads, mutable state, thread preemption, and even thread abortion. Even better, concurrent composition and task canceling provide significant program structuring benefits that allow a clean decomposition and task separation in the solver.

Does Low Memory Confidence Drive Excessive Reassurance Seeking in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder? Insights from a Novel In Vivo Study

The factors driving excessive reassurance seeking in obsessive–compulsive disorder are incompletely understood. We investigated whether low memory confidence, which drives compulsive checking, may also lead to excessive reassurance seeking during a novel in vivo contamination-based task. Undergraduates (N = 91) completed a memory test and received sham positive or negative performance feedback. Participants then viewed a complicated cleaning video and completed a corresponding cleaning task whilst their reassurance seeking was covertly coded. Afterwards, participants rated their anxiety, confidence, and experimenter responsibility for task outcomes. The novel laboratory task induced high levels of reassurance seeking from participants (median = 5 reassurance requests). There was no evidence that manipulating memory confidence altered reassurance seeking. Greater reassurance seeking was correlated with decreased performance confidence and increased ratings of experimenter responsibility for negative cleaning task outcomes. Memory beliefs may not initiate reassurance seeking, suggesting a possible dissimilarity between reassurance seeking and compulsive checking.

Connecting Pathogen Transmission and Performance of the WHO’s ‘My 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene’ in a High-Fidelity Simulation

Background: The World Health Organization launched ‘Your 5 moments for hand hygiene’ to identify when healthcare workers should perform hand hygiene to reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Performing hand hygiene correctly is necessary to decrease pathogen transfer, though little research has assessed the effectiveness of all 5 moments. Methods: Registered nurses (n=42) participated in a standardized, one-hour high-fidelity patient care simulation that were recorded via a head-mounted camera. The simulation involved two patients, each requiring four clinical care tasks (e.g., indwelling Foley catheter insertion, stool sample collection). Transmission data was obtained from the simulations using four genetic variants of bacteriophage λ. Before each simulation, variants were applied to unique locations on two manikins: patient A’s wound, patient A’s stool, patient B’s groin, and patient B’s stool. After each simulation, we sampled the patients, nurse, and high-touch environmental surfaces to determined bacteriophage identity of positive samples. For each moment, hand hygiene performance was the total time the nurse practiced hand hygiene across opportunities over the total recommended time (15 seconds per opportunity). Positive samples were categorized as 1) nurse contamination, 2) patient critical site(s) contamination, 3) high touch surface contamination from the same patient, or 4) high touch surface contamination from the other patient. To compare nurse’s performance of each of the 5 moments, we used a Friedman test and then a Wilcoxon test for pairwise comparisons. To assess the relationship between the four types of transmission outcomes and hand hygiene performance of the 5 moments, we performed linear regressions and calculated 95% confidence intervals by bootstrapping the original cases. Results: Performance of moments 1 (Before patient contact: 9.49%), 4 (After patient contact: 13.11%), and 5 (After contact with patient’s surroundings: 13.66%) were significantly higher than moments 2 (Before clean or aseptic task: 2.72%) and 3 (After bodily fluid exposure: 4.22%; p &lt; 0 .05). Moment 2 perfomance, furthermore, was significantly lower than moment 3 (Figure 1). Only moment 2’s performance was significantly related to transmission; specifically, performance was negatively related to critical site contamination (B= -0.03, CI 95%: -0.06 – -0.01); Table 1. Conclusions: Moment 2performance was the lowest of all 5 moments and was the only moment that demonstrated evidence of relationship with pathogen transmission, specifically critical site contamination. Of all the 5 moments, this moment is most directly related to HAIs. Further research should investigate why moment 2 performance is so low.

The Impact of Single-Use Cystoscopes on Clinical Time Workflow in an Outpatient Setting

ObjectiveTo evaluate the change in overall clinical encounter time and clinical capacity after transitioning to single-use cystoscopes (Ambu A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) in an outpatient urology setting. MethodsA single-institution prospective study in an outpatient urology procedure clinic was performed. Discrete categories for each portion of nursing care responsibilities were defined, and time spent during each category was recorded. Two separate clinic days were observed and analyzed: one where the clinic exclusively used reusable cystoscopes and the other after the transition to single-use cystoscopes occurred. Additionally, clinic schedules were reviewed from all procedure clinics in the 3-month periods before and after the transition to single-use cystoscopes. Outcomes included overall clinical encounter time and the number of procedures per clinic day. ResultsThere were 12 flexible cystoscopies performed during each of the observed clinic days. Preliminary cystoscope cleaning and transportation tasks by nursing staff were eliminated when utilizing single-use cystoscopes. Average total encounter time decreased from 66 to 44 minutes, resulting in a 34% reduction in clinical encounter time. The median number of flexible cystoscopy procedures increased after the transition from 9 (IQR 7-12) to 16 (IQR 11-17), representing a 78% increase (p=0.003). ConclusionsTransition to a completely single-use cystoscopy outpatient procedure clinic improved clinical efficiency and facilitated an increased number of procedures per clinic day.

Design and Development of Automated Control of Restaurant Robot

This paper presents a novel voice-controlled restaurant robot system designed to revolutionize the dining experience by seamlessly integrating advanced robotics and natural language processing technologies. The proposed system aims to enhance customer service, operational efficiency, and overall dining satisfaction by providing a user-friendly and interactive platform. .The restaurant robot is equipped with a comprehensive set of capabilities, including, voice recognition and manipulation. By leveraging voice control, users can interact with the robot using natural language commands, enabling seamless communication and intuitive control. This allows customers to effortlessly place orders The system's is comprises a mobile robotic platform, bluetooth modules, a cloud-based natural language processing, The voice control functionality is implemented through a sophisticated speech recognition system, enabling the robot to accurately understand and interpret user commands. .In addition to customer-facing interactions, the restaurant robot also assists restaurant staff in various tasks. Deliver food and beverages to tables, handle payment transactions, and perform routine cleaning tasks. By automating these processes, the system improves operational efficiency, reduces labor costs, and allows human staff to focus on highervalue activities such as customer engagement and culinary expertise. .To evaluate the performance and usability of the voice-controlled restaurant robot, a series of experiments were conducted in a real-world restaurant environment. The results demonstrated the system's high recognition accuracy, robustness in noisy environments, and its ability to effectively handle a wide range of user requests. .The proposed voice-controlled restaurant robot presents a promising solution for transforming the dining experience. It combines the convenience of voice control with advanced robotics, enabling seamless and interactive interactions between customers, staff, and the robotic platform. The system's ability to enhance customer service, operational efficiency, and overall dining satisfaction positions it as a significant advancement in the hospitality industry.

Changes in University Hospital Physicians' Work and Family Lives Following Outsourcing of Housework Cleaning Tasks.

Japan is reviewing how physicians operate and plans to implement a work-style reform for physicians in 2024. This study examined how outsourcing housework cleaning tasks changed the daily lives of university hospital physicians. A total of 18 physicians participated in the study, outsourcing cleaning tasks either once or thrice. Fourteen out of 18 respondents reported a decrease in the burden of household chores. Additionally, 10 respondents reported having more time for family contact, and nine respondents reported having more time for their own hobbies and diversions. Meanwhile, only five respondents reported that they had more time to work. Outsourcing housework cleaning tasks and using the newly created time for family and self may improve work performance.

Implementation of Cellular-Based Drone Module using Cloud Services

&lt;div class="page" title="Page 1"&gt;&lt;div class="layoutArea"&gt;&lt;div class="column"&gt;&lt;p&gt;The notion of a smart city incorporates the integration of infrastructure, services, and the community and encompasses the deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for monitoring crop fields, facilitating logistics delivery, and performing high-altitude cleaning tasks. In a smart city, the interconnectedness of devices is realized through the medium of the Internet of Things (IoT). This research endeavors to explore the usage of Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) for enabling remote command and control of UAV/UGV modes, leveraging 4G/LTE connectivity as an enabler. 4G/LTE connectivity is known for its improvement in data transfer speed and network capacity, which potentially enables the connection of more devices, including drones. The high availability and scalability of cloud services have become crucial factors in utilizing cloud services as the most cost-effective and expedient relay for connecting two nodes over the internet globally for now. The proposed methodology would be integrated into a smart drone module, which would be deployed at a small scale as a component of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Overview of Underwater Robots for Hull Cleaning

At present, the cleaning of the hull surface in China is carried out in the dock, and the cleaning equipment that can be successfully used in underwater operations still needs the assistance of divers in the water, which is high cost and low efficiency. This paper introduces the current situation of hull cleaning robots at home and abroad, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of related technologies, such as dock cleaning technology, underwater cleaning technology, etc., and analyzes the development trend of underwater hull cleaning equipment in the future, providing a theoretical basis for the development of hull cleaning equipment. Underwater cleaning robots have been a rapidly developing research and application field in recent years. Its main goal is to perform cleaning, maintenance, and monitoring tasks in an underwater environment by automated or semi-automated means. Such robots are used in a wide variety of application scenarios, including but not limited to oilfield maintenance, marine debris removal, reservoir and pond management, and ship maintenance study design: Underwater cleaning robots are capable of working long hours in harsh environments and their programmability and versatility enable them to perform a variety of complex tasks. In addition, with the development of advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and deep learning, the level of intelligence of these robots is also gradually improving. With global industrialization and population growth, the problem of underwater environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. Traditional underwater cleanup methods often rely on human labor, which is not only inefficient but also can pose a safety risk to workers. Therefore, automation technology has great potential and value in this field. To sum up, underwater cleaning robot is a multidisciplinary field, involving mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer science, and environmental science. It not only contributes to solving current pressing environmental problems but also provides new research and application opportunities in related fields.

Global Path Planning Method for Parks based on Complete Coverage Cleaning Task

In this paper, based on a small driving sanitation platform of an enterprise, the global path planning method in the unmanned decision system is studied and designed for the characteristics of the park environment and the task requirements. The operation space of the sanitation platform is divided into rectangular square cleaning area and lane cleaning area based on the task demand of full coverage of the park. For the sweeping task of the lane area, multiple parallel sweeping reference paths are generated by raster erosion of the lane map; for the sweeping task of the rectangular square, this paper proposes an improved bow-shaped full coverage algorithm combining forward and reverse based on the steering capacity constraint of the sanitation vehicle. Finally, the path articulation algorithm is used to connect the sweeping paths of suboperating areas to form a global reference path for the sweeping operation of the park.

Geographies of Waiting: Politics, Methods, and Praxis—A Case Study of Indian Railway Stations

Waiting is spatial, gendered, and hidden. Drawing on ethnographic field work with cleaners in railway facilities of Hyderabad, India, and building on infrastructure and mobilities studies, I theorize the space-time of waiting. I propose waiting as a multivalent lens through which to view power, space, and labor relations. Second, I argue that waiting is a method offering possibilities for understanding the Sisyphean task of cleaning and uneven, precarious, and diverse urban worlds. Waiting is integral to maintenance work, and pivotal to the production of “clean” infrastructures, yet it remains invisible. Third, I posit waiting as praxis: a mode of field work grappling with place-based realities. Waiting is learning the station. My article considers the social and economic (im)mobilities that underpin the waiting of cleaning workers. I further posit queues as microinfrastructures of waiting. Finally, I argue that waiting, when employed as a method, and as praxis, reveals the uneven urban worlds, relational spaces, and the everydayness of capitalism.

A comparison of first-come-first-served and multidimensional heuristic approaches for asset allocation of floor cleaning machines

This paper presents a comparison of three binary heuristic algorithms - Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO), Differential Evolution (BDE), and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) - under two asset allocation approaches to obtain optimal deployment combinations of assets for a cleaning company. When a company requires planning for the best asset allocation, the common practice is to rely on the experience of managers to estimate what combination of assets is appropriate to deploy to fulfill the different cleaning tasks that are carried out simultaneously in different locations. This work considers a given asset inventory of 168 machines composed of 29 different types of cleaners obtained online from three vendors. The comparison is made for three scenarios with 5, 10, and 15 tasks. Each task has a desired cleaning area and maximum cleaning time that are taken as constraints while minimizing the number of selected machines to be allocated for each task. The allocation approaches are inspired by the First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) approach and the Multidimensional Knapsack Problem (MKP). In total, 30 trials were computed for each scenario where the best, worst, average, and standard deviation were obtained. The results indicate that the combination of BDE and the FCFS approach provides the best solutions by having the lowest number of assets selected for each scenario. Additionally, it has the lowest standard deviation in cleaning area and time, while having a low execution time compared to the other approaches and heuristic algorithms.

An unsupervised perplexity-based method for boilerplate removal

AbstractThe availability of large web-based corpora has led to significant advances in a wide range of technologies, including massive retrieval systems or deep neural networks. However, leveraging this data is challenging, since web content is plagued by the so-called boilerplate: ads, incomplete or noisy text and rests of the navigation structure, such as menus or navigation bars. In this work, we present a novel and efficient approach to extract useful and well-formed content from web-scraped data. Our approach takes advantage of Language Models and their implicit knowledge about correctly formed text, and we demonstrate here that perplexity is a valuable artefact that can contribute in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. As a matter of fact, the removal of noisy parts leads to lighter AI or search solutions that are effective and entail important reductions in resources spent. We exemplify here the usefulness of our method with two downstream tasks, search and classification, and a cleaning task. We also provide a Python package with pre-trained models and a web demo demonstrating the capabilities of our approach.

Evaluation of a Passive Upper Limb Exoskeleton in Healthcare Workers during a Surgical Instrument Cleaning Task.

(1) Background: Healthcare workers are highly affected by work-related musculoskeletal disorders, particularly in the lower back, neck and shoulders, as their occupational tasks expose them to biomechanical constraints. One solution to prevent these musculoskeletal disorders may be the use of a passive exoskeleton as it aims to reduce muscle solicitation. However, few studies have been carried out directly in this field to assess the impact of the use of a passive upper limb exoskeleton on this population. (2) Methods: Seven healthcare workers, equipped with electromyographic sensors, performed a tool cleaning task with and without a passive upper limb exoskeleton (Hapo MS, Ergosanté Technologie, France). Six muscles of the upper limbs were analysed, i.e., anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii and longissimus thoracis. A subjective analysis of the usability of the equipment, the perception of effort and discomfort, was also carried out using the System Usability Scale and the Borg scale. (3) Results: The longissimus thoracis was the most used muscle during this task. We observed a significant decrease in the muscular solicitation of the anterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi when wearing the exoskeleton. Other muscles were not significantly impacted by the device. (4) Conclusions: the passive exoskeleton used in this study allowed the reduction in muscular load on the anterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi without negative effects on other muscles. Other field studies with exoskeletons are now necessary, particularly in hospitals, to increase our knowledge and improve the acceptability of this system for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders.

Review Paper on Cyberbulling

This article become stimulated with the aid of using the pinnacle ten guidelines that Sameer Hinduja and Justin W. Patchin advised to educators engaged in cyberbullying prevention. The first step for prevention of cyberbullying is the know-how acquisition of what cyberbullying is and the way it happens inside a selected context. This isn't an clean task , for the reason that cyberbullying is a complicated and pretty new phenomenon, a lot that researchers’ opinion is regularly divided on its definition and there isn’t settlement at the quantity of its diffusion. However, cyberbullying represents an real risk, particularly for the web technology that is regularly not able to differentiate among digital and real-reality. Moreover, the Internet is a truely wide, exciting world, hard to penetrate in depth, wealthy with dissimulations, complete of beneficial and additionally evil things, which might be constantly changing. Literature stresses at the important function of schooling for fighting cyberbullying; there's a standard settlement approximately the duty that faculties have on this hard battle. But, growing powerful applications isn't simple, thinking about the several implications and the need of integrating multifarious domain names of know-how. This article analyses how contextual know-how acquisition, instructional sports and technical helps can make a contribution to address and save you cyberbullying dangers amongst younger students.

Image-Based Visual Impedance Force Control for Contact Aerial Manipulation

In this paper, an image-based impedance control strategy for force tracking of an unmanned aerial manipulator (UAM) is presented. Firstly, image features with nice decoupling characteristics are designed and the relationship between the camera motion and the image features is derived. Then, a two-stage strategy is proposed to achieve force tracking of the UAM on a planar object in an arbitrary pose. The first stage drives the end-effector perpendicular to the object’s planer surface by pure visual servoing. To achieve force tracking under the visual guidance, an adaptive visual impedance control method which adjusts the target stiffness according to the force tracking error and the visual feature error is proposed in the second stage. The closed-loop system is proved asymptotically stable by means of Lyapunov analysis. Further, the stability in free flight phase of the stage two is also analyzed and ensured. Finally, experiments were carried out including a whiteboard cleaning task in different poses. The experimental results illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Note to Practitioners—This work is motivated by the contact force tracking problem of an unmanned aerial manipulator (UAM) without the position measurement. In recent years, impedance control is widely used in force tracking problems. However, position measurement is needed both for the robot and the object in most studies. To generate desired force under visual guidance, image-based visual servoing is combined with a novel impedance controller with variable stiffness. The idea is intuitive. For a human in contact with a wall, the contact force is controlled by adjusting his arm stiffness, which means the stiffness is adapted to the difference between the desired and actual contact force. Furthermore, the stiffness is also adapted to the visual tracking error, removing the assumption that no tracking error is in the inner loop of the impedance controller in the previous works. The proposed strategy is a promising solution for real applications and is validated by a board cleaning experiment in this paper.

The Effect of Social Comparison Feedback and Value Statements in a Clinic

ABSTRACT This report from the field assessed the effects of graphic and verbal social comparison feedback on the number of end-of-shift cleaning tasks completed by behavior technicians in an autism clinic. Participants consisted of three individuals identified as exhibiting low performance relative to peers. Prior to the intervention, there was a notable difference between low-performers and high-performers. Following the intervention, the number of tasks increased for all three low-performers, reaching levels that were similar to their high-performing peers. Results suggest that for simple and straightforward tasks, certain applications of social comparison feedback can be useful for increasing performance in low-performers despite initial discrepancies in performance.

Autonomous Maintenance: A Case Study on Step – 0 to 3 Implementation at Detergent Packing Machine in FMCG industry

Businesses in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector always work to improve the efficiency of their manufacturing processes in order to keep a competitive edge in the fast-paced and cutthroat business. With a focus on the detergent packing machine at an FMCG manufacturing plant, this case study explores the application of autonomous maintenance (AM), a key component of the Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) philosophy. Finding and removing losses from the manufacturing process, especially those involving equipment and plant, is the main goal of AM. The four main phases of the step-by-step process described in the AM technique are Step0, Step1, Step2, and Step3, each of which aims to restore the fundamental machine conditions. The AM process's cornerstone, Step 0, emphasizes the necessity of a change in the maintenance staff's perspective. In this level, operators and maintenance teams would discover the value of autonomous maintenance and be instilled with a sense of ownership and responsibility for the equipment. The emphasis switches to cleaning and inspection tasks in Step 1. The detergent packing machine is thoroughly cleaned and carefully inspected to look for any indications of wear and tear or possible problems. This stage lays the groundwork for future enhancements by attempting to create a baseline for the machine's current state. The second step is to establish performance and cleanliness standards for the machine. For regular cleaning and inspections, standardized protocols are created to provide uniformity and predictability in maintenance tasks. In order to improve operators' and maintenance personnel's abilities to recognize and handle possible problems, this stage also includes training courses for them. Step 3 focuses on maintaining the progress made in the preceding steps. It entails creating an organizational culture of proactive maintenance where the idea of continuous improvement permeates every aspect of the business. To make sure that the set standards are being followed and that any deviations are quickly corrected, audits and reviews are carried out on a regular basis. This case study demonstrates the effective use of autonomous maintenance at the detergent packing machine in the FMCG sector by carefully following these four guidelines. The outcomes include a significant reduction in costly breakdowns, improved machine reliability, and the cultivation of a culture of continuous improvement, contributing to the overall competitiveness of the company's products. The lessons learned from this case study can serve as valuable insights for other companies looking to embark on a similar journey of enhancing their manufacturing processes through Autonomous Maintenance.

Problems about the Duties of the School Administrators in the Kindergartens and the Solution Suggestions

This research aims to reveal the problems about the work fields of school administrators in kindergartens and the solutions suggestions related to these problems based on the opinions of the administrators. The research was carried out in the case study (multiple case study), one of the qualitative research designs. The data used in the research were obtained by using semi-structured interview forms. The data obtained were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. The study population consists of the administrators working in the independent kindergartens in Sanlıurfa centrum in the 2018-1019 academic year. The maximum diversity sampling was used in the study. The research study group consists of 29 school administrators and 26 deputy managers working 29 independent kindergartens in Sanlıurfa centrum. First of all, regarding the problems experienced in the research, it has been inferred that enough support staff to perform the cleaning and security tasks were not provided to the schools. The administrators have indicated that the number of substitute teachers is high in the system and they do not have the necessary field knowledge as another problem. The fact that dual education is a problem in itself and that the Ministry does not provide a subsidy to kindergartens is one of the findings of the study. Providing schools with a sufficient number of support staff, ending dual education and switching to regular education, abolishing the practice of substitute teachers, and having the Ministry transfer subsidies to schools are proposed solutions developed by administrators.