Cleaning Process Research Articles

Dry cleaning process and mechanism of gas–solid fluidized bed for waste film plastics

Dry cleaning process and mechanism of gas–solid fluidized bed for waste film plastics

Evaluation of Maize Seed Sieving Performance using Sieves with CassiniOval Shape Openings

The process of preliminary cleaning is a determining factor affecting the standard qualities of the seeds. The grain mass that undergoes primary processing contains significant amounts of impurities, the amount of which is strictly regulated by standards. Sieves with rectangular and round openings are the most widely used for separating maize seeds. In this study, the feasibility and efficiency of using sieves with openings in the Cassini oval shape were proposed and substantiated. Three factors subject to variation during the experiments were selected, each having a crucial influence on the process parameters: rotational speed (n, rpm), specific material feed (Q, kg), and angle of sieve inclination (α, deg.). A regression equation was developed, and the response surfaces of the dependencies of defining characteristics of the process of separation of maize seeds on sieves with openings in the Cassini oval shape were compiled and analyzed. The study showed that the rotational speed has a less significant influence on the mass of the undersize of sieved maize than the inclination angle and feeding rate. A maximum grain passage (2.9 kg) into the openings in the Cassini oval shape is obtained at a rotational speed of 290.35 min-1 and a grain feed rate of 3.06 kg min-1.

Why are the Category of "Unnecessary" Borrowings or Parallel Lexical Units Still Present in Standard Albanian Language?

Language, as a complete system of units and rules and at the same time a system not isolated, but open to changes, is the property of the society that uses it. Linguistic development and social development are accompanied by a mutual relationship between them, it would even be right to express the well-known definition that: there is no development that takes place in a society that does not leave its traces in the language system, especially in the system its lexicon. The developments that Albanian society has undergone in recent decades have made it possible for a relatively large number of borrowings to enter the Albanian language, mainly anglicisms. This phenomenon has caused a good part of Albanian linguists to be involved in the so-called cleaning process of relatively new borrowings or borrowings of the last decades in the Albanian language. Although discussions about the category of borrowed in the Albanian language constitute a very early linguistic reality, it should be noted that in the publications and scientific conferences of recent years it still continues to be treated as a matter of primary importance and as a growing phenomenon of continuous. Naturally, the perspectives of Albanian linguists on this field of study are different: some see the issue of borrowings as a very big damage done to the Albanian language, others see it as a natural state of language development, but not dangerous. for her. Despite the sometimes similar and approximate attitudes, but sometimes even contradictory, the aspect that unites most of the linguists who have dealt with this issue is related to the context in which the borrowed word is used, while the Albanian language has her answer. The questions we would raise in this context are: Should we call the phenomenon of the presence of "unnecessary borrowings" common in the Albanian language? The deep penetration into Albanian of these "parallel lexical units" or "synonyms" with the Albanian word should be seen and accepted as a natural development of the language and as a result of linguistic interaction in the conditions of global development, or should it be considered as a phenomenon that should be observed, even monitored, to some extent controlling its trends and developments?The aim of the paper is to create a description and reflection of the real situation of borrowings in Albanian, the place they have occupied in relation to the Albanian word and the approach of Albanian linguists and linguistics to this phenomenon. In another perspective, the paper aims to emphasize the irreplaceable role of the state and propose the creation of the missing law for the Albanian language in the Albanian legislation, with the aim of preserving the language from unnecessary linguistic elements that overlap the linguistic elements of its substratum autochthonous. Received: 16 June 2024 / Accepted: 5 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

Cleaning and Disinfection of Surfaces in a COVID-19 Respiratory Syndrome Unit: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of an educational intervention on the cleaning and disinfection processes within a respiratory syndrome unit, serving as a designated facility for COVID-19 patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed, incorporating a pre-intervention and postintervention assessment. The evaluation of surfaces involved various monitoring techniques, including Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) testing, colony-forming unit analysis, and visual inspections. All statistical analyses were conducted at a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). Results: Following the implementation of the educational intervention, a notable reduction in surface contamination rates was observed. Significant improvements were noted for specific surfaces when utilizing the ATP testing method, including benchtops (p = 0.030), mattresses (p = 0.014), doorknobs (p = 0.014), and armchairs (p = 0.014). Furthermore, a decrease in the total count of aerobic bacteria was observed for benchtops (p = 0.014), mattresses (p = 0.014), and doorknobs (p = 0.014). Visual inspection results also indicated enhancements, with approval rates for benchtops, armchairs, and mattresses rising from 0% before the intervention to 37.5% afterward. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate substantial improvements in approval rates following the implementation of the educational intervention. Additionally, this research provides valuable insights for the development of ongoing educational initiatives for the healthcare team, incorporating evaluation and feedback mechanisms as well as updates to cleaning and disinfection protocols.

Numerical investigation on the liquid jet and the dynamics of the near-wall cavitation bubble under an acoustic field

The dynamics of the near-wall cavitation bubble in an acoustic field are the fundamental forms of acoustic cavitation, which has been associated with promising applications in ultrasonic cleaning, chemical engineering, and food processing. However, the potential physical mechanisms for acoustic cavitation-induced surface cleaning have not been fully elucidated. The dynamics of an ultrasonically driven near-wall cavitation bubble are numerically investigated by employing a compressible two-phase model implemented in OpenFOAM. The corresponding validation of the current model containing the acoustic field was performed by comparison with experimental and state-of-the-art theoretical results. Compared to the state without the acoustic field, the acoustic field can enhance the near-wall bubble collapse due to its stretching effect, causing higher jet velocities and shorter collapse intervals. The jet velocity in the acoustic field increases by 80.2%, and the collapse time reduces by 40.9% compared to those without an acoustic field for γ = 1.1. In addition, the effects of the stand-off distances (γ), acoustic pressure wave frequency (f), and initial pressure (p*) on the bubble dynamic behaviors were analyzed in depth. The results indicate that cavitation effects (e.g., pressure loads at the wall center and the maximal bubble temperature) are weakened with the increase in the frequency (f) owing to the shorter oscillation periods. Furthermore, the maximum radius of bubble expansion and the collapse time decrease with increasing f and increase with increasing p*. The bubble maximum radius reduces by 12.6% when f increases by 62.5% and increases by 20.5% when p* increases by 74%.

Investigation of the flash vaporization technique as a novel anolyte separation method in a copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle for sustainable hydrogen production

Thermochemical water-splitting processes are a promising alternative to the conventional hydrogen production technologies. In this regard, the thermochemical copper-chlorine cycle is amongst the clean hydrogen production processes that have shown immense promise to achieve commercialization in the long term future through several investigations reported in the open literature. A primary reason for this is its moderate temperature requirements which can be harnessed through a wide variety of sources such as waste heat or solar thermal energy. More specifically, the four-step variant of the copper-chlorine cycle has exhibited the highest efficiencies compared to its three and five-step versions. However, certain aspects of the cycle need further attention. One such aspect is the fourth and the final step of the cycle – the anolyte separation step which ensures the complete replenishment of all chemical compounds within the cycle. The anolyte is a homogeneous solution that constitutes water, hydrochloric acid, copper (II) chloride, and copper (I) chloride. The existing methodology for the separation of all these chemicals considers a multi-step drying process that takes place at ambient pressure and temperatures over 100°C. These conditions have been concluded to contribute to lowering the energy efficiency and increasing the cost rate of hydrogen through various studies previously conducted and published by the authors. In this regard, the authors have investigated an alternative technique for the anolyte separation process – the flash vaporization method where the partial separation of various chemical species can be achieved under vacuum conditions resulting in lower required temperatures and ultimately making the anolyte separation process relatively less energy intensive. Thus, this paper develops a stand-alone experimental set-up to investigate the flash vaporization process on a lab scale to determine its feasibility and potential to be a replacement for the existing approach of anolyte separation in a four-step copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle. The experiments are conducted under a wide variety of conditions and the obtained results are quite promising. Further, this study also considers the development of an empirical model to enable an analytical quantitative prediction of the separated anolyte solution.

Surface cleaning with atmospheric pressure plasma jet investigated by in-situ optical emission spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Cleaning of surfaces with atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is investigated by in-situ optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The APPJ device operates a spark discharge of kW power in Argon gas flow resulting in a powerful plasma jet expanding into air. For cleaning experiments samples are coated with lubricant layers of 1.1 to 7.1 µm thickness. Light collected at the sample surface during APPJ treatment is analyzed spectroscopically and used to monitor the cleaning process. LIBS chemical imaging delivers spatial cleaning profiles of plasma treated surfaces. From measured emission intensities of CN molecular band and Na atomic line the cleaning efficiencies for carbon and Na containing contaminants are determined. The power of APPJ plasma generator, distance between sample and jet nozzle, scan speed, and Argon gas flow are varied to optimize the surface treatment. Thermal and non-thermal processes contribute to cleaning. For the carbon containing contaminant thermal processes are dominating (∼90 %) while also non-thermal processes (∼30–45 %) are relevant for the Na containing component. A cleaned surface area per time from 0.3 to 10 cm2/s is investigated. Cleaning efficiency up to 95 % is obtained highlighting the potential of APPJ surface cleaning under ambient conditions.

Improvement of tribological behavior of stainless steels in food cleaning process by sodium hydrogen carbonate

Improvement of tribological behavior of stainless steels in food cleaning process by sodium hydrogen carbonate

Integrated Application of Innovative Technologies for Oil Spill Remediation in Gran Tarajal Harbor: A Scientific Approach

This study examines recovery efforts at Gran Tarajal Harbor following a significant oil spill, employing a combination of innovative technologies tailored to enhance oil spill remediation. Cleanup operations incorporated advanced absorbent sponges with high reusability, absorbent granulates for targeted hydrocarbon capture, bioremediation techniques using allochthonous microorganisms to accelerate natural degradation processes, and the integration of newly designed oil containment barriers coupled with sponges. These technologies were instrumental in effectively mitigating environmental damage, as evidenced by a reduction in hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments from nearly 60,000 mg/kg to under 1600 mg/kg within seven months. Notably, advanced absorbent sponges demonstrated superior capacity for repeated use, optimizing the cleanup process and contributing to the sustainability of the response efforts. The most important finding of this research is the demonstrated efficacy of integrated approach in not only reducing hydrocarbon contamination but also in promoting ecological recovery. Heavy metal analyses revealed that lead and copper concentrations were primarily associated with routine port activities, while mercury levels, attributed to the spill, decreased significantly over time. Tissue analysis of local organisms showed minimal contamination, and assessments of biological communities indicated signs of ecological recovery. This work highlights the necessity of introduce new disruptive technologies in contingency plans.

AI-driven monitoring systems for bioremediation: real-time data analysis and predictive modelling

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are transforming the field of bioremediation by enabling real-time monitoring and optimization of environmental cleanup processes. This paper explores the integration of AI-driven monitoring systems with bioremediation techniques, focusing on how real-time data analysis and predictive modelling can enhance the effectiveness of pollutant degradation. These AI systems continuously collect data from contaminated sites, such as soil and water, and analyse variables like microbial activity, pollutant concentration, and environmental conditions. By processing this data, AI models can optimize the bioremediation environment, adjusting factors such as pH, temperature, and nutrient levels to maximize microbial efficiency. Predictive modelling plays a crucial role in forecasting remediation outcomes, allowing for proactive adjustments to improve the speed and success of the process. The study also highlights the potential of AI in reducing operational costs by automating data collection and analysis, minimizing the need for manual intervention. Furthermore, it discusses challenges related to data quality, system integration, and the scalability of AI applications in real-world bioremediation projects. By leveraging AI's capability to provide real-time insights and predictive analytics, this research demonstrates its potential to significantly enhance the precision and sustainability of bioremediation efforts, paving the way for smarter environmental management.

Thinking Green on 3D Printing: Sustainable Polymer Compositions of Post-Consumer Polypropylene and Tire Rubber Crumbs Intended for Industrial Applications.

Year by year, more and more plastic is used worldwide. A large part of post-consumer waste is still stored in landfills instead of being reused. The solution to this problem may be recycled materials (recyclates) or biodegradable materials. The method of 3D printing, regarded as a clean processing technology, can significantly contribute to addressing global plastic pollution by utilizing post-consumer recycled polymers to create new components and parts. Therefore, this study focuses on the assessment of various properties and characteristics of 3D-printed compositions based on post-consumer polypropylene (PP) and rubber crumbs, recycled from packages foils and car tires, respectively. Moreover, within this study, we compared the mechanical performance of the injection molding material with the one obtained from 3D printing. A characterization was made considering the thermal and mechanical properties as well as the "print quality" through the microscopic and tomographic analysis of subsequent print passes, the number of free spaces, and imperfections in the polymer melt. Samples obtained using the FDM and injection methods exhibited comparable melting temperatures, while the samples obtained by injection molding exhibited slightly better mechanical performance, higher hardness, and impact strength.

CaCO3-activited N-doped diatom biochar for the degradation of tetracycline

In this study, a N-doped diatom biochar (DBC) was prepared by one-step pyrolysis, where CaCO3 formed by marine diatom-mediated calcification was employed as an activator. Due to the activation effect of CaCO3, the specific surface area of the obtained DBC increased by more than 10 times, and the nitrogen presented as pyrrolic nitrogen (58.9%), pyridinic nitrogen (29.7%), and graphitic nitrogen (11.4%) in the DBC. In addition, the effects of important parameters and co-existing ions on the catalytic decomposition of tetracycline (TC) by DBC were investigated by using TC as a typical pollutant and PDS as an oxidant. The DBC/PDS system exhibited high activity over a broad pH range. Through radical scavenging experiments, electron spin resonance, and electrochemical results analysis, it was found that the degradation of TC in the system included both radical and nonradical pathways, and the most dominant reactive species was 1O2. Furthermore, the surficial reactive complexes formed by PDS on the catalysts also played an important role in attacking the adsorbed TC molecules. This study proposes an eco-friendly and economical technique to construct a clean advanced oxidation process capable of treating TC wastewater by utilizing the native biomass of diatom as a metal-free and efficient biochar catalyst while simultaneously reducing the use of chemical reagents.

Sustainable detergent-disinfectant agent based on whey mineralizate and silver nanoparticles for cleaner production in dairy industry

Detergents and disinfectants for dairy industry must meet a variety of characteristics, including low toxicity, high antibacterial activity, and excellent rinsing of pollutants from working surfaces. This work presents an innovative detergent-disinfectant agent based on whey mineralizate and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which allows reducing production costs and ensuring high cleanliness of treated surfaces compared to analogues. For this purpose, a method for obtaining sols of Ag NPs stabilized with didecyldimethylammonium bromide (Ag NPs-DDAB) was developed and optimized using neural network algorithms. Characterization of Ag NPs-DDAB showed particles with a radius of 4.5 nm and 20 nm, stable in the pH range from 2 to 11. An acute toxicity study of Ag NPs in mice showed LD50 = 4230 μg/kg. Based on the degree of accumulation and inhalation toxicity, Ag NPs-DDAB are classified as low-hazard chemicals. The developed detergent-disinfectant had a washability of about 90%, high antimicrobial activity (0.005 mg/mL) against Penicillium roqueforti and a sanitary and hygienic effect on coliforms, general contamination and pathogenic microorganisms, a low-corrosive effect and low toxicity (315 mg/mL) to Danio rerio. It was concluded that the use of detergent-disinfectant agent will completely eliminate the consumption of water for the equipment cleaning process and can be used to clean an electrodialysis unit’s circuits, enabling the utilization of secondary waste from membrane milk processing and promoting resource efficiency and cleaner production in the dairy industry.

Simplified efficiency calibration methods for scintillation detectors used in nuclear remediation

Our study introduces innovative methods to address waste reduction and enhance resource efficiency in nuclear cleanup processes. We focus on sustainable nuclear technology, aligning with goals for cleaner production and environmental protection. We developed two novel methods, termed “oversimplified” and “simplified,” for easily determining the photopeak efficiency of NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors. These methods, along with a “general” solution method, were validated with calibrated radioactive sources such as 241Am, 57Co, 133Ba, 137Cs, and 60Co, and were used to commission a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector system at Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) for nuclear remediation. The system demonstrated high accuracy, making it suitable for screening unstable isotopes at contaminated sites. This screening tool significantly reduces the number of soil samples requiring detailed characterization, thereby lowering operational costs. The NaI(Tl) detector system was calibrated for near-contact geometry, which is commonly used at CRLs. Detection limits were established for this configuration. By improving the efficiency calibration of scintillation detectors, our study advances sustainable nuclear remediation practices, promoting environmental sustainability and cleaner production processes.

Sustainable recycling of pure aluminum from waste chips under supergravity-enhanced separation: A cleaning process

Large quantities of chips containing high levels of aluminum are always inevitably produced during machining process of aluminum products, which is a valuable renewable resource. In this paper, an environmental-friendly method for direct and continuous recovery of same-level recycled Al from waste chips under supergravity-induced was proposed. The oxide film covering the surface of the molten Al-chips was easily disrupted under super-gravity, and subsequently almost all of Al melt detached from the oxide film and flowed rapidly through the microporous ceramic foam filter, with a yield ratio of more than 97 %. During this process, all fine broken oxide-film particles and large amounts of primary iron-rich particles in the melt were captured in the complex channels of the filter, resulting in clean 1xxx series recycled Al with free inclusions and impurity iron content of less than 0.28 wt%. In addition, a sustainable process and a continuous centrifugal unit for recycling aluminum chips were designed, the economic and environmental advantages of which demonstrate the feasibility of sustainable regeneration of aluminum chip resources on an industrial scale via supergravity technique.

Exploration and multi performance evaluation of process intensification for separation of ethyl tert-butyl ether/ethanol from wastewater

Ethyl tert-butyl ether is a green gasoline additive that enhances fuel efficiency and can play an essential role in improving fuel performance. This study explored the separation of wastewater containing ethyl tert-butyl ether and ethanol by changing the pressure and adding reactions based on extractive distillation, using the synergistic effect of the entrainer, pressure, and chemical reaction. By utilizing coupling technology and process intensification concepts, developed a comprehensive series of intensified processes that have clarified the interaction mechanisms between the extractive distillation process (EDP), pressure swing extractive distillation process (PSEDP), and reactive extractive distillation process (REDP). Studying the separation and purification mechanisms of products and intermediates during the reaction process provides theoretical and practical support for optimizing chemical processes. Comparative analysis showed that the reactive extraction pressure swing distillation process (REPSDP) had preeminent economic and environmental benefits. The total annual cost of PSEDP, REDP, and REPSDP was reduced by 5.88 %, 1.68 %, and 10.08 %, respectively, compared with EDP. The gas emissions of PSEDP, REDP, REPSDP, and REPSDP with heat integration process (HI-REPSDP) are all lower than those of EDP. HI-REPSDP saves 47.59 % of gas emissions compared to EDP, highlighting its environmental benefits. HI-REPSDP has the best energy efficiency, reducing energy consumption by 47.58 % compared to EDP, significantly improving the energy utilization rate. It was found that the introduction of heat integration technology had a significant improvement effect. This research has crucial theoretical and practical value and provides guidance and reference for achieving a clean and efficient production process.

Exploring the impact of FDI on environmental innovation in China: An empirical investigation

Today, firms face several environmental concerns, including but not limited to: decreasing natural resources, pollution management, and climate change. Little is known about the factors that motivate the many forms of environmental innovation or the effects of these endeavors on the financial success of businesses, despite the growing demand for eco-friendly goods and services. For the first time, this study introduces the core environmental determinants for China's 30 provinces covering the period of 2005-2022. In these determinants, this study considers foreign direct investment (FDI), financial development (FDI), natural resources (NRs), human capital (HC), and green energy (GE). However, to investigate the study objectives, the present study utilizes an advanced series of estimators that can overcome all panel data problems. In these estimators, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG), the Common Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCE-MG), and the Panel Quantile Regression (P-QR) are being considered. However, the results of the long-term investigation obtained interesting outcomes for selected provinces. For example, financial proxies such as economic development and foreign direct investment significantly increase the environmental innovations across the selected regions. Conversely, natural resources negatively affect environmental innovations and become a leading hurdle in the clean & green innovation process. Finally, empirical analysis finds a positive response of ecological regulations and green energy to an explained variable. This article outlined policy proposals for a low-carbon economy that would guarantee environmental innovation in certain provinces by reducing emissions; these proposals included increasing the use of renewable energy sources, sustainable technology, and environmentally friendly technology.

Exploring the use of gull eggs as bioindicators of phthalate esters exposure

Plastic pollution and associated plasticizers are a global threat affecting aquatic environments. Phthalates are among the most used plasticizers that can impact on fauna due to their endocrine-disrupting properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of eggs of Audouin’s gull (Larus audouinii) and yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) as biomonitors of phthalate exposure. Sixteen phthalates were studied and the extraction and purification steps were optimized using various sorbents and clean-up processes to efficiently recover these contaminants in gull eggs. Analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring to obtain high selectivity and sensitivity. Quality control parameters and a comprehensive analysis of blank contribution are provided. The best performance was obtained with Oasis PRiME HLB cartridges with recoveries from 61 to 138% for most of the compounds. Pooled gull-egg samples from seven breeding colonies collected over the period 2016 – 2021 within the Iberian Peninsula revealed the presence of dibutoxyethyl phthalate (DBEP), hexyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (HEHP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at mean concentrations ranging from 2.27 to 1330 ng/g ww in Audouin's gull and from 2.74 to 487 ng/g ww in yellow-legged gull (DBP not detected). The absence of other phthalates is likely attributable to their metabolism and excretion by female adults. Overall, this study provides an accurate method to analyse phthalates in gull eggs and supports their use as bioindicators of phthalate contamination.

Rapid and environmentally friendly reconstruction of airport runways under combined laser and liquid energy fields: Ushering a new era of low-carbon and efficient rubber removal in the aviation industry

When the aircraft takes off or lands, the tread rubber melts and adheres to the airport runway and its embedded ground lights, forming black pavement rubber marks, affecting the smoothness of the pavement, reducing the lighting degree and friction coefficient of the pavement, and directly affecting the safety of the aircraft take-off and landing. There are many shortcomings in the standard rubber removal methods. The multi-energy field composite laser cleaning technology comprehensively utilizes the laser field and auxiliary hydrodynamic field. It leverages the high-efficiency advantages of laser processing and avoids the shortcomings of its thermal energy surplus, achieving efficient, accurate, and green material removal. Based on this, this article presents for the first time the composite energy-field laser cleaning process mechanism and related performance of rubber mud layer from the surface of cement/asphalt runway and embedded grounding light cover (aluminum alloy)/light window (tempered glass). Pulse laser single energy-field cleaning is suitable for removing rubber marks from cement runways, grounding lamp covers, and light window surfaces. The cleaning mechanism is divided into two types based on the substrate: ablation and thermal stress peeling. Composite energy-field laser cleaning is suitable for removing rubber marks from asphalt runway surfaces, and the phase explosion of the liquid film is the cleaning mechanism. Under appropriate process parameters, laser cleaning can improve the runway's skid resistance, enhance the grounding light cover's corrosion resistance, and increase the grounding light window's transparency. This study can provide a reference for the laser cleaning behavior of different materials and solve the problem of rubber removal on international civil aviation airport pavement, promoting the construction of "safe, green, and smart" airports.

Review and Prospect of Viscoelastic Surfactant Diverting Acid

Abstract With the rapid development of social economy, global energy demand is growing rapidly. Carbonate reservoirs have attracted much attention due to their wide distribution and large reserves. Due to the heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs, conventional acidification technology cannot meet the production requirements, and diverting acid must be used to achieve effective development. The biggest problem of commonly used polymer-based diversion acid is the polymer residue after acidification. In recent years, the viscoelastic surfactant diverting acid (VEDA) system has attracted much attention because it can be decomposed by a simple cleaning process after the temporary plugging and diverting acid operation is completed. This paper studies the VEDA system through a large number of literature research. The properties of (VES) were introduced, and the application of viscoelastic surfactant in VEDA was analyzed. Secondly, the working principle of VEDA acid system is listed and several methods for evaluating the diverting ability of VEDA (pressure drop curve, permeability change, wormhole expansion) are introduced. Then, the VEDA rheological model established by various scholars was summarized. Finally, the commonly used VEDA system and its application in this field are summarized.