Clay Pipes Research Articles

Utilization of a natural language processing-based approach to determine the composition of artifact residues

BackgroundDetermining the composition of artifact residues is a central problem in ancient residue metabolomics. This is done by comparing mass spectral features in common with an experimental artifact and an ancient artifact (standard method). While this method is simple and straightforward, we sought to increase the accuracy of predicting which plant species had been used in which artifacts.ResultsHere, we introduce an algorithm (new method) based on ideas from the field of natural language processing (NLP) to solve this problem. We tested our strategy on a set of modern clay pipes. To limit biases, we were not provided information on which plant species had been smoked in which clay pipes. The results indicate that our new method performed 12.5% better than the standard method in predicting the plant species smoked in each artifact.ConclusionsUtilizing an NLP-based approach, we developed a robust algorithm for characterizing the composition of artifact residues. This work also discusses other general applications in which our algorithm could be used in the field of metabolomics, such as datasets where there are a limited number of replicates.

Investigating the Effect of Water Quality and Soil Texture on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Clay Pipes in Subsurface Irrigation

Investigating the Effect of Water Quality and Soil Texture on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Clay Pipes in Subsurface Irrigation

Analisis Swelling Clay di Formasi Telisa Untuk Perencanaan Lumpur Pemboran Skala Laboratorium

In the exploration stage, there is a well drilling operation process aimed at making holes in locations identified as having oil/gas. At the time of the drilling, it does not always run well so that it can cause problems that interfere with drilling operations such as swelling clay, sloughing shale, caving shale, and differential pipe sticking which may be due to the formation lithology penetrating thick shale formations, so that these problems can slow the penetration rate and increase the cost of drilling operations. Then the swelling clay analysis was carried out to overcome this problem. This study aims to determine the reactivity of cuttings by identifying the clay content in the Telisa Formation and planning the drilling mud to be used, so that it is suitable if it penetrates the Telisa Formation so that clay Swelling does not occur. There are 3 different types of water base mud, namely 7% KCL Polymer PHPA, 7% KCL Polymer Polyamine, and 7% KCL Polymer Soltex. This method is carried out in a laboratory test by conducting several Density, Yield Point, Plastic Viscosity, Gel Strength, MBT (Methylene Blue Test) and LSM (Linear Swelling Meter) tests. The results of the 7% KCl Polymer PHPA mud test were Density 9.9 ppg, Plastic Viscosity 20 cp, Yield Point 18 lb/100 ft2, MBT 15 meq, and LSM 29.5 meq/100 gr. In the 7% KCl Polymer Polyamine mud test, namely Density 9.8 ppg, Plastic Viscosity 19 cp, Yield Point 18 lb/100 ft2, MBT 12.5 meq, and LSM 24.375 meq/100 gr. In the 7% KCl Polymer Soltex mud test, namely Density 9.7 ppg, Plastic Viscosity 20 cp, Yield Point 17 lb/100 ft2, MBT 10 meq and LSM 19.5 meq/100 gr. There are different values on the properties of the mud in each test using 3 different types of additives.

Prospects of membrane catalysis in hydrogen energetics. Mini review

Hydrogen energetics is undoubtedly highly relevant today as it not only allows solving the issue of energy production from a renewable water source but can also prevent the formation of greenhouse gases. They say that any new idea is a well forgotten old one. The paper is dedicated to an excellent but still unimplemented work of Sainte-Claire Deville who managed to obtain hydrogen from water vapor using membrane technology. He used a clay pipe as a membrane which selectively permeated hydrogen. This process occurred with heating up to 950 °C. Sainte-Claire Deville managed to obtain only a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 4:1 and then to clean the product from oxygen using chemical reactions. Modern membrane catalysts based on palladium or its alloys are selectively permeable only for hydrogen. This means that the membrane catalysis method with palladium membranes could allow to realize of hermal water disassociation more effectively and solve the issues of hydrogen energetics using only renewable raw materials. The history of hydrogen discovery and methods of its production was also studied in this review. Different methods of energy production were analyzed, including mineral resources, wind turbines, solar panels, hydroenergetics, electrolysis, and nuclear power, and a forecast was presented based on them. The review should be considered as an invitation to further discussions regarding this highly relevant and important topic

James Winchester’s clay pipe factory: excavations at Glassfields, Bristol, 2016–2017

SUMMARY Excavations in advance of redevelopment in two areas either side of Old Bread Street, Bristol, revealed remains dating from the eighteenth century including those of three clay tobacco pipe kilns and other structural remains. An assemblage of clay tobacco pipes and kiln furniture was also recovered amongst other finds. The structural remains are described and the development of the site is examined. The process of clay pipe manufacture is briefly outlined, and the clay pipes are described and placed within their local context. It has been established that the kilns were the clay pipe manufactory of James Winchester, who was making clay pipes here between at least 1834 and 1856. Documentary sources have been used to further illuminate the archaeological evidence from this site.

“Turkish” Tobacco Pipes: History of Study

Introduction. The article is devoted to the history of the study of “Turkish” clay tobacco pipes. It is an actively developing direction in archaeological science. For about fifty years, “Turkish” tobacco pipes have regularly been the subject of research by scientists from various countries. However, the history of their study has not yet become a special subject of research. Methods of research. The study used methods to identify commonalities and differences between individual studies on the problem in question. All the references considered in the publication are arranged in chronological order and reflect the evolution of the researchers’ views; separate lines of research on tobacco pipes are distinguished. Analysis. From the late 1960s to the late 1980s, the foundations were laid for the study of “Turkish” tobacco pipes. The works created during this period are still the basis on which all researchers rely. The next stage in the study of the pipes was in the 1990s. At that time, the data on the dating of the pipes were clarified, special research using natural scientific methods was carried out for the first time, written sources were involved, the historical names of some types of pipes were restored, and the distinguishing features of local copies from the Turkish originals were analyzed. In the 2000’s and 2010’s, the attention of researchers turned to individual problems of studying pipes, such as stamps and ornamentation, images of smoking pipes on works of art, and analysis of written sources on the history of tobacco smoking. In addition, large monographs with detailed catalogs of “Turkish” tobacco pipes were created for the first time. Results. Many issues still remain unresolved in the available literature: only a few of the production centers have been identified, only a small portion of the masters’ marks have been read, and most of the dating covers broad periods and needs to be clarified.

Late Neolithic community, clay pipes and water diversion in monsoonal North Central China

Late Neolithic community, clay pipes and water diversion in monsoonal North Central China

A Deterioration Model for Sewer Pipes Using CCTV and Artificial Intelligence

Sewer pipeline failures pose significant threats to the environment and public health. To tackle these repercussions, many deterioration models have been developed to predict the conditions of sewer pipes, most of which are based on CCTV inspection reports. However, these reports are prone to errors due to their subjective nature and human involvement. More importantly, there are insufficient data to develop prudent deterioration models. To address these shortcomings, this paper aims to develop a CCTV-based deterioration model for sewer pipes using Artificial Intelligence (AI). The AI-based model relies on the integration of an unsupervised, multilinear regression technique and Weibull analysis. Findings derived from the Weibull deterioration curve indicate that the useful service life for concrete and vitrified clay pipes are 79 years and 48 years, respectively. The regression models show that the R2 value for vitrified clay sewer pipes, concrete sewer pipes, and ductile iron sewer pipes are 71.18%, 71.47%, and 81.51%, respectively, and 73.69% for concrete stormwater pipes. To illustrate the impact of various factors on sewer pipes, sensitivity analyses under different scenarios are conducted. These analyses indicate that pipe diameter has a significant influence on sewer pipe deterioration, with little impact on stormwater pipes. These findings would guide decision makers in identifying critical pipes and taking necessary precautionary measures. Further, this provides a sound basis for prioritizing maintenance actions, which would pave the way for designing sustainable urban drainage systems for cities.

Material encounters: the alternative use of clay tobacco pipes in England and Wales, c.1600–1900

Abstract This article explores the ways in which clay tobacco pipes were used on or against the body for purposes other than smoking. Whereas most approaches to material culture in the past consider the intended uses of objects, this research focuses on alternative uses and the broader contexts in which these adaptations were made. Examination of pipes used as weapons and medical instruments provides new evidence of the physical worlds of those who encountered these objects. It also demonstrates how reading objects ‘against the grain’ through analysis of alternative uses of everyday objects expands what we can learn from material culture.

Implications for Geochemistry of the Egyptian Clay Deposits and their Suitability for the Vitrified Clay Pipes Industry

Implications for Geochemistry of the Egyptian Clay Deposits and their Suitability for the Vitrified Clay Pipes Industry

Clay tobacco pipes from Klaipėda: The oldest finds and its origin, typology, and chronology, 1620-1680

In the course of archaeological excavations in Klaipėda, fragments of almost ten thousand pipes have been found. Their chronology dates back to the 17th–19th centuries, and it is also known that most of these pipes came to the city, most likely by sea, from the Netherlands, Germany and other northwestern European countries, although local production is lacking. As only general research on Klaipėda pipes has been published so far, this article focuses on the specific period 1620–1680, when the first of this kind of product arrived in Klaipėda by sea. The article analyses the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Klaipėda; based on the typology of the finds and known analogues, the author distinguishes the main types of pipes and identifies possible locations for pipe production.

P098 Human protothecosis: Acase report in Northeastern Brazil

Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMIntroductionProtothecosis is an emergent disease caused by members of the genus Prototheca. Most such infections probably occurred by traumática inoculation into subcutaneous tissues.ObjectivesIt is to report a case of human cutaneous protothecosis identified in the state of Maranhão, northeast Brazil. Case report: 75-year-old patient, Merchant, from the municipality of São Luís Island, Northeastern Brazil. He sought care referring to an erythematous and painful lesion on the left arm that started 6 months before the treatment. On examination, he presented an infiltrative, hyperemic lesion with burning pain throughout the upper limb (Fig. 1). The patient reported that a week before the onset of the condition, he suffered trauma on the arm, with a laceration in the skin, while cleaning a sewage system with clay pipes. During the healing process, he noticed a hyperemic, slightly pruritic lesion measuring 2 cm which did not improve. He sought medical assistance at the dermatological service, who suspected dermatophytosis, initiating treatment with terbinafine (250 mg, once a day), evolving with worsening of the lesion. A lesion biopsy was indicated, to histopathological examination, which showed circular, moniliform structures, diagnosed as protothecosis (Fig. 2). Treatment with itraconazole (200 mg/day) was started, with no therapeutic response and the lesion spread throughout the patient's left upper limb. Submitted to a new investigation with biopsy for direct research and culture for fungi, being identified Prototheca Wicherhamii, by Maldi-Tof®, with sensitivity to itraconazole and ampfotericin B. PCR amplification of the genetic material obtained in the clinical isolate was performed with purification of its product, and sequencing showed genetic similarity of 97,46% with Prototheca Wickerhamii. The sequence obtained was deposited in Genbank under number MZ409514. In the absence of therapeutic response to itraconazole (400 mg/day), and significant worsening of the lesion, with presentation of a secondary infection caused by Staphylococcus haemoliticus, treatment with Clindamycin (900 mg/day for 10 days) and Liposomal Amphotericin B (4 mg/kg/day for 45 days) were performed. After suspension of Liposomal Amphotericin B, the lesions recurred in 15 days, and voriconazole (200 mg 12/12 h) was prescribed for 6 months, with complete regression of the lesions. Currently, he is free of injuries, having been followed up every 6 months.ConclusionRare disease caused by chlorophyllous algae may be surprising due to the severity and lack of response to antifungals that show sensitivity in vitro.

High and normal strength concrete using grounded vitrified clay pipe (GVCP)

Several challenges faced the carbon footprint reduction of concrete production. Recycling waste materials from different industries to produce green concrete would be a proper solution due to their low cost and space-saving for landfill purposes. One of these industries is manufacturing vitrified clay pipes used for sewage, which show high resistance to the aggressive environment. However, vastly deteriorated pipes are disposed of as waste in landfills while processing. Additionally, the vitrified clay pipes are sourced from the kaolin burnt at a temperature above 800 °C while processing; no literature introduces the disposal wastes as supplementary cementitious material (SCMs). Nevertheless, other wastes such as ceramic sourced by metakaolin were introduced. This paper studies the grounded vitrified clay pipe (GVCP) as SCMs for producing green concrete. The methodology encountered examining the durability and mechanical properties of concrete using GVCP. Two group sets suggested; normal and high concrete strength with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% cement replacement by GVCP. Slump, compressive and flexural strengths, and abrasion were assessed while microstructure analysis handled. The results showed that the optimized values would be 10% and 20% for normal and high concrete strength in which mechanical properties are provided. The study also suggested a coefficient of 1.52 and 0.7 for ACI 318 and EN 1992-1 flexural provision. The GVCP showed higher resistance to chloride ingress of fewer than 1000 coulombs even at a high water-to-cement ratio of 0.64. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that GVCP provided more CSH gels, increasing compressive strength at later ages.

Drainage reconstruction in the zone of excessive moisture during the cultivation of blueberries on poorly water-permeable clay soils

To ensure efficient agricultural production in the humid regions of Ukraine, drainage of wetlands is one of the first places. The area of drained lands is make up to 9.7% of the total arable lands in Ukraine. In 1990, 1,976.500 hectares were used in active agricultural production, and the share of arable land on drained lands was 70.7%. Of the more than 1130 drainage systems with an area of more than 2.2 million hectares only 37% were built between 1980 and 1990, i.e. younger than 35 years. The remaining 63% of systems have been built and operated for more than 35 years. Since the 1990s, the construction of new and modernization of existing drainage systems in Ukraine has been almost non-existent. Maintenance of the systems was significantly reduced, which led to a significant deterioration in their technical condition, a change in the water regime of soils and the development of degradation processes. Traditionally, in Ukraine, a significant (1.4 million hectares) area is drained with ceramic drainage. We show the experience of reconstruction of the drainage system, which is located in the Pre-Carpathian Upland region of the Ukrainian Carpathians, the Middle Carpathian terrace plain, where a Drainage of Clay Pipes was built more than 35 years ago. The results of the analysis of the reasons of unsatisfactory drainage operation, identification of the most critical zones with the use of field research and earth remote sensing data are presented. To eliminate local wetlands, plastic drainage with a diameter of 50 mm is proposed. To increase the efficiency of its work on heavy clay soils with a filtration coefficient less than 0.01, the backfilling of the trench with local material – gravel with a fraction of 5 ... 25 mm with geotextile protection. During the construction of the new drainage, ceramic drains of the previously constructed drainage were found. They were cleaned mechanically and connected through a filter backfill to the newly built drains.

Archaeological and Bioarchaeological Evidence from the Ottoman period Bosnia: The Case Study of Doboj-Čaršija

The Selimiye is a mosque complex located in the old city’s center of Doboj – the Upper Town (čaršija). We present the results of the first interdisciplinary analysis of archaeological and bioarchaeological finds from its excavations in 1994 attempting to get the first insights into living conditions of the Ottoman period Bosnia. Archaeological assemblage dated to the 16th-19th century is composed of pottery, clay tobacco pipes, small everyday metal objects, functional parts of costume, and glass fragments. Animal remains were probably associated with ritual context of food consumption during the Eid al-Adha feasts. Burial of a child inside the mosque’s harem indicates its belonging to an upper class Muslim family of Doboj.

Damages in vitrified clay sewers in service for 130–142 years

The aim of the study was to analyze the damage occurring in vitrified clay sewers operated for a period of 130–142 years based on the results of their CCTV testing. In view of the fact that there are very large differences in the assessment of the forecast lifetime of sewer pipes, as reported by the different institutions, and significant differences in the survival functions developed for these pipes, particular attention has been paid to identification of the causes of this situation. One of the most important results of the research and analyses conducted is demonstration that models predicting the durability of vitrified clay pipes and the survival functions created for them should be developed separately for sewers laid in dry soils and water-saturated soils. The research has also shown that various so-called primary damages were observed in sewers, which occurred during transport, storage, and installation of pipes. Failure to take into account the possibility of these damages in the durability models being developed and in the related survival functions makes it impossible to predict the actual durability of these pipes. An analysis of the results also confirmed the thesis formulated on the basis of studies of vitrified clay pipes in Canada that the deterioration of vitrified clay pipes is not age-dependent when the pipes are properly designed and installed, with no damage during installation.

Clay Tobacco Pipes in Europe from the Late Sixteenth to the First Half of the Nineteenth Century: Geographical and Cultural Contexts

The aim of the article is to present a summary of the history of clay tobacco pipes in Europe and to explore their cultural and geographical context.In post-medieval archaeological sites, clay tobacco pipes are quite common finds. The first evidence of tobacco in Western Europe dates from the late sixteenth century, during the Age of Discovery. The industry of tobacco pipe manufacturing started in the early seventeenth century, and English pipe makers and smokers were the innovators of the new habit and style of smoking. Soon after that, Dutch cities like Amsterdam and Gouda became major centres in producing and selling clay tobacco pipes. Through the Baltic and Mediterranean harbours and then along land routes, tobacco spread across Europe as a product of colonial trade and a new habit of smoking as such. The Thirty Years’ War and Northern Wars played a crucial role in the consumption of tobacco, because soldiers rapidly accepted and spread the new culture of smoking.In the eastern and south-eastern European region, tobacco and pipes appeared in the early seventeenth century. Despite this fact, smoking as an incorrect habit was banned or restricted in Russia and the Ottoman Empire in effect of the rulers’ decisions. Only in the late seventeenth century all the prohibitions of tobacco consumption were lifted. At this time, clay tobacco pipes manufactured by the locals predominated in the regions of Eastern Europe. One-piece tobacco pipes with long stems manufactured by the Dutch and the English were still in use but in smaller quantities than locally produced pipes. These, so often called composite, stub-stemmed, or ‘chibouk’ pipes, were produced in very different shapes and styles. Scarce marked specimen of these pipes and the lack of historical sources show that production was mostly regional. Otherwise, it is not uncommon to discover that some models of or ornaments on the pipes are widespread from the Baltic region to Northern Africa. The history of smoking and its uneven spread across Europe from the late sixteenth to the first half of the nineteenth century were caused by various reasons. The article focuses on the different contexts of this subject: pipe making traditions in the Early Modern times were impacted by critical or indifferent view of religion, political decisions, economical and geographical situation, different art styles, and the like.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Improved Clay Porous Pipes for Subsurface Irrigation

HighlightsClay and clay combined with zeolite was utilized for the production of clay pipes for subsurface micro-irrigation.Various modelling approaches are mathematically complex and require computational and technical skills, hence the need for other simpler approaches.Non-contact imaging and supervised classification (ArcGIS) techniques are utilized for wetting pattern study.The Plexiglas soil column experiment and incorporated techniques provide a visual understanding of soil-water movement interaction.Abstract. The increasing prominence of clay pipes in irrigation water application in drier regions and the importance of soil wetting pattern information requires a better understanding of subsurface irrigation system design and management. This article reported findings on two different porous clay pipes made up of 100% clay, and 25% zeolite as an additive to the 75% clay developed and produced. A new method was proposed to evaluate their performance. A non-contact thermal imaging technique and maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm on ArcGIS software methods were used for wetting pattern dimensions determination. A Plexiglas soil column filled with homogeneous sandy textured soil profile was used in laboratory experiments. The non-contact thermal imaging technique was used to capture thermal and digital images at different water application times. The images were then classified using a maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm on the ArcGIS software interface. The results revealed that cumulative water applied increased with an increase in application time. The maximum predicted depth and width for modified pipes were 12.4 and 18 cm, respectively. For the non-modified pipes, the dimension was 11.2 and 17 cm for depth and width, respectively. The maximum recorded wetted area was 46.56% under modified pipes compared with 41.01% for non-modified pipes. The higher uniform area coverage was achieved under modified clay pipes rather than in the clay porous pipes. The study concluded that the proposed imaging technique predicted the soil wetting pattern dimension with acceptable accuracy and provided for a simple and visual approach. Keywords: ArcGIS, Subsurface irrigation, Supervised classification system, Thermal imaging camera, Wetted depth, Wetted width.

Poems

Poems

The Research of Clay Tobacco Pipes and Its Methodological Aspects

Clay pipes are quite a common finding in the study of urban cultural strata, a dozen thousand fragments of them are counted in the collections of Lithuania museums. Nevertheless, the terminology of these of tobacco pipes is not yet quite settled in Lithuania, and archaeologists who investigate urban areas do not even have a methodical material published in Lithuanian. The article aims to distinguish and define the methodological aspects of the analysis of clay tobacco pipes dated from the first half of 17th century to 19th century, which would be suitable for the Lithuanian context. At the beginning of this article, the history of clay tobacco pipes research is analyzed in a methodological aspect, the links to the whole development of archaeology science are presented, and the current tendencies in the tobacco pipes researches are described. The other chapters focus on the matters of clay pipes terminology, methods of analysis, and dating. Considering the locally produced and imported pipes found in Lithuania, methodical matters of recording and describing these findings are analyzed, as well as possible interpretations of the collected data.