Classification Of X-ray Images Research Articles

Hybrid deep features computed from spatial images and bit plane-based pattern maps for the classification of chest X-ray images

Chest X-ray images are known to be extremely helpful in the investigation of a numerous pulmonary conditions such as COVID-19 and pneumonia. Many affected individuals may be protected from such pulmonary conditions through early identification. Unfortunately, COVID-19 can be misdiagnosed as pneumonia, which can rapidly worsen and lead to death. The sensitivity of RT-PCR-based COVID-19 detection is also not satisfactory. Herein, a deep-learning (DL) model for predicting three distinct classes, i.e., COVID-19, pneumonia, and normal, is presented, which achieves good classification performance. Three separate publicly available datasets and an additional dataset with their merged form were used to confirm the efficacy of the proposed model. The DL-based techniques compute features from original raw input spatial images and do not directly provide much information on extremely fine image details, which is quite important for biomedical image analysis. As the individual image bit planes (BPs) carry extremely-fine-to-coarse image information and the effective handcrafted pattern maps created from these BPs may incorporate important discriminating information, the deep features computed from such handcrafted pattern maps may provide complementary information regarding the deep features computed using raw spatial input images. Therefore, we propose a blend of deep features computed with raw spatial images and deep features computed using the proposed local bit plane-based pattern maps to predict the three classes. It is demonstrated that the blend of such features supplies improved discrimination potential and is complementary to the sole features. We incorporated multiscale information computed in each BPs along with interscale details to generate the final bit plane-based pattern maps. The proposed model achieved an average accuracy of 100%, 99.9%, 98.8%, and 98.8% for datasets 1,2, and 3 and their combined form, respectively, outperforming the existing methods.

Improving Chest X-ray Image Classification via Integration of Self-Supervised Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms

Improving Chest X-ray Image Classification via Integration of Self-Supervised Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms

Tuning VGG19 hyperparameters for improved pneumonia classification

This research focuses on the classification of chest X-ray (CXR) images using powerful VGG19 convolutional neural network (CNN)architecture. The classification task involves distinguishing between various chest conditions present in X-ray images, with the aim of assisting medical professionals in achieving accurate and efficient diagnoses. This research work explores the use of the VGG19 model for classifying CXR images using three optimization algorithms: Stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGDM), root mean square propagation (RMSprop), and adaptive moment estimation (Adam). This study investigates the impact of various factors on hyperparameter adjustments, including a learning rate (LR), mini-batch size (MBS) and training epochs. Additionally, two dropout layers are introduced for weight decay with an L2 factor, and data augmentation techniques are applied with various activation functions. This study not only helps optimize for medical image analysis but also offers valuable insights into the comparative efficacy of popular optimization algorithms in deep learning (DL) applications

TO ANALYZE THE LUNGS X-RAY IMAGES USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM: AN IMPLEMENTATION TO PNEUMONIA DIAGNOSIS

Introduction: Respiratory diseases, particularly pneumonia, pose a significant threat to human life. Pneumonia affects the respiratory function in the human body and is a dangerous lung disease. This study aims to propose a model for detecting pneumonia in chest XR images. By utilizing statistical-based features, relevant and informative features are extracted from lung X-ray images. Objective: The objective is to obtain high accuracy in pneumonia identification; the target of this work is to generate a model that can precisely recognize the presence of pneumonia by evaluating chest X-ray pictures. Method: The Method follows a three-phase approach: preprocessing, categorization, and extraction of features. Preprocessing is the stage when various filters are applied to the chest X-ray images to enhance their eminence and eradicate noise. The feature extraction phase involves extracting statistical-based features from the preprocessed images. These features capture relevant information regarding a pneumonia diagnosis. Finally, in the classification phase, algorithms for machine learning are employed to use the retrieved features to categorize the X-ray pictures as infected or uninfected. Result: The proposed model successfully detects the presence of pneumonia accurately. By leveraging advanced machine learning algorithms, the model achieves accurate X-ray image classification for the chest. Conclusion: This study concludes by presenting a model for detecting pneumonia by examining chest X-ray pictures. To accurately classify infected and non-infected lungs, the proposed model makes use of image dispensation methods and machine learning algorithms. The model's high accuracy in pneumonia detection can significantly contribute to early diagnosis and treatment.

COVID‑19 detection from chest X-ray images using transfer learning

COVID-19 is a kind of coronavirus that appeared in China in the Province of Wuhan in December 2019. The most significant influence of this virus is its very highly contagious characteristic which may lead to death. The standard diagnosis of COVID-19 is based on swabs from the throat and nose, their sensitivity is not high enough and so they are prone to errors. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 disease is important to provide the chance of quick isolation of the suspected cases and to decrease the opportunity of infection in healthy people. In this research, a framework for chest X-ray image classification tasks based on deep learning is proposed to help in early diagnosis of COVID-19. The proposed framework contains two phases which are the pre-processing phase and classification phase which uses pre-trained convolution neural network models based on transfer learning. In the pre-processing phase, different image enhancements have been applied to full and segmented X-ray images to improve the classification performance of the CNN models. Two CNN pre-trained models have been used for classification which are VGG19 and EfficientNetB0. From experimental results, the best model achieved a sensitivity of 0.96, specificity of 0.94, precision of 0.9412, F1 score of 0.9505 and accuracy of 0.95 using enhanced full X-ray images for binary classification of chest X-ray images into COVID-19 or normal with VGG19. The proposed framework is promising and achieved a classification accuracy of 0.935 for 4-class classification.

Texture-Based Classification to Overcome Uncertainty between COVID-19 and Viral Pneumonia Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, often manifests symptoms akin to viral pneumonia, complicating early detection and potentially leading to severe COVID pneumonia and long-term effects. Particularly affecting young individuals, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems, the accurate classification of COVID-19 poses challenges, especially with highly dimensional image data. Past studies have faced limitations due to simplistic algorithms and small, biased datasets, yielding inaccurate results. In response, our study introduces a novel classification model that integrates advanced texture feature extraction methods, including GLCM, GLDM, and wavelet transform, within a deep learning framework. This innovative approach enables the effective classification of chest X-ray images into normal, COVID-19, and viral pneumonia categories, overcoming the limitations encountered in previous studies. Leveraging the unique textures inherent to each dataset class, our model achieves superior classification performance, even amidst the complexity and diversity of the data. Moreover, we present comprehensive numerical findings demonstrating the superiority of our approach over traditional methods. The numerical results highlight the accuracy (random forest (RF): 0.85; SVM (support vector machine): 0.70; deep learning neural network (DLNN): 0.92), recall (RF: 0.85, SVM: 0.74, DLNN: 0.93), precision (RF: 0.86, SVM: 0.71, DLNN: 0.87), and F1-Score (RF: 0.86, SVM: 0.72, DLNN: 0.89) of our proposed model. Our study represents a significant advancement in AI-based diagnostic systems for COVID-19 and pneumonia, promising improved patient outcomes and healthcare management strategies.

Comparison of deep learning models based on Chest X-ray image classification

Comparison of deep learning models based on Chest X-ray image classification

An effective ensemble approach for classification of chest X-ray images having symptoms of COVID: A precautionary measure for the COVID-19 subvariants

In recent years many people have died due to COVID-19 infection. The death rate increases due to the lack of proper diagnosis and treatment. It can be detected by RT-PCR test and from chest X-rays. Chest X-ray images can identify lung diseases such as COVID-19, viral pneumonia, and tuberculosis (TB). Because many illnesses share similar patterns and diagnoses, radiologists and clinicians find it challenging to distinguish between them. This study uses convolutional neural networks (CNN) and ensemble models (VGG-19, ResNet50, vision transformer) to analyze chest X-ray images from internet sources to identify lung illness. The present research proposed an ensemble model comprised of VGG-19, ResNet50, and a vision transformer for the detection of COVID-19 and normal images with an accuracy of 92.46 percent and 94.52 % for the detection of COVID-19, normal and viral pneumonia respectively. Also, a comparative study has been conducted between CNN and ensemble approach for detecting COVID-19 and pneumonia disease from chest x-ray images. The proposed approach may also help in the early detection of other variants of COVID-19 such as JN.1, and HV.1 in the future.

DRESCNN: Deep RESNET Convolutional Neural Network Based Classification of X-Ray Images for Detection of COVID-19

In this research work a solution is proposed to address the challenges for detection of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Infection through an innovative healthcare framework. The proposed system leverages predictive analytics on patient information and facilitates consultation, eliminating the delay in diagnosis and treatment. The solution is modular, encompassing various health services, thereby consolidating major healthcare concerns under one unified platform. The images are the inputs for the models provided on this platform which are passed to the preprocessing algorithm followed by passing to pretrained models or an algorithm to analyze and predict the disease. Finally, classification of the images of X-ray for COVID-19 Infection detection using Deep Convolutional Neural Network Models like ResNet50, InceptionNet, MobileNet are used at a detailed level. After classifying these X-ray images with different CNN variants, a majority voting is applied for selecting more accurate class label. It is observed that ResNet50 is giving highest accuracy frequently. Hence Deep ResNet Convolutional Neural Network (DResCNN) is used. This proposed solution not only tackles the critical issue of delayed decision-making and treatment but also introduces cost-effective measures by minimizing the need for extensive hospital visits.

Classification of Thoracic X-Ray Images of COVID-19 Patients Using the Convolutional Neutral Network (CNN) Method

Classification of Thoracic X-Ray Images of COVID-19 Patients Using the Convolutional Neutral Network (CNN) Method

Hand-held GPU accelerated device for multiclass classification of X-ray images using CNN model

Chest X-ray (CXR) images are the primary investigation aid for many lung diseases and their follow-ups. For diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, RT–PCR test and chest Computed Tomography (CT) are commonly used but both face false negatives for ruling out the infection. So, there is a demanding need for developing a system combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and CXR imaging to detect COVID-19 patients to avoid its spread. Here, a robust and efficient handheld device is proposed. It uses the computational power of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and pre-trained deep learning models for analyzing the CXR images. A Resnet-50 CNN model is deployed on an NVIDIA Jetson Nano GPU module for the real-time classification of COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Normal using CXR images. The device can perform real-time classification of CXR images from a portable X-ray machine and classify the image into one of the above categories. For the extensive training, a database of 680 COVID-19, 1230 Tuberculosis, and 1050 normal CXR images are extracted by combining several global databases like Kaggle, SIRM, RSNA, and Radiopaedia. The classification accuracy, precision, and loss rate were 0.9879, 0.9758, and 0.0196 respectively and our model would improve with larger data sets. The highly accurate and high-performance GPU device significantly plays a far-reaching role in COVID-19 diagnosis using Chest X-ray, which could be beneficial to triage the health system and to combat the outbreak of COVID-19.

Automated Classification of COVID-19 Chest X-ray Images Using Ensemble Machine Learning Methods

This study delves into the efficacy of ensemble machine learning techniques for classifying chest X-ray images into three distinct categories: Normal, COVID-19, and Lung Opacity. Employing the Random Forest Classifier and a rigorous k-5 cross-validation framework, we aimed to enhance diagnostic accuracy for one of the most urgent medical challenges today—rapid and reliable COVID-19 detection. The analysis revealed an average accuracy of 51%, with varying precision and recall across different folds. The F1-score remained consistently around 35%, indicating a need for improved balance between precision and recall. Visualizations such as performance metric trends and a confusion matrix provided further insight into the classifier's performance, highlighting a notable degree of misclassification. Despite moderate success in the automated classification of the images, our research illustrates the complexity of applying machine learning to medical imaging, especially in differentiating between diseases with overlapping radiographic features. The study’s findings emphasize the potential of machine learning models to support diagnostic processes and suggest the necessity of advanced pre-processing techniques and extended datasets for enhanced model training. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge in computational diagnostics and underscores the importance of developing robust, accurate machine learning tools to aid in the global healthcare crisis precipitated by the pandemic.

Developing New Fully Connected Layers for Convolutional Neural Networks with Hyperparameter Optimization for Improved Multi-Label Image Classification

Chest X-ray evaluation is challenging due to its high demand and the complexity of diagnoses. In this study, we propose an optimized deep learning model for the multi-label classification of chest X-ray images. We leverage pretrained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) such as VGG16, ResNet 50, and DenseNet 121, modifying their output layers and fine-tuning the models. We employ a novel optimization strategy using the Hyperband algorithm to efficiently search the hyperparameter space while adjusting the fully connected layers of the CNNs. The effectiveness of our approach is evaluated on the basis of the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC-ROC) metric. Our proposed methodology could assist in automated chest radiograph interpretation, offering a valuable tool that can be used by clinicians in the future.

Chest X-ray image classification using transfer learning and hyperparameter customization for lung disease diagnosis

ABSTRACT Lung diseases often result in severe damage to the respiratory tract, and lead to a high risk of mortality within a short period of time. DL models based on ViT are considered to have promising advantages over CNN architectures in terms of computational efficiency, and accuracy when trained on large ImageNet datasets. In this study, we present a new DL approach based on the combination of CNN with ViT to improve the efficiency of pneumonia diagnosis using medical images. In the first stage, raw images are passed through a local filter to capture local relations on the inputs. The local filter block includes two convolutional layers with kernel 3 × 3. This local filtering method aims to enhance rich features before being fed into the patching layer of the ViT block. The proposed method is experimented on the benchmark chest X-ray dataset. The proposed method is evaluated and compared to some well-known models, which include ViT, VGG19, Resnet50, Densnet201. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach based on CNN and ViT reaches higher efficiency with about 1% accuracy to the standard ViT model, and about 2% higher with VGG19, Resnet50, Densnet201 and smaller in model architecture.

Improving Computer-Aided Thoracic Disease Diagnosis through Comparative Analysis Using Chest X-ray Images Taken at Different Times.

Medical professionals in thoracic medicine routinely analyze chest X-ray images, often comparing pairs of images taken at different times to detect lesions or anomalies in patients. This research aims to design a computer-aided diagnosis system that enhances the efficiency of thoracic physicians in comparing and diagnosing X-ray images, ultimately reducing misjudgments. The proposed system encompasses four key components: segmentation, alignment, comparison, and classification of lung X-ray images. Utilizing a public NIH Chest X-ray14 dataset and a local dataset gathered by the Chiayi Christian Hospital in Taiwan, the efficacy of both the traditional methods and deep-learning methods were compared. Experimental results indicate that, in both the segmentation and alignment stages, the deep-learning method outperforms the traditional method, achieving higher average IoU, detection rates, and significantly reduced processing time. In the comparison stage, we designed nonlinear transfer functions to highlight the differences between pre- and post-images through heat maps. In the classification stage, single-input and dual-input network architectures were proposed. The inclusion of difference information in single-input networks enhances AUC by approximately 1%, and dual-input networks achieve a 1.2-1.4% AUC increase, underscoring the importance of difference images in lung disease identification and classification based on chest X-ray images. While the proposed system is still in its early stages and far from clinical application, the results demonstrate potential steps forward in the development of a comprehensive computer-aided diagnostic system for comparative analysis of chest X-ray images.

Hybrid deep learning assisted chest X-ray image segmentation and classification for tuberculosis disease diagnosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infection affected by Mycobacterium TB. It is vital to identify cases of TB quickly if left untreated; there exists a 70% possibility of a patient dying in 10 years. An essential for extra device has been enhanced in mid to low-income countries because of the growth of automation in the field of medical care. The already restricted resources are being greatly assigned to control other dangerous infections. Modern digital radiography (DR) machines, utilized to screen chest X-rays (CXR) of possible TB victims. Combined with computer-aided detection (CAD) with the support of artificial intelligence (AI), radiologists employed in this domain actual support possible cases. This study presents a Hybrid Deep Learning Assisted Chest X-Ray Image Segmentation and Classification for Tuberculosis (HDL-ISCTB) diagnosis. The HDL-ISCTB model performs Otsu’s thresholding, which segments the lung regions from the input images. It effectually discriminates the lung areas from the background, decreasing computational complexity and potential noise. Besides, the segmented lung regions are then fed into the CNN-LSTM architecture for classification. The CNN-LSTM model leverages the powerful feature extraction capabilities of CNNs and the temporal dependencies captured by LSTM to obtain robust representations from sequential CXR image data. A wide experiments are conducted to calculate the performance of the presented approach in comparison to recent methods.

Pneumonia Detection In Chest X-Rays Using Neural Networks

Deep learning techniques are widely used to design robust classification models in several areas such as medical diagnosis tasks in which it achieves good performance. In this paper, we have proposed the CNN model (Convolutional Neural Network) for the classification of Chest X-ray images for Radiological Society of North America Pneumonia (RSNA) datasets. The study also tries to achieve the same RSNA benchmark results using the limited computational resources by trying out various approaches to the methodologies that have been implemented in recent years. The proposed method is based on a noncomplex CNN and the use of transfer learning algorithms like Xception, InceptionV3/V4, EfficientNetB7. Along with this, the study also tries to achieve the same RSNA benchmark results using the limited computational resources by trying out various approaches to the methodologies that have been implemented in recent years. The RSNA benchmark MAP score is 0.25 but using the Mask RCNN model (Region Convolutional Neural Network) on a stratified sample of 3017 along with image augmentation gave a MAP (Mean Average Precision) score of 0.15. Meanwhile, the YoloV3 without any hyperparameter tuning gave the MAP score of 0.32 but still, the loss keeps decreasing. Running the model for a greater number of iterations can give better results. Pneumonia is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths due to its aggressive nature and delayed detections at advanced stages. Early detection of Pneumonia is very important for the survival of an individual, and is a significant challenging problem. Generally, chest radiographs (Xray) and computed tomography (CT) scans are used initially for the diagnosis of the malignant nodules; however, the possible existence of benign nodules leads to erroneous decisions. At early stages, the benign and the malignant nodules show very close resemblance to each other. In this paper, a novel deep learning-based model with multiple strategies is proposed for the precise diagnosis of the malignant nodules. Due to the recent achievements of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) in image analysis, we have used two deep three-dimensional (3D) customized mixed link network (CMixNet) architectures for lung nodule detection and classification, respectively. Keywords: X-Rays, Deep learning techniques, CNN model, RSNA.

Domain adaptation via Wasserstein distance and discrepancy metric for chest X-ray image classification

Deep learning technology can effectively assist physicians in diagnosing chest radiographs. Conventional domain adaptation methods suffer from inaccurate lesion region localization, large errors in feature extraction, and a large number of model parameters. To address these problems, we propose a novel domain-adaptive method WDDM to achieve abnormal identification of chest radiographic images by combining Wasserstein distance and difference measures. Specifically, our method uses BiFormer as a multi-scale feature extractor to extract deep feature representations of data samples, which focuses more on discriminant features than convolutional neural networks and Swin Transformer. In addition, based on the loss minimization of Wasserstein distance and contrast domain differences, the source domain samples closest to the target domain are selected to achieve similarity and dissimilarity across domains. Experimental results show that compared with the non-transfer method that directly uses the network trained in the source domain to classify the target domain, our method has an average AUC increase of 14.8% and above. In short, our method achieves higher classification accuracy and better generalization performance.

Efficient-VGG16: A Novel Ensemble Method for the Classification of COVID-19 X-ray Images in Contrast to Machine and Transfer Learning

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious respiratory disease characterized by its high transmissibility and exponential spread, presenting persistent difficulties. This investigation sought to incorporate machine learning (ML) and transfer learning (TL) and introduced Efficient-VGG16, a novel ensemble approach that integrated the EfficientNet-B0 and VGG16 architectures to classify chest X-ray images as either COVID-19 positive or non-COVID. The COVID-Xray-5k dataset used in the research was split into different training and testing sets (with ratios of 80:20, 75:25, and 70:30), preprocessed, and then used to evaluate the approach’s effectiveness. Throughout the investigation, all procedures operated effectively at the same selected image size, 224*224. Preprocessing included Gaussian blur to remove noise and relics, while Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) adjusted contrast. Among the employed ML classifiers, XgBoost attained the highest accuracy, with F1 scores of 95.78% and 71.56%, respectively. In addition, the research investigated the effectiveness of TL using pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) such as VGG16, MobileNetV3, ResNet101, Densenet201, and EfficientNet-B0. EfficientNet-B0 achieved the highest levels of accuracy and F1 score, 99.31% and 93.72%, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed Efficient-VGG16 achieved accuracy and an F1 score of 99.46% and 98.41%, respectively, and outperformed TL with EfficientNet-B0 and XgBoost. The investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of the Efficient-VGG16 for accurately classifying COVID-19.

Utilizing Generative Adversarial Network for Synthetic Image Generation to Address Imbalance Challenges in Chest X-Ray Image Classification

Deep learning-based classifiers need lots of image data to train. Unfortunately, not all real-world cases are supported by a huge amount of image data. One of the cases are images for classification of pneumonia infections with chest X-rays images. This study proposes a way of synthesizing chest X-rays with abnormal conditions in order to use the synthesized images for classification purposes. A GAN-based technique can generate synthetic images with greater quality that resemble original images thus can provide a more balanced data distribution than other approaches. To indirectly evaluate the quality of our GAN-based synthetic images, we used CNN-based classification architectures on diverse datasets. Three scenarios examined the effects of synthetic picture categorization. Scenario-1: adding 90% of synthesized images to the original images into the training dataset. Scenario-2: adding 50% of synthesized images to the original images. Scenario-3: adding 10% of synthesized image to the original images. The classification test revealed significantly increased F1 scores in all scenarios. Our study also emphasizes the significance of addressing the problem of imbalanced collections of chest X-ray images and the capability of GANs to alleviate this issue.