Classification Of Intellectual Capital Research Articles

Is Share Ownership a Condition for the Voluntary Revelation of Human Capital?

Previous studies affirm the importance of intellectual capital (IC) for organizations, since they acquire value and make them more competitive in the market. In this context, the empirical evidence shows that the key ingredient classification of IC is human capital (HC). The purpose of this study is to know what kind of Mexican companies listed are those that voluntarily disclose the HC, as to date there is no evidence of this information. That is why the authors consider a sample of 875 annual reports, corresponding to 85 Mexican listed firms during the period 2005-2015. These samples reveal that the largest companies in terms of number of employees, belonging to the construction and textile sectors, and shares are held by the family, and they are most likely to disclose aspects of HC. Thus, the authors determine that items occupying the top positions relate to the experiences as managers and employees as well as training and development, just as the information unless disclosed refers to the opportunity for career advancement and quality life at work.

Integrated reporting and the performativity of intellectual capital

The research investigates how intellectual capital (IC) is problematised in the context of integrated reporting. Drawing on a performative approach to IC, the paper explores the role of organisational actors in defining, classifying and valuing IC within the process of preparing an integrated report (IR). The analysis relies on in-depth interviews with IR preparers of a European oil and gas company that has been issuing IRs since 2012 and considers IC to be a core element of its business model and value creation story. The case study reveals that IC definition, classification and valuation stimulate ongoing interaction among various actors. An active role is played by the staff of the department responsible for the IR preparation process, but also by organisational actors who are not directly involved in this process and by external actors, such as the company’s peers, IIRC representatives and the company’s accounting advisors. Some sketches, matrixes and maps inspired by the IIRC Framework (i.e., the business model sketch, the KPIs matrix and the connectivity map) were pivotal in defining concepts and categories of IC and its connection to value creation, although the quantification of IC’s effect on value creation remains disputed. In showing how organisational actors problematise and engage with IC inscriptions within the process of IR preparation, the paper enriches the scant research that examines the performativity of IC in the context of corporate external reporting and answers the call for more research on how IC affects the management of organisations.

People have the power: post IPO effects of intellectual capital disclosure

We study the effects of disclosure practices regarding non-financial information in Initial Public Offering (IPO) prospectuses on the post IPO stock performance. Previous literature is in short supply of evidences regarding the effect of Intellectual Capital (IC) disclosure on the long-run IPO performance and it also provides inconsistent results, possibly due to the different IC classifications that are employed and to a variety of omitted concurrent factors which could befog the effect of the IC disclosure. In this paper, we disengage from any ready-made classification of IC and we shed light on the effects that unbiased IC information exert on the post IPO stock performance. In particular, we consider all the IC information that is provided in the listing prospectus of a sample of firms recently listed on Borsa Italiana by considering a series of 87 variables, as suggested by (Cordazzo J Intellect Cap 8(2):288-305, 2007) and we apply a principal component analysis to such information thus overcoming the subjectivity of any possible classification. The revealed IC components are then included in a multivariate analysis explaining the long-term IPO stock performance. We also include a wide set of variables to control for the short-term performance, the quality of the firm and other factors which could blur the effect of IC disclosure on the long run performance. Our empirical evidences show that information regarding the human resources and the information technology activities disclosed in the IPO prospectus continue to exert their positive effect on the behavior of secondary market investors in the 12 months that follow the IPO. Moreover, the information regarding the human resources is positively linked to the 36 months’ performance as well. Such a result underlines the key role that people have in the perception of a firm’s value in the IPOs setting, thus confirming that human resources are recognized as being very important contributors to the competitive advantage of corporations.

Intellectual capital dimensions: state of the art in 2014

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review extant literature to identify models intended to measure/classify intellectual capital (IC) to establish the current body of knowledge that has been built since the review by Marr et al. (2004). Design/methodology/approach – The study consists of a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles on IC classification. The review was conducted for the period 2004-2014 in order to reach the aim. To ensure that all major models are included, important works developed prior to 2004 were captured as well. Findings – The review resulted in 83 additional models indicating continued research activities with regard to the topic. These models were merged with prior IC models and mapped on a timeline. The timeline clarifies that 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 represent the years of greatest research activity (outcomes). Additionally, the analysis of the list of IC frameworks resulted in the development of an IC Meta model. It synthesizes research activities in the field and highlights the main IC dimensions and sub-dimensions. Research limitations/implications – This study may not have enabled a complete coverage of all existing peer-reviewed articles in the field of IC classification. Yet, it seems reasonable to assume that the review process covered a large proportion of studies available. Originality/value – By aggregating and consolidating the IC frameworks covered, the study does not only provide an IC Meta model, but also promising directions for future research.

Radical innovation from relations‐based knowledge: empirical evidence in Spanish technology‐intensive firms

PurposeThe present paper seeks to provide a new insight into intellectual capital classification by theoretically and empirically differentiating relations‐based knowledge into social capital and relational capital. Additionally, taking into account the key role played by radical innovation to compete in the context defined by the “knowledge‐based economy”, the aim is to empirically investigate the possible effect of both relations‐based intellectual capital components on the development of this kind of innovation by firms.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from a questionnaire responded to by 251 Spanish high and medium‐high tech firms. Based on their answers, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis are carried out.FindingsAs theoretically proposed, relations‐based intellectual capital can be separated into social and relational capital, with social capital as the main component. Both elements have a significantly positive influence on radical innovation developed by firms in the sample, although those relationships maintained with external agents seem to have a higher impact.Originality/valueThe research contributes to the intellectual capital field by integrating the arguments provided by social capital literature and empirically separating relations‐based knowledge into two differentiated components. The paper also contributes to the knowledge management field by highlighting the important role played by knowledge emerging from relationships around the firm (both internal and external) in the development of radical innovation, whose antecedents have received little attention in the literature.

Intellectual capital and financial returns of companies

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to investigate the association between the intellectual capital (IC) of firms and their financial performance.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the Pulic framework, has an Asian focus, and draws on data from 150 publicly listed companies on the Singapore Exchange. It is an empirical study using partial least squares (PLS) for the data analysis. The paper tests four elements of IC and company performance.FindingsThe findings show that: IC and company performance are positively related; IC is correlated to future company performance; the rate of growth of a company's IC is positively related to the company's performance; and the contribution of IC to company performance differs by industry.Research limitations/implicationsThe data sample is restricted to 150 companies listed on the Singapore Exchange between the years 2000 and 2002.Practical implicationsIC is an area of interest to numerous parties, such as shareholders, institutional investors, scholars, policymakers and managers. The findings help to embolden modern day managers to better harness and manage IC.Originality/valueThe study of IC has undergone a number of stages, from early conscious awareness efforts to classification of IC, and to the search for appropriate measures of IC. This paper builds on the current research on IC and provides empirical evidence on the relevance of IC (as measured by the Pulic model) to the financial performance of companies.