Classification Of Estuaries Research Articles

Classification of estuaries and coastal wetlands from Planet-NICFI imagery based on convolutional neural networks and transfer training

Classification of estuaries and coastal wetlands from Planet-NICFI imagery based on convolutional neural networks and transfer training

HYDRODYNAMIC CLASSIFICATION OF ESTUARIES: CHALLENGES AND ALTERNATE APPROACHES

Globally, estuaries are environments that are under increasing stressors from dense populations, pollutants, and changing ecosystems with pressures only likely to increase with climate change. Estuaries are systems with widely variable morphology that are typically spatially vast and highly dynamic, hence site-specific investigation is often costly and practically challenging. As such, conceptual approaches that allow the translation of information from one estuary to another due to similar classifications in conceptual models are widely used for management purposes. This paper will use case study examples to identify challenges associated with the current categorical estuary classification schemes and suggest alternate approaches that capture the varying dynamics of the full spectrum of estuary systems.

Dynamics-based classification of semienclosed basins

This study is guided by other classifications of estuaries that are based on specified physical constraints. Previous classifications have been relevant and revealing of diagnostic functioning of estuaries in terms of their stratification and their baroclinically induced residual circulation. Those classifications, however, have disregarded residual circulations driven by tides, not only in estuaries, but in semienclosed basins in general. The classification proposed here uses tidally averaged, or residual, dynamics. Residual dynamics are explored via drivers, or forcing agents, of residual flow. Drivers are tides or density gradients and are counteracted by ‘modifiers,’ i.e., Earth’s rotation or friction. The relative influence between forcing agents is characterized by a scaled non-dimensional densimetric tidal Froude number, Fr02, which hinges on tidal current amplitude, water depth and reduced gravity. The competition between modifiers is determined by a non-dimensional Ekman number, Ek, which depends on the kinematic eddy viscosity, the latitude and the depth of the basin. The classification suggested identifies all types of estuaries, whose dynamics is influenced by density gradients, but also recognizes frictionless tidal basins, tidal rivers, coastal lagoons, and basins that switch their dynamics from being baroclinically forced to being tidally forced. This classification can also be interpreted as an assessment of the strength of mixing (in Ek) versus the strength of baroclinicity (in Fr02), which determines the residual flows in semienclosed basins. Additionally, the classification incorporates basins forced by wind stress and/or baroclinicity, and basins forced by wind stress and/or tides.

Classification of Estuarine Wetlands in Yemen Using Local and Catchment Descriptors

A high number of wetlands were irreversibly lost in arid regions, mainly because their conservation raises the great conflict between maintaining wetland hydrology and satisfying water needs of the human population. In Yemen, as an arid developing country, the poor knowledge on wetlands is another challenge that faces their conservation. The present paper contributes to this knowledge by providing a preliminary classification of estuarine ecosystems in Yemen, using satellite data, which provide us with 15 physiographical descriptors of both estuaries, their catchment areas and sea waters. These data were extracted with GIS tools and treated with modern classification algorithms. Their treatment revealed six different types of estuaries, which are distinguished by three categories of descriptors (size and rock nature of both estuary and watershed and sea exposition). These categories confirm the significant influence of the watershed characteristics in shaping estuaries, whose influence has mainly been established during the pluvial Quaternary episodes. The sea characteristics (hydrodynamics and orography) are crucial in estuary classification; yet, despite the great effort deployed to get pertinent data, it was still difficult to find satellite descriptors of these two features. Therefore, the remote sensing has actually some limits in providing sea data for estuarine classification, which will be no longer exceeded with the increasing number of significant satellite data. Finally, we remind that the raw and compiled data gathered in this study constitute a preliminary inventory of the 451 Yemen estuaries, which is very useful for their knowledge and management.

ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГИДРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ ЛИМАНОВ ТАМАНСКОГО ПОЛУОСТРОВА

Hydrological systems of errans are an integral part of the ecology of water resources of the Taman Peninsula. The Taman system of estuaries is an ecological system of lagoon and floodmlain reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory, located on the peninsula of the same name and unites more than a hundred reservoirs. The total area of ecological systems is about 390 km², the depth of the hydrological system is from 0.5 to 2.5 m. Taman estuary, over the years, gradually sile up and shallow, which is due to the vegetation dying in them and the solid flow of the Kuban. Among the Azov-Kuban estuaries there are fresh, brackish and salty reservoirs. Ecological classifications of estuaries are considered: by bottom sediments and by type of nutrition of the Kuban River. The formation of ecological systems of the lymanas of the Kuban was carried out in natural geological conditions and with the help of anthropogenic influence, through the construction of canals. Estuaries are strategic facilities whose waters are used for drinking water supply, irrigation of fields, orchards and vineyards. Water resources are fed by fresh waters of the Kuban River, as well as salt waters of the Azov and Black Seas, coming through the sea basins. Taman estuary are ecologically favorable for fish breeding and growth of the eastern lotus.

Ecological classification of estuaries along the Tanzanian mainland: a tool for conservation and management

Estuaries are unique and important coastal ecosystems providing significant and diverse services to ecosystems and human kind. Worldwide, estuaries are overwhelmed by human disturbance and over utilization of their resources which threatens their existence. This study aimed to develop a classification framework for Tanzanian mainland estuaries using abiotic variables (ecoregion, latitude and catchment size) and validate the resulting estuary types using biota (fish and prawns). Biota were sampled from five selected estuaries (Manyema, Lukuledi, Matandu, Rufiji and Ruvuma) using a seine net and identified to species level. Multivariate analyses including analysis of similarities, cluster analysis, Bray-Curtis, Pairwise and similarity percentage analysis were used to analyse biota data. Ecoregion, latitude and catchment size resulted in two (Pangani and Central East African), three (Lower (5°- 6°S), Middle (> 6°S- 8°S), Higher (> 8°S)) and five (Smaller (<1000km2), Small (1000-10000km2), Medium (10000-50000km2), Large (50000-100000km2), Larger (>100000km2)) classes of estuary, respectively. Two classification options; latitude-catchment size and ecoregion-catchment size, have been proposed. The latitude-catchment size classification produced nine estuary types whie the ecoregion-catchment size classification produced seven estuary types. The latitude-catchment size produced estuary types with higher significant differences (global R=0.926, p=0.01) than ecoregion-catchment size (global R=0.659, p=0.03).

Wave Dynamics Investigation in Scope of Coastal Processes

In this research it is given the Classifying Coasts, Primary Coasts and Land Erosion Coasts, Coasts Built Out by Land Processes, Coast, Coasts Shaped by Earth Movements, Secondary Coasts,Some Features of Secondary Coasts, Shore Straightening, The Accumulation of Beaches, Beaches, The Composition and Slope of Beaches, Beach Shape,Minor Beach Features, Coastal Cells, Large-Scale Features of Secondary Coasts, Sand Spits and Bay Mouth Bars, Barrier Islands and Sea Islands, Coasts Formed by Biological Activity, Estuaries, Classification of Estuaries, Characteristics of Estuaries, The Value of Estuaries, Lagoons and Wetlands with useful data.

Using macrofaunal communities to inform estuarine classification

Worldwide, geomorphological classifications of estuaries are often used to guide the design of monitoring programs and management strategies. However, if classifications do not reflect biotic patterns, the effectiveness of monitoring and management is potentially reduced. In this study, we consider the effectiveness of one classification scheme in describing biotic patterns by examining and comparing spatial variation of macrofaunal assemblages and their relationship with the environment in 12 estuaries of 2 geomorphological types (mesotidal river dominated and permanently open barrier estuaries). Estuaries were sampled at three locations (upper, mid and lower) for macroinvertebrates and environmental characteristics. Differences in macrofaunal assemblages occurred between the estuary types at the lower and mid locations, but not the upper. Similarities in the upper locations were related to sediment, whereas at the mid and lower locations differences were linked to salinity, dissolved oxygen concentrations and seagrass area. Within estuaries, location effects were definitive and unique within each estuary type, correlating to changes in sediment particle size, nitrogen concentration, microphytobenthos and percentage organic carbon. These results suggest that estuarine classification based on physical attributes alone does have the potential to capture important biological attributes if the biological scales of variability within these systems are well understood.

Hydro-geomorphic controls on the development and distribution of acid sulfate soils in Central Java, Indonesia

Coastal planning policies and regulations in Indonesia have not adequately considered acid sulfate soils (ASS) as a constraint on development. Aquaculture is often undertaken in unsuitable areas, and fish and shrimp culture systems, in particular, fail after a short period of production because of the impacts of ASS on pond water quality and, subsequently, on fish and shrimp health. This study describes a mapping approach based on an understanding of the hydro-geomorphic controls on the formation and the distribution of ASS in Central Java, Indonesia. The underlying approach was to identify associations between ASS development and distribution within estuarine hydro-geomorphological units (HGUs). This study utilized a multi-level methodology involving multi-resolution, remotely-sensed data and GIS analysis, coupled with field and laboratory-based data, to obtain hydro-geomorphic and soil information at different mapping scales. An estuary classification scheme for Central Java identified river, tide and wave-dominated estuaries as the dominant estuary types. HGUs were identified in each estuary type to define the relationships between landform development processes and pyrite concentration in soil layers. Thirty-nine HGUs were classified based on landforms, marine and fluvial hydrology, geomorphic processes, land use, and vegetation types. Field and laboratory assessment of soil properties were undertaken to identify the horizontal distribution of ASS in the HGUS and its vertical character in soil profiles. In contrast to previous studies, the results showed that estuaries located in low-energy environments on the north coast have low (<0.1%) pyrite concentrations in 90% of their HGUs. Decades-old intensive aquaculture and dredging activities, that led to repeated oxidation and leaching, were identified as factors for low pyrite concentrations. On the south coast, the combination of a high river and marine energy environment created scattered landforms with soils that have very high (4–9%) pyrite concentrations. These ASS-bearing HGUs mostly developed in low- energy estuarine environments overlying former high river energy environments. The information generated for each HGU facilitated the development of an ASS mapping model that incorporates knowledge on the relationship between soil and landform formation in Central Java estuaries. Knowing where ASS occur is essential to minimize the risk of environment degradation. Using multi-resolution, remotely sensed data decreases cost and labour, compared to more traditional mapping approaches, especially to identify sampling sites for field surveys. The resulting maps and mapping methods will improve land capability assessment for brackishwater aquaculture and other coastal land use in Indonesia.

A geomorphic classification of intermittently open/closed estuaries (IOCE) derived from estuaries in Victoria, Australia

A large proportion of estuaries along microtidal wave-dominated coastlines worldwide have entrances that intermittently close to the ocean when tidal currents and fluvial discharge are insufficient to erode sediment delivered onshore by waves. In this study, these systems are termed “intermittently open/closed estuaries” (IOCE) in order to include all estuaries which intermittently close to the ocean. IOCE do not fit neatly into existing generalized estuary classification models and have been traditionally recognized as a single estuary type that constitute a rare subset of wave-dominated estuaries. In this study, 111 estuaries in Victoria, Australia, are used to develop a classification model that delineates between different IOCE types. This was undertaken using historic aerial imagery and quantification of the estuary channel width, catchment area, lagoon dimensions and tidal prism derived from remotely sensed data. Field surveying of entrance morphology was undertaken for a subsample of 35 IOCE characteristic of each section of the coast and which had detailed entrance condition records. Using this subset, IOCE were classified into three distinct types using multiple methods of statistical delineation (non-metric multidimensional scaling, hierarchical cluster analysis and distribution analysis). These three types are: (1) Type A, the largest IOCE which both close and open infrequently but for the longest durations; (2) Type B, medium sized IOCE which open and close several times per year for weekly to monthly durations; and (3) Type C (tidal creeks), the smallest IOCE located specifically in high rainfall, mountainous catchments and which exist in a predominantly open state. The three types of IOCE showed an order of magnitude difference in entrance closure duration as controlled by variations in the catchment area, tidal prism volume, dimensions of the estuarine lagoon and the entrance channel at the mouth. The classification is also applicable to wave-dominated coastlines internationally where IOCE are present.

Classification of estuaries in China based on eutrophication susceptibility to nutrient load

Recently, environmental pressures along coasts have increased substantially. Classification of estuaries according to their susceptibility to eutrophication nutrient load is a useful method to determine priority management objects and to enforce control measures. Using historical monitoring data from 2007 to 2012, from 65 estuaries, including 101 estuarine monitoring sections and 260 coastal monitoring stations, a nutrient-driven phytoplankton dynamic model was developed based on the relationship among phytoplankton biomass, Total Nitrogen (TN) load and physical features of estuaries. The ecological filter effect of estuaries was quantified by introducing conversion efficiency parameter values into the model. Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm of Bayesian inference was then employed to estimate parameters in the model. The developed model fitted well to the observed chlorophyll, primary production, grazing, and sinking rates. The analysis suggests that an estuary with Q/V (the ratio of river flow to estuarine volume) greater than 2.0 per year and ɛ (conversion efficiency ratio) less than 1.0 g C/g N can be classified as less susceptible to TN load, Q/V between 0.7 to 2.0 per year and ɛ between 1.0 to 3.0 g C/g N as moderately susceptible, and ɛ greater than 3.0 g C/g N as very susceptible. The estuaries with Q/V less than 0.7 per year vary greatly in their susceptibility. The estuaries with high and moderate susceptibility accounted for 67% of all the analyzed estuaries. They have relatively high eutrophication risks and should be the focus of environmental supervision and pollution prevention.

Spatial-temporal distribution of salinity and temperature in the Oued Loukkos estuary, Morocco: using vertical salinity gradient for estuary classification

BackgroundSeveral different classifications to characterize estuarine systems have been proposed. In this present paper, one of the most important estuaries in North Africa, the Oued Loukkos (Morocco), forms a case-study for proposing a systematic classification of this particular tidal estuary according to the vertical salinity gradient.FindingsThis study, conducted using a CTD, shows that the spatial-temporal distribution of salinity depends on the stage of the tide and the upstream distance from the mouth of the river. In this case, it is also evident that the morphology of the bottom was capable of impacting the distribution of salinity by locally changing the water circulation.ConclusionsBased on the vertical salinity gradient measurement, the Oued Loukkos represents an estuarine environment with one section near its mouth that can be characterized as a mixed mesotidal estuary and another section upstream which can be characterized as a stratified mesotidal estuary. Between, there is an intermediate zone with a low vertical gradient of salinity, classified as a partially mixed mesotidal estuary. When the effect of terrestrial inputs is low compared to marine inputs, the river bed topography plays a role in the stratification of salinity by either disrupting the vertical stratification of the water or by changing the lateral distribution of salinity. The proposed classification deepens our hydrological knowledge and provides descriptive labels to the Oued Loukkos estuary. It provides a valid starting point for predicting the environmental impact of future recreational, agricultural and commercial activities on the estuary.

Nutrient transport through estuaries: The importance of the estuarine geography

We consider here first the nature of nutrient transport through estuaries and in particular the capacity of estuaries to modify that flux. We then focus particularly on the Wash system in the UK as an example of a particular type of “small estuary”, and also consider some tropical estuarine systems in Malaysia. We present nutrient budgets for the Wash system now and create estimates of these budgets 3000 years ago. These show that currently the system is a small sink for fluvial nitrate (∼30% removal) largely due to denitrification and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (∼24%) by burial. 3000 years ago, prior to large scale human intervention to reclaim wetlands for agriculture, the Wash system was much bigger and operated as a sink for all terrestrial nitrogen (albeit with much lower inputs) and also a sink for nitrate from the North Sea, predominantly via organic nitrogen burial. A similar change with time is evident in the phosphorus flux. We suggest that this change in function of this estuarine system has been replicated in many other estuarine systems. Given the key role of benthic processes of burial and denitrification we go on to suggest that the classification of estuaries in terms of area and river flow may offer a route to a typology of estuarine nutrient retention efficiency.

Estuary Classification Revisited

AbstractStudies over a period of several decades have resulted in a relatively simple set of equations describing the tidally and width-averaged balances of momentum and salt in a rectangular estuary. The authors rewrite these equations in a fully nondimensional form that yields two nondimensional variables: (i) the estuarine Froude number and (ii) a modified tidal Froude number. The latter is the product of the tidal Froude number and the square root of the estuarine aspect ratio. These two variables are used to define a prognostic estuary classification scheme, which compares favorably with published estuarine data.

An Estuarine Habitat Classification for a Complex Fjordal Island Archipelago

Spatial patterns of estuarine biota suggest that some nearshore ecosystems are functionally linked to interacting processes of the ocean, watershed, and coastal geomorphology. The classification of estuaries can therefore provide important information for distribution studies of nearshore biodiversity. However, many existing classifications are too coarse-scaled to resolve subtle environmental differences that may significantly alter biological structure. We developed an objective three-tier spatially nested classification, then conducted a case study in the Alexander Archipelago of Southeast Alaska, USA, and tested the statistical association of observed biota to changes in estuarine classes. At level 1, the coarsest scale (100–1000’s km2), we used patterns of sea surface temperature and salinity to identify marine domains. At level 2, within each marine domain, fjordal land masses were subdivided into coastal watersheds (10–100’s km2), and 17 estuary classes were identified based on similar marine exposure, river discharge, glacier volume, and snow accumulation. At level 3, the finest scale (1–10’s km2), homogeneous nearshore (depths <10 m) segments were characterized by one of 35 benthic habitat types of the ShoreZone mapping system. The aerial ShoreZone surveys and imagery also provided spatially comprehensive inventories of 19 benthic taxa. These were combined with six anadromous species for a relative measure of estuarine biodiversity. Results suggest that (1) estuaries with similar environmental attributes have similar biological communities, and (2) relative biodiversity increases predictably with increasing habitat complexity, marine exposure, and decreasing freshwater. These results have important implications for the management of ecologically sensitive estuaries.

Temporal variations of temperature, salinity and circulation in the Peruípe river estuary (nova Viçosa, BA)

Eulerian profiles of thermohaline properties and currents have been sampled in the Peruípe River Estuary (Nova Viçosa, BA), southern region of the Caravelas-Peruípe Rivers Estuarine System. One station was located near the mouth (C) and other one up the estuary (E). The Hansen–Rattray diagram classification of the upper reaches of the Peruípe river estuary in the wet season changed from Type 2b (partially mixed and highly stratified—ν=0.88) to Type 1b (highly stratified—ν∼1.00) due to the fortnightly tidal modulation. This region was mainly forced by river discharge (RiE=5.7 and RiE=4.1) and characterized by high (RiL>20) and low stabilities (RiL<20) in the neap and spring tidal cycles. However, near the mouth stratification was strongly modulated by the tide, and its classification alternates from being highly stratified (Type 2b—ν=0.92) in the neap tide to being well mixed with low stratification (Type 1a—ν=1.00); the mouth was dominated by fresh water discharge (RiE=12.9) and tidal stirring (RiE=0.6) in the neap and spring tide, respectively, and were associated with high and low stabilities. The classical steady-state salinity and velocity profiles show good agreement (Skill∼1.0) with the corresponding observational profiles when simulated with a classical analytical model. The main characteristics of the nearly steady-state bidirectional (with a weak barolinic signal) and unidirectional velocity profiles were in good agreement with the estuarine quantitative classifications (Types 2b, 1a and 1b). The rate of change of the potential energy due to fortnightly tidal modulation was slightly higher near the mouth (6.1Jm−3s−1) than in the upper reaches of the estuary (5.2Jm−3s−1). However, this was not strong enough to generate halocline erosion in the transitional neap to spring tidal cycle, and the estuary classification remained Type 1b. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: (i) Two stations sampled along the Peruípe river estuary gave reasonable insight into its main thermohaline, circulation and salt transport characteristics; (ii) The well-known changes in classification along an estuarine channel were confirmed for the Peruípe estuary; (iii) During the fortnightly tidal modulation (neap to the spring tidal cycle) an increase in the salt transport down the estuary was observed; (iv) Data fitting showed that the best results of the analytical model were obtained using the time-depth mean velocity, instead of the estimated velocity generated by the fresh water discharge.

Estuary classification method for considering climate change effects in South Korea

ABSTRACT Jang D., and Hwang, J. H., 2013. Classification method of estuary considering the climate change in South. Sea level rise attributed to climate change is expected to affect the estuaries of South Korea significantly. The seawater intrudes into the beds of river channels and into aquifers near the coastal zone, and such processes are expected to be magnified in the climate change regime. Further, flooding and erosion are expected to be intensified at the shorelines of rivers and in coastal zones. Such adverse effects are expected to occur, which will depend on the individual characteristics of different estuaries. Some of these characteristics include the volume of a tidal prism, the length of shoreline peripheral, and the bathymetries in the estuaries. Our present work modified the existing estuary classification systems to be more responsive to climate change; in particular, we have included the wave change impact. Many studies have proposed estuarine classifications recognizing the various feat...

A new analytical framework for assessing the effect of sea‐level rise and dredging on tidal damping in estuaries

This paper explores different analytical solutions of the tidal hydraulic equations in convergent estuaries. Linear and quasi‐nonlinear models are compared for given geometry, friction, and tidal amplitude at the seaward boundary, proposing a common theoretical framework and showing that the main difference between the examined models lies in the treatment of the friction term. A general solution procedure is proposed for the set of governing analytical equations expressed in dimensionless form, and a new analytical expression for the tidal damping is derived as a weighted average of two solutions, characterized by the usual linearized formulation and the quasi‐nonlinear Lagrangean treatment of the friction term. The different analytical solutions are tested against fully nonlinear numerical results for a wide range of parameters, and compared with observations in the Scheldt estuary. Overall, the new method compares best with the numerical solution and field data. The new accurate relationship for the tidal damping is then exploited for a classification of estuaries based on the distance of the tidally averaged depth from the ideal depth (relative to vanishing amplification) and the critical depth (condition for maximum amplification). Finally, the new model is used to investigate the effect of depth variations on the tidal dynamics in 23 real estuaries, highlighting the usefulness of the analytical method to assess the influence of human interventions (e.g. by dredging) and global sea‐level rise on the estuarine environment.

하구의 지형적.자연서식지.이용개발특성에 따른 유형 분류

하구의 체계적인 관리를 위해서는 하구의 특성과 분포를 반영한 분류가 먼저 이루어져야 한다. 이 연구에서는 지리정보시스템, 고해상도 항공사진 및 지형도 등을 사용하여 우리나라의 463개 하구의 특성과 분포를 파악하였고, 이들 하구의 하구순환 유지 여부, 지형적 특성, 자연서식지 특성, 이용개발 특성에 기초하여 유형을 분류하였다. 하구 순환이 이루어지는 235개의 '열린하구'는 지형적 특성에 따라 '산지/절벽형', '사취형' 및 '깔대기형'으로 구분하였으며, 각 유형에 속하는 하구는 각각 41, 87, 107개로 분류되었다. 구분된 각 하구는 다시 자연서식지 특성과 이용 개발 특성에 따라 3가지 유형으로 세분하여, 열린하구는 총 9개의 유형으로 구분하였다. 하구순환이 차단된 228개의 '닫힌하구'는 차단 형태에 따라 '직접차단'과 '하구호' 형성에 의한 간접차단으로 구분하였다. 직접차단 형태의 하구를 다시 자연서식지 및 이용개발 특성에 따라 3가지 유형으로 세분하였으며 각 유형에 속하는 하구는 각각 25, 64, 55개로 분류되었다. 간접차단 하구는 84개가 파악되었으나 세분하지 않아 닫힌하구는 총 4개의 유형으로 구분되었다. 이 유형분류 체계는 하구의 지형적 특성, 자연서식지의 현황 및 토지이용 특성을 모두 반영하고 있어 국가 차원의 하구관리에 있어서 우선순위를 결정하고 관리방향을 설정하는데 효과적으로 활용할 수 있다. Classification of estuaries based on their multi-component and multidisciplinary processes is important for the systematic management of estuaries. In this study, an integrated GlS-based analysis system including high resolution aerial photographies and topographic maps was used to classify 463 estuaries based on estuarine circulation pattern, geomorphological feature, natural habitat distribution and characteristics of land use. These estuaries were divided into two basic types, open and closed. Two hundred and thirty five systems were open estuaries comprising of forty one mountainous type (OM), eighty sevcn sandpit type (OS) and one hundred seven funnel type (OF). Each type of open estuary was further classified into three types based on habitat distribution and land use characteristics resulting in total ninc types of open estuaries. Two hundred and twenty eight estuaries were closed systems comprising of one hundred and forty four blocked type (CB directly) and eighty four lake type (CL, indirectly). CB type estuary was further classified into three types based on habitat distribution and land use characteristics. This estuarine classification scheme can be applied to provide a framework for effective management strategies of individual estuaries to estimate the management priority and strategy.

Geomorphologic Classification of Estuaries of the State of Pernambuco (Brazil) Based on Landsat 5 TM Images

Geomorphologic Classification of Estuaries of the State of Pernambuco (Brazil) Based on Landsat 5 TM Images