Classification Of Disease Types Research Articles

How much disease risk is due to old age and established risk factors?

Improved healthcare is leading to older populations and increasing numbers of individuals experiencing multiple diseases, possibly concurrently (multimorbidity). This article asks whether the observed number of new diseases is more than expected based on age and established risk factors alone, assuming that disease risk is unchanged by prior or pre-existing disease. This is accomplished by designing a new epidemiological approach, where the expected number of disease types are estimated for individuals without prior disease, by combining individual risk predictions with a "Poisson-Binomial" model to estimate the expected number of new diseases and its confidence interval. For 123 diseases in men and 99 diseases in women, the expected number of new diseases based on age and established risk factors was approximately of that observed, with the observed number of new diseases approximately times that predicted. The differences could not be explained by natural statistical variation, and provide a rigorous statistical demonstration of lower disease risk for individuals without any previous disease. The multiple of was sufficiently consistent across different diseases to prevent its use for classification of disease types, but there were differences for subgroups such as smokers with high body mass index, and for some classes of disease (as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, version 10). The results suggest that empirical modeling might allow reliable predictions of future hospital admissions, and confirm the value of conventional epidemiological approaches that study disease risk in healthy individuals. The implications and future possibilities of this new approach are discussed.

Problems with classification of polineuropaties severity in case of hereditary ones – review of literature

Evaluation of neuropathy severity is still a challenge for a modern medicine. Many scales were made to resolve this problem but each of them has limitations. It is known that in case of many patients there is no relation between clinical status and nerve conduction studies (NCS) results. Severe disabled patients with neuropathies can have nerve conduction study result mild impaired and conversely relation is also often observed. Many screening instruments with numerous composite scores are used to evaluate neuropathy. Most of them involved sensory perception, motor functions and reflexes like Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS), Neuropathy Impairment Score (NIS), Thoronto Clinical Neuropathy Scoring System. Electrophysiological parameters are also useful in classification of disease types especially in Charcot-Marie-Tooth one. There were many attempts of discovering new scores especially in diabetic neuropathies, involving mainly clinical features. There is lack of easy, reliable and precise scores that could improve neuropathy classification and monitoring disease progression especially in case of hereditary polyneuropathy.

Useful Test for Classification of Cerebral Infarction at Hospital Specializing in Neurosurgery.

Background and Purpose: There are many cases of cerebral infarction of unknown etiology in which the embolic sources cannot be identified including atrial fibrillation despite achievement of complete revascularization after thrombectomy. Method: An analysis was conducted for 556 consecutive cases of patients who were hospitalized for cerebral infarction to determine the significance of accurate classification of disease type and investigation into causes of cerebral infarction of unknown cause. Result: According to the Trials of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, cerebral infarction of other/unknown etiology was observed in 94 cases, of which 22 cases were found to have causes by additional workup. Implantable cardiac monitors were inserted in 15 of 76 cases of cryptogenic cerebral infarction, of which 4 cases (26%) showed detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) during observation period (223-384 days). Conclusion: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement, abdomen-pelvic computed tomography (CT), cardiac monitoring for 1 week, and implantable cardiac monitors (ICM) were useful for the classification of disease type and detection of cryptogenic atrial fibrillation. (This is secondary publication from J Jpn Coll Angiol 2021; 61: 49-55.).

The effect of intratracheal administration of thyroid hormone (T<sub>3</sub>) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mouse model simulating disease type classification.

The effect of intratracheal administration of thyroid hormone (T<sub>3</sub>) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mouse model simulating disease type classification.

Ratiometric 3D DNA Machine Combined with Machine Learning Algorithm for Ultrasensitive and High-Precision Screening of Early Urinary Diseases.

Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) have received considerable attention as a potential biomarker source for the diagnosis of urinary diseases. Present studies mainly focus on the discovery of biomarkers based on high-throughput proteomics, while limited efforts have been paid to applying the uEVs' biomarkers for the diagnosis of early urinary disease. Herein, we demonstrate a diagnosis protocol to realize ultrasensitive detection of uEVs and accurate classification of early urinary diseases, by combing a ratiometric three-dimensional (3D) DNA machine with machine learning (ML). The ratiometric 3D DNA machine platform is constructed by conjugating a padlock probe (PLP) containing cytosine-rich (C-rich) sequences, anchor strands, and nucleic-acid-stabilized silver nanoclusters (DNAAgNCs) onto the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The competitive binding of uEVs with the aptamer releases the walker strand, thus the ratiometric 3D DNA machine was activated to undergo an accurate amplification reaction and produce a ratiometric fluorescence signal. The present biosensor offers a detection limit of 9.9 × 103 particles mL-1 with a linear range of 104-108 particles mL-1 for uEVs. Two ML algorithms, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM), were subsequently applied for analyzing the correlation between the sensing signals of uEV multibiomarkers and the clinical state. The disease diagnostic accuracy of optimal biomarker combination reaches 95% and 100% by analyzing with KNN and SVM, and the disease type classification exhibits an accuracy of 94.7% and 89.5%, respectively. Moreover, the protocol results in 100% accurate visual identification of clinical uEV samples from individuals with disease or as healthy control by a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) algorithm.

Cardiovascular disease prognosis and severity analysis using hybrid heuristic methods

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prediction is one of the difficult tasks in the medical industry because the attained Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contains more noise. Also, the classification of disease types in imbalanced data is more complex. To overcome these issues, this research developed a new approach for classifying CVD and severity analysis. Initially, the MRI is taken for several CVD patients and the unwanted effects are removed using a novel Hannmean filter. Subsequently, an innovative Cat Fuzzy Neural Model (CFuNM) is developed for classifying CVD diseases such as heart attack, angina, stroke, arrhythmia, and coronary heart diseases. Also, a novel Hybrid Ant Colony African Buffalo Optimization (HAC-ABO) is introduced for analyzing severity and segment the affected part from the MRI. Moreover, the simulation of this research is done by MATLAB R2018b and the simulation outcomes illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm by obtaining high classification accuracy. Finally, the parameters of the proposed approach are evaluated and compared with existing methods.

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections towards Improving Pathology

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging is an emerging approach to obtain detailed images that have associated biochemical information. FT-IR imaging of tissue is based on the principle that different regions of the mid-infrared are absorbed by different chemical bonds (e.g., C=O, C-H, N-H) within cells or tissue that can then be related to the presence and composition of biomolecules (e.g., lipids, DNA, glycogen, protein, collagen). In an FT-IR image, every pixel within the image comprises an entire Infrared (IR) spectrum that can give information on the biochemical status of the cells that can then be exploited for cell-type or disease-type classification. In this paper, we show: how to obtain IR images from human tissues using an FT-IR system, how to modify existing instrumentation to allow for high-definition imaging capabilities, and how to visualize FT-IR images. We then present some applications of FT-IR for pathology using the liver and kidney as examples. FT-IR imaging holds exciting applications in providing a novel route to obtain biochemical information from cells and tissue in an entirely label-free non-perturbing route towards giving new insight into biomolecular changes as part of disease processes. Additionally, this biochemical information can potentially allow for objective and automated analysis of certain aspects of disease diagnosis.

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging of human tissue sections towards improving pathology.

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging is an emerging approach to obtain detailed images that have associated biochemical information. FT-IR imaging of tissue is based on the principle that different regions of the mid-infrared are absorbed by different chemical bonds (e.g., C=O, C-H, N-H) within cells or tissue that can then be related to the presence and composition of biomolecules (e.g., lipids, DNA, glycogen, protein, collagen). In an FT-IR image, every pixel within the image comprises an entire Infrared (IR) spectrum that can give information on the biochemical status of the cells that can then be exploited for cell-type or disease-type classification. In this paper, we show: how to obtain IR images from human tissues using an FT-IR system, how to modify existing instrumentation to allow for high-definition imaging capabilities, and how to visualize FT-IR images. We then present some applications of FT-IR for pathology using the liver and kidney as examples. FT-IR imaging holds exciting applications in providing a novel route to obtain biochemical information from cells and tissue in an entirely label-free non-perturbing route towards giving new insight into biomolecular changes as part of disease processes. Additionally, this biochemical information can potentially allow for objective and automated analysis of certain aspects of disease diagnosis.

Discovery Research On the Effects of Continuous Administration of Bortezomib Maintenance Therapy to Treat Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma - Analysis of Background Factors That Affect the Continuity of Therapy-

Abstract 1866 Objective:This was a pilot study for a planned prospective trial of Bortezomib-Maintenance therapy to treat relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM) patients. The purpose was to explore whether this maintenance therapy can lead to long-term progression free survival with good quality of life. We also analyzed and verified background factors that affected the continuity of maintenance therapy with Bortezomib using the data obtained. Materials and Methods:Relapsed or refractory MM patients (N=38) who experienced at least one prior treatment and reached more than very good partial response (VGPR)/partial response (PR) after Bortezomib and Dexamethasone (BD) induction therapy between September 2008 and January 2012 were enrolled. All patients provided written, informed consent. The patients received Bortezomib once a month until progression disease (PD) as maintenance therapy (Clinical data cutoff date was May 2012). Results:The average age of the patients was 64.8 years old (range, 29–86 years, 10 males, 28 females). The MM disease type classification was IgG-type in 23, IgA-type in 8, IgD-type in 1, and Bence Jones Protein(BJP) in 6. Therapy evaluation at the start of maintenance therapy was VGPR in 22 cases (58%) and PR in 16 cases (42%). The average period of continuous disease control was 20 months. Other than 2 cases of mild zoster and 4 cases of mild diarrhea, there were no G3/4 adverse events, including any peripheral neuropathy, which necessitated discontinuation of treatment during the maintenance therapy period. Statistical analysis according to patient age3 a 65 y/o and <65 y/o, ISS (I, II, III), the number of prior treatments (more than 1 or 2), period of induction therapy with Bortezomib, gender, presence or absence of complex karyotypic abnormalities, and time to progression (TTP) separated by a median of 24 months in disease duration was performed to determine whether any factor affected the continuity of maintenance therapy. A significant difference in the presence or absence of complex karyotypic abnormalities was observed. Slightly significant differences in ISS, the number of prior treatments, and the period of induction therapy with Bortezomib were also observed. The other factors did not affect the continuity of treatment. Discussion:The current results showed the median duration of maintenance therapy with Bortezomib was 20 months and the period of disease control including induction therapy was 26 months. We found that high TTP could be obtained by monthly maintenance therapy with Bortezomib, even when compared with the 6.2 months of TTP in the APEX global phase III trial that involved patients with relapsed and refractory MM treated with Bortezomib. The occurrence of peripheral neuropathy is thought to be associated with the dosing interval of Bortezomib, and the fact that monthly administration of Bortezomib decreases the risk of adverse events, including peripheral neuropathy, supports this. The present study confirmed the efficacy and safety of monthly administration of Bortezomib. Patients with complex karyotypic abnormalities may not be appropriate candidates for controlling the disease with monthly maintenance therapy. Thus, further studies on the dosing interval of Bortezomib during maintenance therapy are needed. Conclusion:The results of the present study demonstrated the continuity and tolerability of monthly maintenance therapy with Bortezomib. [Display omitted] Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Sepsis‐associated liver injury: Incidence, classification and the clinical significance

Although it is a common complication of sepsis, sepsis-associated liver injury has not been substantially recognized, because its diagnostic criteria and clinical implications are unclear. We aimed to elucidate the incidence, manifestation, disease type classification and prognosis of sepsis-associated liver injury. The subjects were 588 patients admitted to our hospital for sepsis between 2001 and 2010. They were classified into "normal liver function", "sepsis-associated liver injury" and "sepsis-not-associated liver injury" groups. Sepsis-associated liver injury was classified as either "cholestatic", "hepatocellular" or "shock liver." Each of these three subgroups was further classified into "with jaundice" or "without jaundice". The primary end-point was the "poor prognosis ratio", defined as the proportion of patients whose prognosis was "unchanged", "worsened" or "died". Among the 449 subjects except for sepsis-not-associated liver injury (n = 139), the incidence of sepsis-associated liver injury was 34.7% (156/449), including 75 cholestatic (48.1%), 34 hepatocellular (21.8%) and 47 shock liver (30.1%) cases. Jaundice was a complication in 25 (33%), six (17.6%) and four (8.5%) patients in each group, respectively. The poor prognosis ratio was higher in males (37.5%) and in the elderly (47.7%); it was 48.0%, 38.2% and 62.8% in the cholestatic, hepatocellular and shock liver groups, respectively, and higher than the normal liver function (18.4%) group (P < 0.0001). It was also higher in patients with jaundice (68.6%) than in those without (45.5%) (P < 0.0001). Sepsis-associated liver injury, especially with jaundice, is a significant predictive sign of poor prognosis in patients with sepsis.

下顎限界運動と最大下顎開閉口運動による顎機能診断

The purpose of this study was to investigate useful parameters and establish an evaluation standard for diagnosis of stomatognathic function.The details for a total of 21 patients are as follows:1. Persons having neither subjective nor objective symptoms but having individual normal occlusion for stomatognathic (12 subjects).2. Persons who could be classified according to disease type classification of TMD of the Japanese Society for Temporomandibular Joint and judged as type I and type II (9 subjects).Mandibular border movement and maximal opening and closing movement of these subjects were examined.As a result, form-like resemblance of speed curve changed with the elapse of time during maximal opening and closing movement, that is, Kendall's coefficient of concordance suggested that several levels of reproducibility can be quantitatively expressed because 3-repetition movement may become a useful index to make proper diagnosis of abnormality stomatognathic function (type I and type II of disease type classification of TMD of the Japanese Society for Temporomandibular Joint).

Diagnosis and treatment of metabolism and endocrine disease. Recent advance. Diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis and disease type classification of diabetes mellitus.

Diagnosis and treatment of metabolism and endocrine disease. Recent advance. Diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis and disease type classification of diabetes mellitus.

Classification of obesity with respect to morbidity.

Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of adipose tissue in the body. Since its etiology and pathogenesis are quite heterogenous, classification of disease types by specific purposes is essen...

A CLINICAL STUDY OF INTRAHEPATIC GALLSTONES

Thirty-nine patients with intrahepatic gallstones whom we treated over the past 12 years were analyzed according to a new classification of disease type. The patients included 54% IE, 26% IE, 18% I and 3% IE in relation to disease type, and 38% LR, 23% L, 18% R, 13% LR and 8% LR in relation to hepatic lobe. Stenosis of the bile duct was found in 86% of I cases and 28% of IE cases; also, stenosis was frequent among R or LR cases. Final surgery consisted of incision of the common bile duct and implantation of a T-shaped tube in 10 patients, plasty of the papilla in two, anastomosis of the common bile duct to the duodenum in four, cholangiojejunostomy in 12, and hepatectomy in 11. Thirty eight percent of these patietns had remaining gallstones at the time of discharge, and the long-term results were good in 53%, rather good in 24%, and poor in 24% of the patients. The rate of remaining gallstones in relation to the type of surgery was as low as 10% for hepatectomy but as high as 75% for cholangiojejunostomy, with a high incidence among I or IE cases of type LR. Among 21 patients with remaining gallstones, the stone was eliminated by left lobectomy in one and by postoperative treatment in five. Cholangioscopic lithotomy or a combination of cholangioscopy with lavage proved useful.