Classical Norms Research Articles

Representations of Experimentation in Contemporary Arabic Theatre

Art is a dynamic and renewing aesthetic vision. Since the dawn of creativity, arts have sought to break away from tradition and embrace new forms and elements in response to intellectual and other changes. Theatre, in particular, has experimented with its structure and content due to its inherent flexibility and transformative nature. Social and environmental conditions in the Arab world have driven theatre practitioners towards innovation.Many Arab playwrights responded to the events of 1967 by adopting an experimental approach in theatre. Egyptian playwright Sayyed Hafez is a key figure who emerged in the 1970s, contributing significantly to the renewal of theatrical composition. Realizing that traditional theatre was no longer effective in engaging society, Hafez introduced innovative ideas.Until the early 1970s, Arab and Egyptian theatre was predominantly traditional. However, new efforts to revitalize it began with Hafez's experimental play "The Pride of Triviality in the Land of Meaninglessness," which broke classical norms and offered new perspectives on characters, settings, and heroism.Hafez continued his experimental approach in subsequent plays, such as "It Happened as It Happened but No Event Happened," "Silent Drums in the Blue Valleys," and "They Are as They Are but Not the Vagabonds." These works reflect his desire for rebellion and passion for experimentation in theatrical writing.This study aims to analyze the features of experimentation in Sayyed Hafez's theatrical texts and their impact on the construction of the theatrical text. The significance of the research lies in exploring these experimental tendencies, benefiting specialists in theatrical criticism. The objective is to identify representations of experimentation in Hafez's plays.

Odlike vulgarnog latiniteta u Egerijinom putopisu / Characteristics of Vulgar Latin in Itinerarium Egeriae

In this paper, a linguistic analysis of the Itinerarium Egeriae, one of the oldest documented Christian pilgrimages to the eastern Mediterranean, is presented. The aim of the work is to present characteristics related to Vulgar Latin. The linguistic analysis is focused on characteristics which are not in keeping with classical norms, in an attempt to describe certain changes with regard to Classical Latin and traditional grammar, which may cause difficulty for the reader. It is evident that the Itinerarium Egeriae is not characterized by ornate expression like the texts of classical writers, but it offers interesting, if sometimes confusing, deviations from classical norms. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first section Egeria, the purpose of the trip, the text, the author’s ability to observe, and her style aimed at spiritual instruction are presented. Egeria’s style of Latin are the subject of the second and main section of the work, which includes language, style, literary aspect and phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical characteristics of travel writing.

How do you solve a problem like Michael?

PurposeCelebrate Michael Buckland's impressive legacy to LIS by showing his humanity, generosity and versatility.Design/methodology/approachThis article is walk through a scientific career in LIS. Through personal anecdotes and life history and building upon Michael Buckland's legacy, it summarises the author’s own work seen through the prism of her interactions with Buckland, leading to scholarly contributions articulating significant statements about the field of LIS as well as pointers to past relevant publications.FindingsMichael Buckland has a unique way of putting an end to thorny LIS issues as well as being a documentator extraordinaire.Originality/valueIt is a personal account, as such cannot be evaluated through the classical norms of empirical research as there is no ground truth. This account shows how chance encounters with fellow scholars can have a lasting influence on one's academic career as well as wider impact in a field.

What makes a good PhD thesis? Norms of science as reflected in written assessments of PhD theses

This study looks at assessment of PhD theses from two perspectives: criteria in use in assessment reports at a science faculty and norms of science. Fifty assessment reports were analysed inductively, resulting in thirteen categories that examiners consider when assessing a thesis. These categories were compared with norms of science as described in the sociology of science. The study shows a high congruence between the two perspectives, but also new categories worthy of further discussion and research. Relevance of the thesis research and quality by proxy (that publication is an indicator of quality) stand out very clearly in this study compared with earlier assessment research. These two categories are both relatively new categories in assessment research and indicate that the classical norms of science are changing with an increasing influence of post-academic norms in academia.

Projective descriptions of spaces of functions and distributions

AbstractWe present projective descriptions of classical spaces of functions and distributions. More precisely, we provide descriptions of these spaces by seminorms, which are defined by a combination of classical norms and multiplication or convolution with certain functions. These seminorms are simpler than the ones given by a supremum over bounded or compact sets.

Kantorovich type topologies on spaces of measures and convergence of barycenters

We study two topologies $ \tau_{KR} $ and $ \tau_K $ on the space of measures on a completely regular space generated by Kantorovich–Rubinshtein and Kantorovich seminorms analogous to their classical norms in the case of a metric space. The Kantorovich–Rubinshtein topology $ \tau_{KR} $ coincides with the weak topology on nonnegative measures and on bounded uniformly tight sets of measures. A sufficient condition is given for the compactness in the Kantorovich topology. We show that for logarithmically concave measures, some $ s $-convex measures and stable measures weak convergence implies convergence in the Kantorovich topology. We also obtain an efficiently verified condition for convergence of the barycenters of Radon measures from a sequence or net weakly converging on a locally convex space. As an application it is shown that for weakly convergent logarithmically concave measures and stable measures convergence of their barycenters holds without additional conditions. The same is true for measures given by polynomial densities of a fixed degree with respect to logarithmically concave measures.

The peculiarities of medico-legal psychiatric expertise in minors, found in the practice of forensic psychiatry

Psychiatric medico-legal expertise is a way to ascertain the deviation from the social and cultural norms of society. In the case of minors, the same legal norms are applied, often without taking into account the fact that the deviant behavior of minors is a form of protest against his capacity for adaptation and psychological, cognitive and social integration. The purpose of the article is to establish the particularities of the medico-legal psychiatric expertise in minors from the perspective of the practice of forensic psychiatry. The paper identified the differences between the classic norms of forensic psychiatry, the specifics of minors' behavioral deviations, Sweden's experience regarding the general theoretical framework in forensic psychiatry, the Theory of Dual Processes and is exemplified by the criminological profile of minors in relation to the norms of social adaptation and medico-legal psychiatric expertise.

Rational Choice in Context

Human decisions are context dependent in ways that violate classical norms of rational choice. However, these norms implicitly depend on idealized descriptive assumptions that are often unrealistic. We focus on one such assumption: that information is constant across contexts. Choice contexts often supply subtle cues—which may be embedded in frames, procedures, or menus—to which human decision makers can be highly sensitive. We review recent evidence that some important context effects reflect dynamically coherent belief and preference updating, in response to ecologically valid cues. This evidence paints a more nuanced picture of human rationality in natural choice environments and opens up prospects for nonpaternalistic forms of choice architecture.

Multiplication by finite Blaschke factors on a general class of Hardy spaces

A broader class of Hardy spaces and Lebesgue spaces have been introduced recently on the unit circle by considering continuous \(\Vert \cdot \Vert _1\)-dominating normalized gauge norms instead of the classical norms on measurable functions. A Beurling type result has been proved for the operator of multiplication by the coordinate function. In this paper, we generalize the above Beurling type result to the context of multiplication by a finite Blaschke factor B(z) and also derive the common invariant subspaces of \(B^2(z)\) and \(B^3(z).\) These results lead to a factorization result for all functions in the Hardy space equipped with a continuous rotationally symmetric norm.

POLA PERKEMBANGAN NORMA DAN SANKSI SUAP DALAM FATWA MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA, NAHDLATUL ULAMA DAN MUHAMMADIYAH

This paper, through literature studies and historical and normative approaches, outlines the development of norms and risywah sanctions in the MUI, NU and Muhammadiyah Fatwas after bribery crimes are regulated by positive laws in Indonesia. As far as norms are concerned, the fatwas of the three institutions tend to follow historical patterns, continuing the classical norms of risywah. The construction of bribery norms in the third fatwa is inseparable from the identity they hold, namely the fatwa community that has the right to be protected normatively religiously (halal / haram) and practically. MUI identifies itself as an NGO, not the Mufti of the State, while NU and Muhammadiyah confirm themselves as community organizations. As for the bribery sanctions, the three institutions bring together the interests of the fatwa community and the government, recognize the rights and qualifications of the government to implement ta'zir, and identify themselves as citizens who comply with positive laws.

Understanding Dalit Literature: A Critical Perspective Towards Dalit Aesthetics

Indian literature has always been governed by classical norms. Literature has been divided into ‘high culture’ and ‘low culture’. The non-Dalit writing revolves around ‘rasa’ and the motive is ‘art for art’s sake’. Dalit aestheticism is ‘art for life’s sake’. When certain forms and styles are applied imitating Sanskrit poetics, Shakespearean language or Aristotle’s ‘Poetics’, literature is considered to be following beauty parameters that are considered to be necessary for artistic pleasure. This kind of claim of holding traditional Indian aesthetics as a law book for all kinds of literature cannot be validated. The assertion of mainstream aesthetics as aesthetics for pan India is bound to exclude the truth of disregarded subjects. There is a need for Dalit literature to follow alternative aesthetics as the writings are the real story of pain and survival. How can pain be read for the purpose of pleasure? In the case of Dalit literature, the artistic yardsticks are not destroyed rather they are rejected. The traditional aesthetics will not be able to do justice with Dalit literature. Sharankumar Limbale writes “To assert that someone’s writing will be called literature only when ‘our’ literary standards can be imposed on is a sign of cultural dictatorship” (Limbale, 2004, p. 107). This paper will be an attempt to discuss the need for alternative aesthetics to understand Dalit literature.

Этика науки: классические нормы и современные деформации

The article discusses the problems of the professional ethos of science genesis and its transformation in the context of modern realities. There is a brief description of the classical norms of the scientific ethos (universalism, communalism, disinterestedness and organized skepticism), formulated by R. Merton in the late 1930s and early 1940s, in response to the sharp exacerbation of the problem of science’s autonomy in the conditions of totalitarian regimes. The key idea of Merton is especially emphasized: compliance with the norms is aimed primarily at optimizing the process of scientific production and, thereby, the most effective solution to the main goal of science – the increasing of certified knowledge volume. The concept of the ethical imperatives of a scientific profession was almost immediately criticized for being ‘idealistic’ and ‘disconnected from real life’, and by the end of the 1960s it intensified many times over. You can find the examples of critical attitude to the concept of Merton, also we described the alternative versions of the norms of scientific ethos (in the interpretation of Mitroff and Fuller). It has been established that under the conditions of academic capitalism, which implies the incorporation of market culture into the system of scientific research, a negative deformation of classical norms occurs, in practice creating barriers to the production of knowledge and disrupting the practice of communication within the scientific community. The result of this deformation is the system of relationships between scientists, described by Ziman in the framework of the concept of ‘post-academic science’. Evidence is presented that the process of degradation of norms is further intensified in the conditions of cognitive capitalism and neoliberal science. Using the example of modern Russian science, the author shows that the result of such degradation is, for example, the exacerbation of the problem of plagiarism. Methods of counteracting such practice are briefly described using the example of modern Russian science, such as the creation of a Dissernet community or a special commission to counteract falsification of scientific research within the framework of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In a theoretical sense, in the context of the philosophy and sociology of science, the concept of ‘two ethics’ proposed by B. Pruzhinin, looks productive. B. Pruzhinin singles out the specific ethos of fundamental and applied science.

Legal aspects of usage out-of-commerce works by libraries and other institutions

Keywords: copyright; out-of-commerce works; cultural heritage institutions; exceptionsand limitation; representative organizations of collective management
 The article is devoted to the study of the norms of Directive2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright and relatedrights in the Digital Single Market, such as provisions on the permitted use of worksout-of-commercial circulation, that are permanently in the collections of libraries andothers cultural heritage institutions. The norms of this EU Directive, as well as theprovisions defined in the laws of some European countries, are analyzed in detail.The main provisions of the EU Directive are considered, which provide for a doublemechanism of permitted use of works of cultural heritage institutions: main and reserve.The essence of each mechanism is considered in detail.The article also considers the question of when the rights holders have the right torefuse, meaning not to allow cultural heritage institutions to use out-of-commerce works.A comparison is made between the norms of the legislation of Ukraine on copyrightand related rights concerning the free use of works by libraries and other culturalheritage institutions and the relevant norms of European legislation. It is establishedthat in the legislation of Ukraine the list of institutions that have the right tofreely reproduce works is limited only to libraries and archives. Unlike the provisionsof the EU Directive, norms of national legislation do not apply to museums, film andaudio funds. However, free reproduction is allowed only by reprographic method (photocopying)of copies, which restrains the possibility of freeing reproduction (digitization)of works using modern digital technologies.It is concluded that classical norms of the legislation on copyright and relatedrights with the development of relations in the digital environment are changing.Legislators are constantly searching for optimal ways to balance public and privateinterests. Whether the new rules will be successful depends on how states implementthe rules of the EU Directive in state law and how they will be applied in practice.

A New King David for Late Antiquity: Classical Exemplarity and Biblical Personality in Pseudo-Hegesippus

In late ancient Christian literature, King David is ubiquitous. Not simply cited as the famous author of many psalms, he almost always appears as a model of penitence, a foreshadow of Christ, or a paradigm of Christian virtues and values. But not always. In one fourth-century Christian text, King David appears in a striking and distinctive relief. This Latin text, known as De excidio Hierosolymitano (On the Destruction of Jerusalem), sometimes called PseudoHegesippus, presents King David as a figure familiar from Judaeo-Christian tradition, but in a way that resonates most strongly with classical Greco-Roman literary norms. This text rewrites Josephus’s Jewish War from a Christian perspective, and mentions David at a dozen points. In each case, David appears as an exemplum associated with a particular biblical episode or theme. Often, the treatment of these episodes in Josephus or other early Christian literature helps explain why Pseudo-Hegesippus presents David in particular lights. However, taking all of the appearances of David in De Excidio into view, this article shows that Pseudo-Hegesippus is not only beholden to biblical, Josephan, or early Christian precedents, but creatively constructs his own portrait of David within his historiographical framework. This article then suggests that this David’s rhetorical valence and distinctive character are best explained vis-à-vis the traditional (Greek and) Roman use of exempla inasmuch as Pseudo-Hegesippus’s David conspicuously lacks any of the theological, doctrinal, or ethical features so characteristic of his portrayal in most of ancient Christian literature. Pseudo-Hegesippus portrays King David in terms resonant of both Greco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian traditions.

Attitude of patients and doctors of government health care system to the basic principles of medical ethics

Currently, researchers face with various situations related to the moral situation in healthcare. This article is based on the results of a sociological reasearch conducted by specialists of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for Health and Medical Prevention in 2015–2019.Given the relevance of this topic, researchers compare the opinions of modern doctors and patients to ethical principles. Purpose of the study. To study the attitude of modern doctors and patients of medical institutions to the classical norms of medical ethics. Materials and methods. For the selection of respondents was used the representative sample based on gender and age of respondents (for the selection of patients), and by specialty of a medical workers (for doctors). Information collected by survey. Descriptive statistics were used to interpret the results, statistically significant differences between the rates were determined by Fischer`s exact test. Results. The results indicate that there are statistically significant differences in the attitude of doctors and patients to some classic norms of medical ethics. In general, doctors often have an unambiguous opinion about the principles of bioethics; patients are more lenient about the principles of bioethics. However, sometimes patients are more categorical about some aspects of the principles of bioethics. In particular, these include the ambiguous opinions of doctors regarding the judgment that “if the doctor realizes that the patient has been harmed as a result of unlawful acts, he must report this to the internal affairs bodies”, as well as the opinions of doctors about the admissibility of accepting gifts from the patient. Conclusions. The classical principles of bioethics preserve functionality and form the necessary attitude of doctors and patients to the ethical foundations of the doctor’s professional activities. Nevertheless, some aspects of these relationships are partially dysfunctional and can become a source of negative behavior in the system of relations between a doctor and a patient.

On norms of principal submatrices

Let a norm on the set Mn of real or complex n-by-n matrices be given. We investigate the question of finding the largest constants αn and βn such that for each A∈Mn the average of the norms of its (n−1)-by-(n−1) principal submatrices is at least αn times the norm of A, and such that the maximum of the norms of those principal submatrices is at least βn times the norm of A.For a variety of classical norms including induced ℓp-norms, weakly unitarily invariant norms, and entrywise norms we give lower and upper bounds for αn and βn. In several cases αn and βn are explicitly determined.

Dvořák and Subordinate Theme Closure

Form theorists have shown increasing interest in applying the methodologies of Caplin and of Hepokoski and Darcy to sonata forms of the nineteenth century. Many of these efforts proceed under the assumption that late eighteenth-century norms continued to influence Romantic sonata form even in the face of nineteenth-century innovations. Vande Moortele contrasts this “negative” approach to an as-yet-unrealized “positive” theory that would derive its concepts directly from nineteenth-century music. A multipart strategy interrogates the positive methodology championed by Vande Moortele and such like-minded theorists as Horton and Wingfield. Examination of Horton’s recent analysis of Brahms’s First Symphony reveals the unacknowledged presence of classical norms casting a “negative” light—although an essential and beneficial one—on his presumably “positive” methodology. A corpus study of subordinate theme closure in Dvořák’s mature chamber music responds both to Horton’s interest in asynchrony between formal design and tonal structure and to his and Vande Moortele’s calls for expanding the range of composers included in these endeavors. Attention to a less studied composer betrays the persistent gravitational pull of classical conventions, in contrast to Horton’s and Vande Moortele’s argument that a Romantic-centered corpus would tend to diminish that pull. Detailed analyses of select Dvořák movements focus on subordinate theme closure but also embrace broader concerns, such as form-functional contrast among P, S, C, and coda; characteristics that signal end-of-the-beginning versus end-of-the-end functions for cadences; the interaction of tonal pairing and formal design; and Dvořák’s recapitulatory reinterpretations of his expositional strategies. The analyses illustrate limitations of corpus study as contrasted with close reading of individual movements. The close readings underscore the need to engage both circumpolar norms and progressive linear developments, even in music written in the last decades of the nineteenth century.

Le discours savant sur la peinture chinoise en Occident au tournant du XX e siècle : termes et enjeux d’un changement radical, une histoire globale avant la lettre ?

This article analyzes the change in the reception of Chinese painting in scholarly discussions by Western art historians on both sides of the Atlantic at the beginning of the 20th century, and it studies its place and role in the esthetic discussion that led to a questioning of the Classical model. Convergences in the approaches led to a questioning of their logic in accord with the historical, esthetic and historiography context. Multiple factors contributed to favoring the emergence and the development of a scholarly discussion. Also, the accentuation of the opening up to world cultures in the first decades of the 20th century supported the emergence of new perceptions of Chinese painting. If this latter had demonstrated the validity of another system of painterly references and its internal coherence, the idea developed among art historians that explorations of the forms of expression that differed or strayed from Classical norms should also be undertaken within the context of Western tradition. This favored the reconciliation and the comparisons between Chinese painting and older Western painting of the Italian Primitives or contemporary modern artists, opening the way in return for a renewed reading of Western art. Thus the debate over the other esthetic norms possible in cultures outside of Europe nourished as much a change in the vision of Chinese painting as this latter also contributed to the development of these considerations.

Linguistic Peculiarities in the Latin Inscriptions of Potaissa (Dacia)

Around 200 inscriptions have been found at Potaissa so far. Some of them disappeared and their texts are known to us exclusively from publications, others are kept in museum collections. The subject of this study is their linguistic examination, by following the peculiarities and the deviations from the classical norms of the language. When possible, this data will be related to details on the donors, on the provenance of the epigraphs, on their type, and on other information that can contribute to shaping the cultural-linguistic profile of the Roman town.

A simpler description of the κ‐topologies on the spaces DLp,Lp,M1

AbstractFor the spaces , and , we consider the topology of uniform convergence on absolutely convex compact subsets of their (pre‐)dual space. Following the notation of J. Horváth's book we call these topologies κ‐topologies. They are given by a neighbourhood basis consisting of polars of absolutely convex and compact subsets of their (pre‐)dual spaces. In many cases it is more convenient to work with a description of the topology by means of a family of semi‐norms defined by multiplication and/or convolution with functions and by classical norms. We give such families of semi‐norms generating the κ‐topologies on the above spaces of functions and measures defined by integrability properties. In addition, we present a sequence‐space representation of the spaces equipped with the κ‐topology, which complements a result of J. Bonet and M. Maestre. As a byproduct, we give a characterisation of the compact subsets of the spaces , and .