Classical Islamic Scholars Research Articles

History of Psychopathology and Therapeutic Interventions, a perspective of Classical Islamic Scholars

The works of Al-Razi, Ibn Sina, and Al-Balkhi on the contributions of classical Islamic scholars to understanding and treatment have been discussed. An analysis is done with a critical approach to provide insight into their holistic approaches that deal with the integration of health dimensions in a physical, psychological, and spiritual aspect. The early classifications made by them about mental disorders, cognitive-behavioral techniques, and lifestyle interventions have also been investigated, showing the similarity in such practices with those of current therapies. This approach emphasizes the cultural and ethical value attached to these historical insights in modern mental health care. The findings suggest that ideas from these thinkers will enhance contemporary mental health care since the thoughts provided a more humane, ethical, and culturally appropriate care.

Human dignity and the pursuit of knowledge in Islamic thought: Insights from the Quran

This research examines the interplay between human dignity and the pursuit of knowledge within Islamic thought, using insights from the Quran. It explores how Islamic epistemology emphasizes the harmonious integration of divine revelation and human reason, underscoring the importance of knowledge as a key factor in both intellectual and spiritual development. By analyzing the contributions of classical Islamic scholars, such as Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Al-Ghazali, alongside Western epistemological traditions, the study highlights complementary and contrasting approaches to understanding knowledge and its role in shaping ethics and governance. Furthermore, the research draws on contemporary case studies, such as the Marrakesh Declaration and Masdar City, to illustrate how Quranic principles of cooperation, justice, and environmental stewardship can inform modern societal frameworks. Ultimately, the study argues for the continued relevance of Islamic thought in addressing contemporary global challenges, emphasizing that the pursuit of knowledge not only advances scientific discovery but also promotes human dignity, justice, and societal well-being.

Political Thought In Islam: An Analysis of The Development And Evolution of Islamic Political Philosophy

The explores the development and evolution of Islamic politics, tracing its historical trajectory from the early stages of Islam to its contemporary manifestations. By analyzing key political events, influential thinkers, and ideological movements, this study sheds light on the multifaceted nature of Islamic politics and its transformations over time. Through a comprehensive examination of primary and secondary sources, the research highlights the diverse political ideologies, organisations, and discourses within the Islamic tradition. Furthermore, it investigates the early Islamic period, the caliphate era, the influence of classical Islamic scholars, and contemporary debates on political philosophy in Islam. By examining various perspectives, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the rich and diverse political thought within the Islamic tradition.

Pemikiran Ulama Muta’akhkhirin Berhubung Pengamalan Konsep Talfiq Dalam Penyelesaian Hukum Syarak The Muta’akhkhirin Scholars’ Perspective on the Implementation of the Talfiq Concept in Resolving Islamic Legal Issues

Talfiq is one of the methodologies to create the resolution of hukm based on the treasure of fiqh introduced by classical Islamic scholars. Despite that, the use of this methodology is still debatable and remains as mahal al-khilaf by scholars. The mut’akhkhirin scholars are most of the numerous groups that are against this concept. This contradicts the modern scholars who tend to adopt this concept to arrive at an opinion that is suitable with modern and current issues. Therefore, this article will analyse several views from the muta’akhkhirin scholars regarding the use of talfiq. This study was conducted with the qualitative method, collecting data from turath literature (classical textbooks) written by the muta’akhkhirin scholars, and it will end with analyse with the thematic methods. The result of the study found that the stick of view by the muta’akhkhirin scholars against the practice of talfiq has their own basis. The study found three main bases against the practice of talfiq; 1. The use of talfiq will lead to arriving at an opinion that is rejected by the majority of the scholars; 2. The use of the talfiq will lead to the practice of tatabbu‘ al-rukhas; and 3. The use of talfiq will lead to harm to religion.

An Analysis of Faqihudin's Interpretation of the Houri Verses in the Quran

This research examines the interpretations of the verses about heavenly maidens, comparing the perspectives of traditional Islamic scholars with those of feminist interpreters. The objective of this study is to understand the feminist interpreters' perspectives on the verses concerning heavenly maidens in the Quran. This is a qualitative research study that utilizes data from various library sources to provide an analytical description of the verses related to heavenly maidens. Primary sources such as classical Quranic exegesis texts and related works are used as secondary sources. The results of this study reveal several concepts of heavenly maidens in the Quran, with a focus on two specific terms. The first term relates to the phrase “azwaju muthahharoh,” mentioned in the Quran to signify spouses for the righteous in paradise. The second term is related to “Hur al-‘in,” describing the heavenly maidens' physical attributes. These two terms are the primary focus of discussion in this paper because classical Islamic scholars and feminist interpreters offer differing interpretations, leading to varying conclusions regarding the meaning of heavenly maidens. Therefore, through this scholarly paper, we will analyze the feminist interpretation of the Houri verses according to Faqihudin Abdul Kodir.

Mind the gap: theories in Islamic accounting and finance, Islamic economics and business management studies

PurposeThis study aims to analyse whether theories and views of classical Islamic scholars are widely adopted as references in Islamic accounting and finance (IAF), Islamic economics (IE) and Islamic business management (IBM) research studies as part of their contribution to solving current economic and financial problems.Design/methodology/approachThe research adopts a qualitative meta-analysis methodology using NVivo 12 with selected data from 474 international journal articles published between 1981 and 2021. The study considers 172 IAF articles, 111 IE articles and 191 IBM articles.FindingsThe results of the study show that the use of theories and views of classical Islamic scholars is not widespread among the examined research papers. The findings show that 90% of researchers tend to acquire modern economics, management, psychological and sociological theories instead of classical theories. Both modern and classical theories have been discussed in the studied articles namely agency theory, stakeholders' theory, ḥisbah (accountability), maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (objectives of Islamic law) and waʿd (unilateral promise). The gaps prevail not only in the taxonomy of terms but also in the choice of paradigm references. It is found that 66% of the 474 journal articles adopt a positivist paradigm, followed by interpretivism (19%), post-structuralism (9%) and critical orientation (6%).Research limitations/implicationsThis paper considers only ABS ranking journal articles. Future research may consider other journal articles from different ranking groups such as Scopus or Thomson & Reuters.Practical implicationsThe paper sheds light on how Islamic educational institutions can develop strategies for the Integration of Knowledge (IOK) in their curriculum.Social implicationsThis paper helps to shape the Muslims' way of thinking within an Islamic worldview which will lead to an Islamic way of expressing knowledge, skill and behaviour.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the model of IOK that has been deliberated among Islamic universities, especially those that develop IAF, IE and IBM studies.

An Appraisal of Political and Legal Rights of Non-Muslims in Pakistan

Islamic society, which is based on justice and peace, gives all rights to each community living within its legal and juridical limits. It has been observed in seerat al-Nabi (PBUH) that, non-Muslims were given full rights to building their temples and they were also free to worship according to their religious ways and thoughts. Holy Prophet (PBUH) allowed them to perform their religious customs in their towns as they wish but within the limit of Islamic terms and conditions which were imposed in different agreements (i.e. Misaq e Madinah). In the present era, as we are living in multi-cultural and multi religions, there is much confusion about whether non-Muslims should be allowed or not for these acts. There is a great discussion between classical Islamic scholars. They think not to be allowed, although if necessary they should be bond in special terms and conditions. In a certain situation, there is a second opinion that allows Muslim statesman to give non-Muslims their religious liberty and allow them to build their temples in their areas under the need of circumstances. This article deals with both views and signifies the correct one in the light of seerat al-Nabi (PBUH) and presents various charters i.e. UNO charter.

A REVIEW OF MONETARY DETERMINANTS OF CRYPTOCURRENCY ADOPTION IN ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SYSTEM

This paper discusses the money and financial system from both the conventional and Islamic points of view. To further elucidate this topic, some aspects of the conventional financial system are discussed on the applicability from an Islamic perspective. Firstly, the advancements of technology that had led to the invention of cryptocurrency and how the Islamic financial system can evaluate the determinants of the adoption of such cryptocurrencies were reviewed. Secondly, the use of digital wallet and how it is encouraged by the government to increase transparency in the financial system and finally, the applicability of a dual-currency model, which covers the idea of revitalizing the dinar and the dirham as well as the implementation of a dual-currency regime in a nation and how it benefits the economy and prevents the failures of the financial system are discussed along the way. The paper reviews scholarly work conducted by both contemporary conventional and Islamic economic scholars. In addition to that, this paper incorporates the views from the classical Islamic scholars such as al-Ghazali, as well as reviewing the money, banking, and financial systems that were conducted during the early Islamic reign, which would be deemed helpful in formulating an Islamic monetary system that could be pre-eminent in today’s world.

Applicability of Islamic Methodology Concerning Novel Issues to the Organ Transplantation in Religious Scholars’ Contemporary Discourse

Classical Islamic theology has laid down a meticulous and intricate methodology of dealing with novel issues from theological perspectives; to understand and actualise religious viewpoints regarding any matter or event that did not take place during the early formative period of Islamic Shari’ah, i.e., the lifetime of the Prophet (S.). During the later formative period, classical Islamic scholars developed several principles such as Qiyas (analogical deduction), Ijma’(consensus), Istihsan (public interest), ‘Urf (local norms) and so on, that all together would build the construct of the concept of Ijtihad (independent interpretation), and which would be carried out by competent religious scholars. Organ transplantation, of which organ donation is a conceptual component, is a contemporary issue that was not familiar among Muslim scholars in the early era. Therefore, it is the contemporary religious scholars’ responsibility to address this matter and bring Islamic judicial inference into the discussion. In doing so, some of the scholars differ in opinions. This paper aims to offer an introductory survey of the religious viewpoints on this issue, as presented by leading scholars from different schools of thought. This study will also include the judicial principles they have adopted in reaching those opinions. By doing so, this paper will introduce an overview of current and ongoing theological discourse on the matter of organ transplantation and donation.

Politics and the Muslim world by Dr S. L. M. RIFAI.

The primary objective of this article is to examine the origin and development of the politics in Islam. What does Islam say about politics? what is the connection between Islam and politics? How did the idea of politics evolve in Islamic history? Does Islam promote the ideas of theocracy? Where does the idea of politics come from in Islam? Do the primary sources of Islam promote any kinds of politics? Does Qur’an speak about politics? Was the prophet of Islam a politician in any sense? Did prophet do politics in his life? what did classical Islamic scholars say anything about politics? What went wrong with politics in Islamic history? Why does not politics work in Muslim countries? How did Muslims inherit the politics of totalitarianism and dictatorship? Why do western political leaders fear political Islam? Is there any room for democracy in Islamic political philosophy? Does Islam promote democracy? Is there any antipathy between the democracy and Islam? Or any affirmation between the Islam and democracy? I will try to address some of these questions to make some clarifications on the ideas of philosophy in Islam.

The concept of public interest (maslaha) in Islamic law by Dr SLM RIFAI

The primary objective of this article is to trace the origin, history, and development of the legal device of public interest in Islamic law. How did this idea of public interest come about? Do the primary sources of Islamic law talk about the public welfare and public interest in any technical term? How did classical Islamic scholars contrive the idea of the public interest in Islamic law? what are the limits and parameters of the legal device of the public interest in Islamic law? why do some Salafi groups do not recognize the legal device of Islamic law? I will trace the arguments of the proponents and opponents of the legal device of public interest in Islamic law.

The Impact of Non-Islamic Sources on the Sirah-Writing: An Analytical Study of the Contemporary Western Scholarship

The eighteenth century Europe witnessed the application of the newly introduced historical-critical methods to the social sciences. Relying upon such methods, some Western scholars criticized the traditional approaches to the Islamic studies. Although the major Islamic sources were translated into European languages and thus became widely accessible, they incorporated several non-Islamic sources in the study of Islamic history and civilization after discovering them from the ancient archives. Hence, it is also claimed that there are some covenants allegedly concluded by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) with certain Christian communities of his time, which are surprisingly not recorded in the classical Islamic literature. Thus, this kind of non-Islamic sources have significantly drawn the attention of both Muslim and non-Muslim historians across the globe. This paper attempts to apply the criteria of Islamic sources set by the classical Islamic scholars, to the non-Islamic sources in order to examine the latter’s authenticity. The conclusion reached by the scholars in this regard shows the latter’s disagreement with a number of established Islamic doctrines. Moreover, it expounds how and to what extent one can rely upon the non-Islamic sources in this regard.

Reconstruction of Different Religion Inheritance through Wajibah Testament

The basic principle of the judge in the decision of the Supreme Court No.16K / AG / 2010 was borrowed which according to some heirs of non-Muslim thinkers of Islam inherited inheritance through borrowed roads. Their opinion as stated by Classical Islamic Scholars. The authorities must exclude part of the legacy of the person who died as proof of him even though he did not inherit it beforehand, based on the premise that the authorities must ensure the rights of people who have not been fulfilled. According to the legal system in Indonesia, the body will include being borrowed into the absolute competence of religious courts based on Law No. 7 of 1989 concerning the Religious Courts related to Law No. 3 of 2006 concerning amendments to Law No. 7 1989 concerning the Religious Courts. Judges who refer to the inheritance of Islam in Indonesia are conducted by judges in the religious court environment with the first absolute level of competence as mandated by law.

ABDUL SAMAD AL-FALIMBANI'S ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION IN THE DISCOURSE OF ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE IN MALAY WORLD

Shaykh Abdussamad al-Falimbani was an important figure in the intellectual tradition of Islam in the Malay world in the 18th century. This article shows that al-Falimbani played an important role in conveying and developing Islamic sciences, not only in the Malay World even in Arab lands, including in Makkah and in Zabid, Yemen. Al-Falimbani was also one of the superior scholars who not only received recognition from fellow scholars and students from among the Malays, even from his colleagues and students who were Arab. Al-Falimbani's important contribution to the intellectual tradition of Islam in Malay World was: the first, the spread of al-Falimbani's various religious works to various regions of the Islamic world, both in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Second, the development of intellectual networks of teachers and students in the region of Malay and Middle East in the 18th century. Third, the maintenance of the continuity of Islamic scientific treasures from the classical Islamic scholars to the Muslims in the 18th century even to the modern era today. Fourth, harmonize tasawuf teachings with Islamic law, so that the traditions and rituals of Sufism remain practiced in the corridors of the valid Shari'a.

Jihad Between Islamic Jurisprudence and Practice of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria

Islam is the extension of the monotheistic religions. It essentially claims for peace and tranquility but also allows war in some circumstances. War in Islam is referred to as jihad. However, jihad is border and includes spiritual struggle as well. Classical Islamic scholars interpreted combative jihad as self-defence against aggression and global war to spread Islam. The majority of modern scholars consider the political and cultural differences between the early periods of Islam and modern era. They interpret the concept as only self-defence and ask Muslims to resort to civil means to convey their message. However, some scholars and groups still follow the classical interpretation of the concept. Scholars generally set forth some preconditions for combative jihad. The preconditions are the existence of a reason, a purpose, permission of a legitimate ruler and adherence to humanitarian rules. ISIS launched intensive military attacks against the Islamic countries of Iraq and Syria between 2013 and 2014 and captured large areas after committing many atrocities and devastating the two countries. The group eventually announced an Islamic Caliphate and identified Abubakr al-Bagdadi as the Caliph. It later asked Muslims to pledge allegiance to its Caliph and join its ranks. This article argues that the ISIS war does not satisfy the Islamic jurisprudential conditions to be qualified as jihad because the group waged its war based on no religious reason for a political purpose without the authorization of a legitimate Islamic ruler and outside of the confines of the humanitarian rules.

The Theory of ‘Promise’ (Waʿd) in Islamic Law

This article aims to clarify the concept of promise (waʿd) and questions whether a promise, albeit personal or transactional, is by nature binding on the promisor under Sharīʿah law. The term waʿd is also discussed in relation to other concepts involving promise: i.e., ʿaqd (contract), ʿahd (covenant or binding agreement), nudhur (vows), and juʿālah (payment for performing a service). A number of studies have concluded that waʿd is not obligatory on the promisor, unless the promisee incurs a loss due to a breach or deceptive promise. However, after reviewing the opinions of a number of classical Islamic scholars, this study concludes that under Sharīʿah law all promises are generally binding on the promisor, except in light of valid excuses or mitigating circumstances.

Tok Pulau Manis: Pioneer of Fiqh writings in the Malay Peninsular

The proselytising of Islam in the Malay Peninsular depended on the earnestness of the classical Islamic scholars.The spreading of Islam was done through religious talks, Islamic studies classes, and through their writings.Syeikh Abdul Malik bin Abdullah, also known as Tok Pulau Manis is one of the classical Islamic scholars thatwas born in the state of Terengganu, which was active in producing religious books especially in the field of fiqhand ta?awwuf. However, most of the recent generations are not aware of his legacy and contributions in thespreading of Islam. Therefore, this article attempts to study his life and academic background, and highlights hiscontribution as one of the earliest classical Islamic scholars that produced fiqh writings in the Malay Peninsula.The result of this study finds that Tok Pulau Manis is an esteemed scholar, which was hold in high regard by thedignitaries including the Sultan Zainal Abidin I himself. His involvement in producing fiqh writings in J?w?during the 17 and 18th century had placed him as one of the pioneers of the fiqh writing in the Malay Peninsula.

Challenging the Scared: the Fatwa of the Indonesia Ulama Council on the Recitation on Translation During the Prayer

This article examines the fatwas of the MUI (Indonesian Ulama Cuncil) on the recitation of translation during the Prayer. The MUI fatwas were in response to the new trend of reading Indonesian language during prayer among Indonesian Muslims. In Islam, the practice of worship (praying) has been regulated by and based on the tradition of the Prophet Muhammad Saw. Debates over the issues whether or not praying can be performed in local language arose when Muhammad Yusman Roy form Surabaya initiated the practice of praying by reciting Bahasa Indonesia instead of Arabic. The author presents different views among classical Islamic scholars (ulama) about the translation of shalat recitation and explains why the MUI has forbid this practice in the Indonesian context. Keywords: prayer, MUI, fatwa, ijtihad, innovation (bid’ah)

The Thoughts of Economic Growth Theories of Classical Muslim Scholars, A Contribution

This paper attempts to view at the development of Islamic thought in the study of economics and economic growth. In particular, it attempts to explore the similarities and differences between Islamic ideas about economics and to construct economic growth thought and how it used to bridge the gap. The analysis starts from Muslim thought Ibn Khaldun, Al-Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyyah. In addition, the study looked at how the views of classical Islamic scholars had entered into the idea of economic growth. Suggestions will be made on how the gap can be bridged or made closer to contemporary economic thought and economic direction of the country’s future.