Class Of Gates Research Articles

Interferon Regulatory Factor 4: An Alternative Marker for Plasma Cells in Daratumumab-Treated Patients With Multiple Myeloma.

Anti-CD38 therapeutic modalities (e.g., daratumumab) can impede classical CD38 and CD138 gating use for plasma cell (PC) detection in multiple myeloma (MM) patients with minimal residual disease (MRD). We assessed the applicability of CD229, CD269, and interferon regulatory factor (IRF-4) for PC detection in MM MRD patients. Bone marrow samples were collected from patients with MM. Through multiparameter flow cytometry, we evaluated the suitability of CD229, CD269, and IRF-4 for distinguishing PCs from other hematopoietic cells and compared their expression pattern on normal PCs (nPCs) and aberrant PCs (aPCs). We also assessed IRF-4 expression stability after sample storage under different conditions. A 10-color MRD antibody panel was used to determine whether IRF-4 is an alternative primary PC-gating marker for MM MRD assessment. IRF-4 was expressed specifically on all PCs; its mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was highest on PCs among all hematopoietic cells. This MFI did not decrease even after sample storage at 4°C or 25°C for 72 h. In all 42 MRD assessment samples, except for samples (n = 10) with no PCs, the use of IRF-4 enabled accurate nPC (n = 12), aPC (n = 13), and nPC + aPC (n = 7) identification. Even samples from daratumumab-treated patients had high IRF-4 MFI, with no difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment (n = 7; p = 0.610). IRF-4 demonstrates high MFI on PCs, and it is not expressed on other leukocytes. In MM patients with MRD, daratumumab treatment does not affect IRF-4 expression. IRF-4 is a promising marker for PC identification in MRD assessment of MM patients undergoing anti-CD38 therapy.

A Versatile Visual Molecular Imprinting-Driven Switchable Nanozyme Activity-Based Trimodal Assay and Logic Gate Circuits of Ethyl Carbamate.

Concerns regarding the hazard of the carcinogenic ethyl carbamate (EC) have driven attempts to exploit efficient, timely, straightforward, and economic assays for warning early food safety. Here, we proposed a novel molecularly imprinted polymer Co@MOF-MIP, with a high peroxidase (POD)-like activity and a bright blue fluorescence emission, to develop a versatile visual assay for colorimetric, fluorescent, and photothermal trimodal detection and logic gate outputting of EC. Briefly, the POD-like activity of Co@MOF-MIP made it to decompose H2O2 into ·OH for oxidizing colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into a blue oxTMB, resulting in a 660 nm irradiated photothermal effect and bursting the blue fluorescence of Co@MOF-MIP via inner filter effect, observing a decreased fluorescence signal together with an increased colorimetric and 660 nm irradiated photothermal signals. However, EC could specifically fill the imprinted cavities of Co@MOF-MIP to block the catalytic substrates TMB and H2O2 out of Co@MOF-MIP for further reacting with the inside catalytic center of Co2+, resulting in the transformation suppressing of TMB into oxTMB, yielding an EC concentration-dependent trimodal responses in fluorescence signal enhancement, colorimetric, and 660 nm irradiated photothermal signal decreases. Assisted by the portable devices such as smartphones and hand-held thermal imagers, a visual onsite portable trimodal analytical platform was proposed for EC fast and accurate detection with the low detection limits of 1.64, 1.24, and 1.78 μg/L in colorimetric, fluorescent, and photothermal modes, respectively. Interestingly, these reactive events could be programmed by the classical Boolean logic gate analysis to offer a novel promising avenue for the big data Internet of Things monitoring and warning early residual EC in a more intelligent, dynamical, fast, and accurate manner, safeguarding food safety.

Full-magnetic implementation of a classical Toffoli gate

Full-magnetic implementation of a classical Toffoli gate

Implementation of Grover’s Algorithm & Bernstein-Vazirani Algorithm with IBM Qiskit

Quantum logic gates differ from classical logic gates as the former involves quantum operators. The conventional gates such as AND, OR, NOT etc., are generally classified as classical gates, however, some of the quantum gates are known as Pauli gates, Toffoli gates and Hadamard gates, respectively. Normally classical states only involve 0 and 1, whereas quantum states involve the superpositions of 0 and 1. Hence, underlying principles of algorithm implementation for classical logic gate and quantum logic gate are indeed different. In this paper, we introduce significant concepts of quantum computations, analyse the discrepancy between classical and quantum gates, compare quantum algorithms using Qiskit against equivalent classical algorithms and analyse their performance in terms of runtime.

A small-molecule activation mechanism that directly opens the KCNQ2 channel.

Pharmacological activation of voltage-gated ion channels by ligands serves as the basis for therapy and mainly involves a classic gating mechanism that augments the native voltage-dependent open probability. Through structure-based virtual screening, we identified a new scaffold compound, Ebio1, serving as a potent and subtype-selective activator for the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ2 and featuring a new activation mechanism. Single-channel patch-clamp, cryogenic-electron microscopy and molecular dynamic simulations, along with chemical derivatives, reveal that Ebio1 engages the KCNQ2 activation by generating an extended channel gate with a larger conductance at the saturating voltage (+50 mV). This mechanism is different from the previously observed activation mechanism of ligands on voltage-gated ion channels. Ebio1 caused S6 helices from residues S303 and F305 to perform a twist-to-open movement, which was sufficient to open the KCNQ2 gate. Overall, our findings provide mechanistic insights into the activation of KCNQ2 channel by Ebio1 and lend support for KCNQ-related drug development.

Time-warping invariant quantum recurrent neural networks via quantum-classical adaptive gating

Adaptive gating plays a key role in temporal data processing via classical recurrent neural networks (RNNs), as it facilitates retention of past information necessary to predict the future, providing a mechanism that preserves invariance to time warping transformations. This paper builds on quantum RNNs (QRNNs), a dynamic model with quantum memory, to introduce a novel class of temporal data processing quantum models that preserve invariance to time-warping transformations of the (classical) input-output sequences. The model, referred to as time warping-invariant QRNN (TWI-QRNN), augments a QRNN with a quantum–classical adaptive gating mechanism that chooses whether to apply a parameterized unitary transformation at each time step as a function of the past samples of the input sequence via a classical recurrent model. The TWI-QRNN model class is derived from first principles, and its capacity to successfully implement time-warping transformations is experimentally demonstrated on examples with classical or quantum dynamics.

In-Depth Immune Profiling in Children with BCP-ALL within the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017 Study

The international multicenter frontline therapy trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017 prospectively randomizes CD19-targeting T-cell engager blinatumomab (BLN) against standard of care (SOC) to improve outcomes in pediatric patients (pts) with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) stratified for high (HR) and medium (MR) risks of relapse. In HR arm BLN is given earlier, directly after intensified HR therapy block, while in the MR arm, it is given towards the end of chemotherapy, before maintenance. The immune composition prior to BLN might thus differ between both treatment groups (HR vs MR) which may impact BLN-mediated anti-leukemic activity. Within the Germany-wide immune monitoring program accompanying the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017 trial we addressed this question and studied a total of 1056 longitudinal peripheral blood samples collected between 11/2018 and 05/2022 from 381 BCP-ALL pts. Samples were prospectively analyzed with multicolor flow cytometry to study immune cell composition (Panel 1) at the time of BLN application (d0) and under ongoing immunotherapy within first 24h (d1), at day 14 (d14), at the end of the cycle I (d28) and end of cycle 2 (day28_II), if applicable (Figure 1A). In-depth T-cell profiling was performed in the BLN arm, utilizing 4 additional 12-color panels concentrated on markers associated with T-cell functionality (measured with standardized cytometer settings). Data were analyzed using classical 2D-manual gating strategies (> 2000 variables) and completed with R-based machine learning algorithms; namely partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), a multivariate dimensionality-reduction tool for identifying HR- and MR-defining immune signatures and PhenoGraph algorithm for unsupervised T-cell cluster detection. T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and TR-repertoire analysis were also performed among paired samples of 117 BLN-treated pts. Baseline immune composition differed notably between HR and MR pts directly prior to BLN therapy, as shown by PLS-DA analysis on manually gated immune subsets. HR pts showed higher neutrophil counts and lower lymphocyte and monocyte counts compared to MR pts. Interestingly, MR pts had higher levels of B- and T-cells, which are crucial for BLN-mediated T-cell activation. HR pts displayed an elevated CD4+/CD8+ ratio, shifted naïve/memory T-cell phenotypes and increased proportions of immunosuppressive T-regulatory cells. These results suggest that more intensive therapy protocols directly prior to BLN influence the immune composition towards compromised states in the HR arm, potentially affecting BLN-mediated T-cell leukemia control. BLN effectively depleted CD19+ cells in 221 out of 224 pts. We observed significantly stronger T-cell activation/expansion in MR pts compared to HR pts under BLN therapy. This expansion that was primarily attributed to naïve CD8+ T-cell populations, resulting from clonal T-cell proliferation independent of thymic contribution, as supported by TREC and TR-repertoire analysis. The PhenoGraph clustering also identified this expanding naïve CD8+ T-cell populations, surprisingly marked by loss of adhesion molecule DNAM1 (panel 1), normally involved in NK and T-cell mediated cytotoxicity and by gaining the expression of TIM-3 (panel 3), an inhibitory molecule usually co-expressed with PD1 on exhausted T-cells with memory phenotypes. In this setting however, TIM3 was not co-expressed with PD1 (Figure 1B) and its expression was correlated with the B-cell levels at baseline and was strongest in MR pts under BLN therapy. Our data suggest an until now undescribed association between DNAM1 and TIM3 with BLN-mediated T-cell activation, hinting that they may serve as a measure of T-cell activation strength or an early T-cell exhaustion marker. In conclusion our study provides clinically relevant insights in how chemotherapy prior BLN might affect the patients´ immune system, possibly influencing the BLN anti-leukemic activity, and helps to determine the optimal place of immunotherapy with BLN in multimodal treatment schedules. Here, we report until know undescribed effect of BLN on T-cell compartment. Upcoming clinical data, which will be correlated with obtained immune profiles will answer the open question regarding the clinical relevance of these findings, and shed light into the mechanisms determining response to BLN, for its maximum benefit in childhood ALL.

Dedicated hardware design for efficient quantum computations using classical logic gates

Dedicated hardware design for efficient quantum computations using classical logic gates

Classical half-adder using trapped-ion quantum bits: Toward energy-efficient computation

Reversible computation has been proposed as a future paradigm for energy efficient computation, but so far few implementations have been realized in practice. Quantum circuits, running on quantum computers, are one construct known to be reversible. In this work, we provide a proof-of-principle of classical logical gates running on quantum technologies. In particular, we propose and realize experimentally, Toffoli and Half-Adder circuits suitable for classical computation, using radio frequency-controlled 171Yb+ ions in a macroscopic linear Paul-trap as qubits. We analyze the energy required to operate the logic gates, both theoretically and experimentally, with a focus on the control energy. We identify bottlenecks and possible improvements in future platforms for energetically efficient computation, e.g., trap chips with integrated antennas and cavity qed. Our experimentally verified energetic model also fills a gap in the literature of the energetics of quantum information and outlines the path for its detailed study, as well as its potential applications to classical computing.

Optically Driven Both Classical and Quantum Unary, Binary, and Ternary Logic Gates on Co-Decorated Graphene Nanoflakes.

Nanospintronics holds great potential for providing high-speed, low-power, and high-density logic and memory elements in future computational devices. Here, using ab initio many-body theory, we suggest a nanoscale framework for building quantum computation elements, based on individual magnetic atoms deposited on graphene nanoflakes. We show the great possibilities of this proposal by exemplarily presenting four quantum gates, namely, the unary Pauli-X, Pauli-Y, Pauli-Z, and Hadamard gates, as well as the universal classical ternary Toffoli gate, which preserves information entropy and is therefore fully reversible and minimally energy consuming. All our gates operate within the subpicosecond time scale and reach fidelities well above 90%. We demonstrate the ability to control the spin direction and localization, as well as to create superposition states and to control the quantum phase of states, which are indispensable ingredients of quantum computers. Additionally, being optically driven, their predicted operating speed by far beats that of modern quantum computers.

Universal crossover in quantum circuits governed by a proximate classical error correction transition

We formulate a semi-classical circuit model to clarify the role of quantum entanglement in the recently discovered encoding phase transitions in quantum circuits with measurements. As a starting point we define a random circuit model with nearest neighbor classical gates interrupted by erasure errors. In analogy with the quantum setting, this system undergoes a purification transition at a critical error rate above which the classical information entropy in the output state vanishes. We show that this phase transition is in the directed percolation universality class, consistent with the fact that having zero entropy is an absorbing state of the dynamics; this classical circuit cannot generate entropy. Adding an arbitrarily small density of quantum gates in the presence of errors eliminates the transition by destroying the absorbing state: the quantum gates generate internal entanglement, which can be effectively converted to classical entropy by the errors. We describe the universal properties of this instability in an effective model of the semi-classical circuit. Our model highlights the crucial differences between information dynamics in classical and quantum circuits.

Visualizing Quantum Circuit Probability: Estimating Quantum State Complexity for Quantum Program Synthesis.

This work applies concepts from algorithmic probability to Boolean and quantum combinatorial logic circuits. The relations among the statistical, algorithmic, computational, and circuit complexities of states are reviewed. Thereafter, the probability of states in the circuit model of computation is defined. Classical and quantum gate sets are compared to select some characteristic sets. The reachability and expressibility in a space-time-bounded setting for these gate sets are enumerated and visualized. These results are studied in terms of computational resources, universality, and quantum behavior. The article suggests how applications like geometric quantum machine learning, novel quantum algorithm synthesis, and quantum artificial general intelligence can benefit by studying circuit probabilities.

Three types of Landauer’s erasure principle: a microscopic view

An important step to incorporate information in the second law of thermodynamics was done by Landauer, showing that the erasure of information implies an increase in heat. Most attempts to justify Landauer’s erasure principle are based on thermodynamic argumentations. Here, using just the time-reversibility of classical microscopic laws, we identify three types of the Landauer’s erasure principle depending on the relation between the two final environments: the one linked to a logical input 1 and the other to logical input 0. The strong type (which is the original Landauer’s formulation) requires the final environments to be in thermal equilibrium. The intermediate type giving the entropy change of k_{textrm{B}} ln 2 occurs when the two final environments are identical macroscopic states. Finally, the weak Landauer’s principle, providing information erasure with no entropy change, when the two final environments are macroscopically different. Even though the above results are formally valid for classical erasure gates, a discussion on their natural extension to quantum scenarios is presented. This paper strongly suggests that the original Landauer’s principle (based on the assumption of thermalized environments) is fully reasonable for microelectronics, but it becomes less reasonable for future few-atoms devices working at THz frequencies. Thus, the weak and intermediate Landauer’s principles, where the erasure of information is not necessarily linked to heat dissipation, are worth investigating.

Role of lipids in hydrophobic gating and blocker affinity in BK channels.

The large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel lacks the classic intracellular bundle-crossing gate observed in most other ion channels of the 6TM family. This observation, initially inferred from closed-pore accessibility experiments and recently corroborated by a cryo-EM structure of the non-conductive state, raises naturally a puzzling question: how can gating occur in absence of steric hindrance? To answer this question, we combined electrophysiology and molecular simulations and investigated the kinetics BK inhibition by two pore-blockers. The crux of our strategy was to leverage the state-dependent affinity of the binders to probe the physical properties of the pore. We thus combined kinetic modeling with a series of accurate free energy calculations to obtain a microscopic picture of the sequence of events taking place during the open-to-closed transition and giving rise to a nonconductive state. Our results highlight an unexpected role for annular lipids, which turn out to be an integral part of the gating machinery. Due to the presence of fenestrations, the closed-state pore is transiently occupied by some of the methyl groups from the lipid alkyl chains. This dynamic and intermittent occupancy triggers liquid-vapor oscillations and thus dewetting of the pore. Importantly, this lipid-mediated hydrophobic gating rationalizes several seemingly problematic experimental observations, including the state-dependent pore accessibility of blockers.

Effects of Channel Length Scaling on the Electrical Characteristics of Multilayer MoS2 Field Effect Transistor

With the rapid miniaturization of integrated chips in recent decades, aggressive geometric scaling of transistor dimensions to nanometric scales has become imperative. Recent works have reported the usefulness of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) like MoS2 in MOSFET fabrication due to their enhanced active surface area, thin body, and non-zero bandgap. However, a systematic study on the effects of geometric scaling down to sub-10-nm nodes on the performance of MoS2 MOSFETs is lacking. Here, the authors present an extensive study on the performance of MoS2 FETs when geometrically scaled down to the sub-10 nm range. Transport properties are modelled using drift-diffusion equations in the classical regime and self-consistent Schrödinger-Poisson solution using NEGF formulation in the quantum regime. By employing the device modeling tool COMSOL for the classical regime, drain current vs. gate voltage (ID vs. VGS) plots were simulated. On the other hand, NEGF formulation for quantum regions is performed using MATLAB, and transfer characteristics are obtained. The effects of scaling device dimensions, such as channel length and contact length, are evaluated based on transfer characteristics by computing performance metrics like drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), on-off currents, subthreshold swing, and threshold voltage.

Quantum Fourier addition simplified to Toffoli addition

Quantum addition circuits are considered being of two types: 1) Toffolli-adder circuits which use only classical reversible gates (CNOT and Toffoli), and 2) QFT-adder circuits based on the quantum Fourier transformation. We present the first systematic translation of the QFT-addition circuit into a Toffoli-based adder. This result shows that QFT-addition has fundamentally the same fault-tolerance cost (e.g. T-count) as the most cost-efficient Toffoli-adder: instead of using approximate decompositions of the gates from the QFT circuit, it is more efficient to merge gates. In order to achieve this, we formulated novel circuit identities for multi-controlled gates and apply the identities algorithmically. The employed techniques can be used to automate quantum circuit optimisation heuristics.

Nematic bits and universal logic gates.

Liquid crystals (LCs) can host robust topological defect structures that essentially determine their optical and elastic properties. Although recent experimental progress enables precise control over nematic LC defects, their practical potential for information storage and processing has yet to be explored. Here, we introduce the concept of nematic bits (nbits) by exploiting a quaternionic mapping from LC defects to the Poincaré-Bloch sphere. Through theory and simulations, we demonstrate how single-nbit operations can be implemented using electric fields, to construct LC analogs of Pauli, Hadamard, and other elementary logic gates. Using nematoelastic interactions, we show how four-nbit configurations can realize universal classical NOR and NAND gates. Last, we demonstrate the implementation of generalized logical functions that take values on the Poincaré-Bloch sphere. These results open a route toward the implementation of classical digital and nonclassical continuous computation strategies in topological soft matter systems.

The Classification of Clifford Gates over Qubits

We examine the following problem: given a collection of Clifford gates, describe the set of unitaries generated by circuits composed of those gates. Specifically, we allow the standard circuit operations of composition and tensor product, as well as ancillary workspace qubits as long as they start and end in states uncorrelated with the input, which rule out common "magic state injection" techniques that make Clifford circuits universal. We show that there are exactly 57 classes of Clifford unitaries and present a full classification characterizing the gate sets which generate them. This is the first attempt at a quantum extension of the classification of reversible classical gates introduced by Aaronson et al., another part of an ambitious program to classify all quantum gate sets. The classification uses, at its center, a reinterpretation of the tableau representation of Clifford gates to give circuit decompositions, from which elementary generators can easily be extracted. The 57 different classes are generated in this way, 30 of which arise from the single-qubit subgroups of the Clifford group. At a high level, the remaining classes are arranged according to the bases they preserve. For instance, the CNOT gate preserves the X and Z bases because it maps X-basis elements to X-basis elements and Z-basis elements to Z-basis elements. The remaining classes are characterized by more subtle tableau invariants; for instance, the T_4 and phase gate generate a proper subclass of Z-preserving gates.

Current source gate drivers for 3-phase VSI operated in small-scale wind turbine systems

The paper is dedicated to the improvement of efficiency of small-scale wind turbines’ (SSWT) power electronic converters. An efficiency of the 3-phase voltage source inverter that operates with low output voltage (<60 V) and high grid-side input voltage (380 V) is investigated. Such a solution allows skipping the intermediate DC/DC boost converter and thus reducing conversion losses and complexity of a system. The inverter has to oaperate with low duty cycles, which, in turn, demands increasing of switching speed and thus requires application of advanced transistors. To evaluate the switching performance, studies were carried out with various types of switches, namely Si IGBT, Si MOSFET, Cascode SiC JFET, SiC MOSFET using classic gate drivers and proposed current source drivers. Detailed switching waveforms were obtained using the double pulse method and analyzed for each type of the switch. The switching speed was assessed and losses were evaluated. Two types of transistors were selected for testing in the VSI paired with an EMRAX 228 generator. Inverter efficiency data was obtained and analyzed for two types of transistors/drivers and the speed-torque curve applicable for a 3 kW turbine. It is shown that the suggested solution improves the efficiency of SSWTs’ inverters.

Two-qubit logic gates based on the ultrafast spin transfer in π-conjugated graphene nanoflakes

Ultrafast optical spin control allows gate operations to be performed within picosecond time scale, orders of magnitude faster than microwave or electrical control. Here, using high-level quantum chemical computations, we suggest several two-qubit logic gates based on the optically induced ultrafast spin-flip and spin-transfer processes on rhombic graphene nanoflakes (Co4-GNF). It is demonstrated that Co atoms chemisorbed on π-conjugated C atoms can significantly influence the spin properties of the system. The spin density of different energy levels is distributed on different Co atoms, thus opening channels for successful spin-transfer processes between the Co atoms. Reversible local spin-flip processes on each Co atom as well as global spin-transfer processes between the Co atoms are realized. By carefully combining the various spin-dynamics processes achieved in our Co4-GNF structure, both classical (OR, AND, NAND) and quantum (CNOT, SWAP) binary logic gates are constructed. All spin manipulation processes finish at the subpicosecond time scale with fidelities above 96%. This theoretical design, which is exclusively based on laser-induced ultrafast spin dynamics, represents a novel implementation of qubit manipulation and can thus pave the way towards the construction of nano magnetic logic circuits and spintronic devices.