Classical Causality Research Articles

Modular narratives and visual digital culture in contemporary cinema. The case of Open Windows (Nacho Vigalondo, 2014)

In the present day, digital visual and convergence culture permeate the modes of production, circulation, and consumption of audiovisual representations, following the postulates of authors such as A. Darley or H. Jenkins. In this context, A. Cameron defines modular narratives as those in which classical narrative causality is replaced by a database aesthetic, dividing the narrative into discrete elements subject to manipulations of order, frequency, and duration. Focusing on the case of Open Windows (Nacho Vigalondo, 2014), this study aims to explore the imprints of digital visual culture on contemporary Spanish cinema incorporating modular narratives. The methodology employs an analysis model adapted to this narrative and aesthetic specificity within the framework of Computational Media Aesthetics. The film's mechanisms of representation are scrutinized through a multi-screen interface, where simultaneous events are juxtaposed within the same visual field. Finally, the discussion encompasses the necessity of applying such models to the analysis of audiovisual content associated with digital visual culture, as well as their potential utility for future research.

EffCause: Discover Dynamic Causal Relationships Efficiently from Time-Series

Since the proposal of Granger causality, many researchers have followed the idea and developed extensions to the original algorithm. The classic Granger causality test aims to detect the existence of the static causal relationship. Notably, a fundamental assumption underlying most previous studies is the stationarity of causality, which requires the causality between variables to keep stable. However, this study argues that it is easy to break in real-world scenarios. Fortunately, our paper presents an essential observation: if we consider a sufficiently short window when discovering the rapidly changing causalities, they will keep approximately static and thus can be detected using the static way correctly. In light of this, we develop EffCause, bringing dynamics into classic Granger causality. Specifically, to efficiently examine the causalities on different sliding window lengths, we design two optimization schemes in EffCause and demonstrate the advantage of EffCause through extensive experiments on both simulated and real-world datasets. The results validate that EffCause achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in continuous causal discovery tasks while achieving faster computation. Case studies from cloud system failure analysis and traffic flow monitoring show that EffCause effectively helps us understand real-world time-series data and solve practical problems.

Universe inflation and nonlinear electrodynamics

We analyse the inflation of the universe when the source of gravity is electromagnetic fields obeying nonlinear electrodynamics, with two parameters and without singularities. The cosmology of the universe with stochastic magnetic fields is considered, and the condition for universe inflation is obtained. It is demonstrated that singularities of energy density and pressure are absent as the scale factor approaches zero. When the scale factor goes to infinity, we have the equation of state for the ultra-relativistic case. The curvature invariants do not possess singularities. The evolution of the universe shows that at large time scales, the scale factor corresponds to the radiation era. The duration of universe inflation is also analysed. We study the classical stability and causality by computing the speed of sound. Cosmological parameters including the spectral index ns\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$n_s$$\\end{document}, the tensor-to-scalar ratio r, and the running of the spectral index αs\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\alpha _s$$\\end{document} are evaluated.

Amplitude’s positivity vs. subluminality: causality and unitarity constraints on dimension 6 & 8 gluonic operators in the SMEFT

We derive the causality and unitarity constraints on dimension 6 and dimension 8 Gluon field strength operators in the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT). In the first part of the paper, we use the ‘amplitude analysis’ i.e. dispersion relation for 2 → 2 scattering in the forward limit, to put bounds on the Wilson coefficients. We show that the dimension 6 operators can exist only in the presence of certain dimension 8 operators. It is interesting that the square of the dimension 6 Wilson coefficients can be constrained in this case even at the tree level. In the second part of this work, we successfully rederive all these bounds using the classical causality argument that demands that the speed of fluctuations about any non-trivial background should not exceed the speed of light. We also point out some subtleties in the superluminality analysis regarding whether the low-frequency phase velocity can always be used as the relevant quantity for Causality violation: as an example, we show that, due to these subtleties, if a small pion mass is added in the chiral Lagrangian, it is unclear if any strict positivity bound can be derived on the dimension 8 Wilson coefficient. Finally, we mention an interesting non-relativistic example where the subluminality requirement produces a stronger bound than the ‘amplitude analysis’.

On Quantum Causality

For Kant causality is an a priori category of the understanding, a necessary condition for the possibility of any experience. Later Wittgenstein’s philosophy rejects transcendentalism. We can only speak of causes and effects if in some basic situations, or ‘language games’, we already treat some things as causes of what happens. Since the notion of cause becomes meaningful only within a language game, it is not unambiguous. Quantum causal language games presuppose the use of quantum theory. We treat the latter as Wittgenstein’s grammar of a quantum form of life’, or rule (norm), anchored in its applications — quantum phenomena as language games. Quantum correlations are often interpreted as a manifestation of the nonlocality of quantum mechanics. This is a view of quantum phenomena from the perspective of classical physics. Our contextual point of view rejects the nonlocality of quantum theory in the sense of instantaneous causal influence at a distance. But it does not admit its locality in the sense of classical causality either. We introduce the notion of quantum causality which allows us to treat quantum correlations as local, but context-dependent. Their formal cause is an entangled wave function. Any particular quantum correlation, identifiable in a context of its observation as a result of the wave function reduction, post factum can be treated as a classical causal correlation. From the point of view of the proposed contextual quantum realism, epistemology is secondary, and ontology is sensitive to context. Quantum correlations exist (are real) before application of the theory, independently of their identification (description, measurement), but have no identity, which appears only as a result of application of the theory and their identification in the context. In other words, they are real, but not pre-determined, not autonomous.

OC12: Extended Granger Causality for Instantaneous Effects in Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Regulations

Mathematical tools applied on physiological parameter have shown their ability to help in our understanding in physiological processes such as autonomic regulations. However, such methods are not adapted to quantify close-loop interactions between respiratory, blood pressure and heart rhythm. To overcome this limitation, classical Granger causality (cGC) has shown efficiency for assessing directional interactions but cGC cannot assess instantaneous effects. Therefore extended Granger causality (eGC) has been proposed including instantaneous effects through zero-lag coefficient Bo. Here we studied the ability of cGC and eGC to approach interactions between respiratory, blood pressure and RR intervals in healthy subjects during orthostatic challenge. Methods: Electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure and nasal cannula have been continuously collected in supine then upright conditions in twelve healthy subjects. cGC and eGC causal direction (CD) were calculated to detect instantaneous interaction between RR intervals (RR), respiratory (RE) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). During measures respiratory frequency was normal. Results: As we expected RRI decrease and SBP increase (p<0.05) in upright position. Instantaneous effects have been observed with zero-lag coefficient Bo non-zero in eGC both in upright and supine where CD(RR->SBP,eGC) > CD(RR->SBP,cGC), CD(RE->SBP,eGC) > CD(RE->SBP,cGC) (p<0.05). Moreover zero-lag coefficients Bo(RE->SBP,supine) = 0.2 +/- 0.03 and Bo(RE->RR,supine) = 0.27 +/- 0.06 with Bo(supine) > Bo(upright) showing that respiratory causes instanteneous effects with RR and SBP. Conclusion: Granger causality analysis helps to better analyses physiological signals and provides complementary results to traditional methods, especially extended Granger, showing through coefficients Bo instantaneous effects between RE and RR (resp.SBP).

Energy-Growth Nexus in Indonesia: Fresh Evidence from Asymmetric Causality Test

The purpose of this study is to examine the causality between energy consumption and economic growth with an asymmetric causality approach in Indonesia. Data used from 1971-2014. Asymmetric causality using the Hatemi-J method (2012). Bootstrap simulation is also implemented because the data is not normally distributed and there is volatility to get a more reliable critical value than using asymptotic values. The first finding is that classical causality with Toda-Yamamoto finds no relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Indonesia. The second finding shows that asymmetric causality shows no relationship between energy consumption and economic growth on a positive cumulative basis. However, the third finding obtained a bidirectional in negative cumulative. It is known that the impact of a decrease in energy consumption is greater on a decrease in economic growth than vice versa. Based on these findings, energy consumption in Indonesia has reached an optimal point so that additional energy consumption does not have an impact on economic growth. However, efforts to stabilize energy and economic growth are urgently needed.

Time-varying multivariate causality among infectious disease pandemic and emerging financial markets: the case of the Latin American stock and exchange markets

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to study the unidirectional causality from the Infectious Disease Equity Market Volatility Tracker (EMV-ID), towards the volatility of five of the most important Latin American stock and Exchange markets. For this, volatility is captured through the DCC-GARCH t-Copula method. In addition, the time-varying Granger multivariate causality test (TV-GC) and the classical Granger causality test (GC) are applied. It is found that, with both methodologies, EMV-ID causes both series, which highlights the importance of having this new indicator for the analysis of the different agents involved in financial markets, among them, regulators, companies and traders in particular. Our results are consistent with the evidence of other research findings about the predictive power of the EMV-ID index on oil price volatility and some European equity markets, and the positive link between EMV-ID and the time-varying of return connectedness across gold, crude oil, world equities, currencies and bonds.

Recognition of Electroencephalography-Related Features of Neuronal Network Organization in Patients With Schizophrenia Using the Generalized Choquet Integrals.

In this study, we focused on the verification of suitable aggregation operators enabling accurate differentiation of selected neurophysiological features extracted from resting-state electroencephalographic recordings of patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) or healthy controls (HC). We built the Choquet integral-based operators using traditional classification results as an input to the procedure of establishing the fuzzy measure densities. The dataset applied in the study was a collection of variables characterizing the organization of the neural networks computed using the minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithms obtained from signal-spaced functional connectivity indicators and calculated separately for predefined frequency bands using classical linear Granger causality (GC) measure. In the series of numerical experiments, we reported the results of classification obtained using numerous generalizations of the Choquet integral and other aggregation functions, which were tested to find the most appropriate ones. The obtained results demonstrate that the classification accuracy can be increased by 1.81% using the extended versions of the Choquet integral called in the literature, namely, generalized Choquet integral or pre-aggregation operators.

A new method of nonlinear causality detection: Reservoir computing Granger causality

Identifying causal and interaction relationships from observational time series is a key step toward understanding complex systems and is also a challenging problem. Many methods have been developed to detect and identify the possible causal link between two variables. However, most of them often suffer from the false detection problems, including false-positive (detected causal links do not exist) and false-negative (an existing causal link fails to be detected). Compared to false-negative problem, false-positive is a more serious problem found in nonlinear systems or processes for almost all causality detection methods. In this study, a new method combining the advantages of Reservoir Computing (RC, a machine learning method) and classical Granger causality detection was developed to fully solve false-positive problems or considerably lower the false-positive rate in detecting causal links of nonlinear systems. Three typical coupled systems with known causal links are applied to show the better performance of new Reservoir Computing Granger (RCG) method over traditional nonlinear Granger causality and its extension methods, which indicates that RCG can accurately detect causal relationships in complex systems and its great potential in exploring the causal and interaction relationships from observational time series.

The Influence of Investors’ Mood on the Stock Prices: Evidence from Energy Firms in Warsaw Stock Exchange, Poland

The subject of this publication is an analysis of the sentiment of stock exchange investors in terms of making investment decisions in the energy sector of the Polish stock exchange. The investment mood is considered in the context of the possible impact of weather factors on investment decisions. Possible effects are verified in relation to the rates of return and the volume of trading of energy sector entities. The analysis is carried out both in terms of co-integration analyses as well as in econometric terms, in the cross-section of classic OLS models or causality analysis using VAR vector autoregression models. The main purpose of the issues discussed is the problem of indicating (illustrating) the presence or absence of mutual relations between weather factors and the stock market in terms of the methods considered.

Perceiving causation and causal singularism

Elizabeth Anscombe’s classic paper Causality and Determination claims that causation can be perceived. It also defends causal singularism, the idea that the causal relation is fundamentally between the particular cause and effect, and does not depend on regularities holding elsewhere in the universe. But does the former furnish an argument for the latter? The present paper analyses a special type of causal experience involving emotional reactions to present stimuli; for instance, being frightened by a spider. It argues that such experiences are strongly local, in the sense that they justify belief in a local causal relation independently of our knowledge about events elsewhere in the universe. If this analysis is correct, Humean regularity theories of causation are false; and all other non-singularist theories of causation face a difficult explanatory challenge. This means that the case for causal singularism comes out considerably strengthened.

Classical causal models cannot faithfully explain Bell nonlocality or Kochen-Specker contextuality in arbitrary scenarios

In a recent work, it was shown by one of us (EGC) that Bell-Kochen-Specker inequality violations in phenomena satisfying the no-disturbance condition (a generalisation of the no-signalling condition) cannot in general be explained with a faithful classical causal model---that is, a classical causal model that satisfies the assumption of no fine-tuning. The proof of that claim however was restricted to Bell scenarios involving 2 parties or Kochen-Specker-contextuality scenarios involving 2 measurements per context. Here we show that the result holds in the general case of arbitrary numbers of parties or measurements per context; it is not an artefact of the simplest scenarios. This result unifies, in full generality, Bell nonlocality and Kochen-Specker contextuality as violations of a fundamental principle of classical causality. We identify, however, an implicit assumption in the former proof, making it explicit here: that certain operational symmetries of the phenomenon are reflected in the model, rather than requiring fine-tuned choices of model parameters. This clarifies a subtle but important distinction between Bell nonlocality and Kochen-Specker contextuality.

How to put quantum particles on magic bullet trajectories that can hit two targets without a clear line-of-sight

Quantum particles move in strange ways, even when they propagate freely in space. As a result of the uncertainty principle, it is not possible to control the initial conditions of particle emission in such a way that the particle will definitely pass through two precisely defined positions along its path, even if it is possible to line up the two positions with the emitter. However, there is also an upside to the quantum mechanical laws of motion: constructive quantum interferences can actually raise probabilities to values higher than those permitted by classical causality. Here, it is shown that conventional interferometric methods can be used to prepare photons in a quantum state in which a non-vanishing fraction of particles will hit both of two possible targets, even though the direct line-of-sight connecting the two targets is blocked at the source. The demonstration of the effect is complicated by the uncertainty principle because the physical detection of a particle at one target disturbs the motion of the particle, making it impossible to determine whether the initial state of motion would have allowed the particle to hit the other target or not. It is nonetheless possible to determine the minimal fraction of “magic bullet” particles that must have hit both targets by showing that the number of particles hitting target A is larger than the number of particles missing target B. Quantum interference effects can thus be used to optimize the path of particles in free space beyond the classical limit of motion along a straight line.

Are geopolitical threats powerful enough to predict global oil price volatility?

Geopolitical risks have been widely linked to oil price movements in the past. Our study as an addition to this debate shows that geopolitical threats particularly play a significant role in the volatility experienced in global oil markets with attendant policy suggestions. In this study, we employed the newly developed geopolitical threats index to examine whether threats of war, terrorism, and ethnic and political violence within and between countries are powerful enough to predict volatility in global oil prices. Monthly data on global geopolitical threats index and global prices of crude were drawn upon for causality between the periods 1990:01 and 2020:04. To this effect, two volatility indices were constructed using the deviations of Brent and WTI prices from their Hodrick-Prescott filters. The ability of the geopolitical threats index to predict volatilities was examined through a battery of causality methodologies-Granger causality test in frequency domain, nonparametric test for nonlinear causality, leveraged bootstrap causality test, and Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test. Through various causality methodologies, we were able to ensure robustness against various problems associated with the classical linear Granger causality testing approach and ascertain that geopolitical threats are powerful and useful predictors of volatility in global oil prices.

Whether the general brain theory is already existing, or How does the phenomenon of information explain mind-body

Since Descartes “separation” of the Soul from the Body, we observe a complete confusion in their causal, functional, and semiotic relationships. However, in modern knowledge (about the informational activity of the human brain, the functional and causal properties of its neural networks, the functions of psychic phenomena during the processing of information in it, about the causal “ability” of information) it is time to put an end to this problem. Here, in order to explain what I am talking about, I will use the notion of “information” (which had been unknown by Descartes) regarding the “dispute” between Mind &amp; Body (the Physicality and the Mentality) for “the right” to be a more fundamental ontology of Reality. I will do this by introducing an “arbitrator” — the Objective Reality. This goal is achieved through the study of information activity of the human brain. In the process of this study, it turns out that the information activity of the brain in principle cannot be carried out without mental phenomena. That is, it turns out that the classical physical causality, which operates in the neural networks of the brain, is not able, by itself, without mental phenomena, to implement the information operations that the human brain actually performs. It also turns out that the functional inclusion of mental phenomena (at least, the phenomena of subjective evaluation and mental images) in the neurophysiologic (by and large, physical) activity of the brain explains the possibility and necessity of functional inclusion in this information processing the phenomenon of freedom of choice. After all, the processing information in the brain through mental phenomena allows more than one degree of freedom than it is “allowed” by any physical process.

Albert Einstein’s Epistemic Virtues and Vices

The article is based on the concepts of epistemic virtues and epistemic vices and explores A. Einstein’s contribution to the creation of fundamental physical theories, namely the special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity, as well as to the development of a unified field theory on the basis of the geometric field program, which never led to success. Among the main epistemic virtues that led Einstein to success in the construction of the special theory of relativity are the following: a unique physical intuition based on the method of thought experiment and the need for an experimental justification of space-time concepts; striving for simplicity and elegance of theory; scientific courage, rebelliousness, signifying the readiness to engage in confrontation with scientific conventional dogmas and authorities. In the creation of general theory of relativity, another intellectual virtue was added to these virtues: the belief in the heuristic power of the mathematical aspect of physics. At the same time, he had to overcome his initial underestimation of the H. Minkowski’s four-dimensional concept of space and time, which has manifested in a distinctive flexibility of thinking typical for Einstein in his early years. The creative role of Einstein’s mistakes on the way to general relativity was emphasized. These mistakes were mostly related to the difficulties of harmonizing the mathematical and physical aspects of theory, less so to epistemic vices. The ambivalence of the concept of epistemic virtues, which can be transformed into epistemic vices, is noted. This transformation happened in the second half of Einstein’s life, when he for more than thirty years unsuccessfully tried to build a unified geometric field theory and to find an alternative to quantum mechanics with their probabilistic and Copenhagen interpretation In this case, we can talk about the following epistemic vices: the revaluation of mathematical aspect and underestimation of experimentally – empirical aspect of the theory; adopting the concepts general relativity is based on (continualism, classical causality, geometric nature of fundamental interactions) as fundamental; unprecedented persistence in defending the GFP (geometrical field program), despite its failures, and a certain loss of the flexibility of thinking. A cosmological history that is associated both with the application of GTR (general theory of relativity) to the structure of the Universe, and with the missed possibility of discovering the theory of the expanding Universe is intermediate in relation to Einstein’s epistemic virtues and vices. This opportunity was realized by A.A. Friedmann, who defeated Einstein in the dispute about if the Universe was stationary or nonstationary. In this dispute some of Einstein’s vices were revealed, which Friedman did not have. The connection between epistemic virtues and the methodological principles of physics and also with the “fallibilist” concept of scientific knowledge development has been noted.

Emerging orthobunyaviruses associated with CNS infections

Background: Orthobunyaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses which are prevalent worldwide and are commonly associated with CNS infections in humans and other mammals. Nearly 100 orthobunyavirus species are known to date and it is expected that more orthobunyaviruses will be detected in the future. This makes it difficult for clinicians, policy-makers and researchers to determine which one to focus on. One important feature in determining importance is the ability to cause disease. However, the classical causality indicators are not applicable to orthobunyaviruses because of several pathogen-specific, logistic and ethical considerations. We aimed to develop tailor-made causality indicators to evaluate the strength of association between individual orthobunyaviruses and CNS infections. Methods and materials: We systematically reviewed literature to identify orthobunyaviruses associated with CNS infections in humans and other mammals. We subsequently reviewed all previously described infectious disease causality indicators and–with minor modifications–tested their fitness to assess the strength of causality between orthobunyaviruses and CNS infections. For each of the selected causality indicators, criteria were established to quantify to which extent they were satisfied. Next, additional literature searches were performed for each of the orthobunyaviruses obtained by our primary search to obtain information on the selected causality indicators. Results: Twenty-seven orthobunyaviruses were identified to be associated with CNS infection in humans or mammals of which six were associated with both. Six orthobunyavirus-specific causality indicators were selected which allowed quantifying the strength of causality from 0 to 18 points. Only Aino and Akabane virus–associated with disease in livestock–completely fulfilled all indicators. La Crosse virus had the highest association to human disease scoring virus with 17 points. Nine viruses scored between 4 and 10 points, which all were associated with human disease. Conclusion: Proving causality requires tailor-made causality indicators. Even then, the strength of association between orthobunyaviruses and CNS infection varied greatly. If causality was determined as dichotomous answer, none of the human disease associated orthobunyaviruses could be considered causal. While these indicators are not meant to disprove causality, the poor strength of causality for some orthobunyaviruses suggests more evidence is needed for these viruses to be considered important from a public health standpoint.

An empirical approach to the “Trump Effect” on US financial markets with causal-impact Bayesian analysis

In this paper, we have tested the existence of a causal relationship between the arrival of the 45th presidency of United States and the performance of American stock markets by using a relatively novel methodology, namely the causal-impact Bayesian approach. In effect, we have found strong causal relationships which, in addition to satisfying the classical Granger Causality linear test, have been quantified in absolute and relative terms. Our findings should be included in the context of one of the main markets anomalies, the so-called “calendar effects”. More specifically, when distinguishing between the subperiods of pre- and post-intervention, data confirm that the “US presidential cycle” represents a process of high uncertainty and volatility in which the behavior of the prices of financial assets refutes the Efficient-Market Hypothesis.

SUN-032 Digenic Inheritance of PCSK1 and CHD7 Mutations in PAX4 Homozygous Diabetic Male with Normosmic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

Background: Normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism denotes Kallmann syndrome not associated with anosmia or hyposmia. Over the past few years, the availability of next-generation sequencing has started to unravel the complex molecular basis of congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism including digenic or oligogenic pathogenecity in addition to classic monogenic causality (1). Clinical Case: A 22-year-old male patient was referred to the endocrine clinic in 2018 with recent -onset hyperglycemia. His weight was 82.2 kg with a height of 180 cm (BMI of 25.3 kg/m2). Physical examination revealed small testes, micropenis, and no axillary and pubic terminal hair. His smell sense was intact. His hormonal test reveals low testosterone (0.10 ng/mL) and low free testosterone (0.65 pg/mL) levels with inappropriately low gonadotrophins levels. Secretion of LH and FSH increased 2-fold after GnRH stimulation. His bone age was 13-years 6-months old, and brain magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of olfactory bulbs, and unremarkable findings except for small size of the pituitary gland. There were no signs associated with CHARGE syndrome (coloboma ocular, heart defects, atresia or stenosis of the choanae, retardation of growth and/or development, genitourinary anomalies, and ear abnormalities). Biochemical investigation demonstrated high serum glucose level and high HbA1c (13.8%). To identify variants to cause the phenotype of the proband, we adopted trio-based whole exome sequencing (WES) and candidate gene approach. Candidate genes was listed from the orphanet (https://www.orpha.net). WES of the proband revealed the presence of heterozygote missense mutations of the CHD7 gene (c.6107C>T, p.Pro2036Leu, rs369543203) and PCSK1 gene (c.239G>A, p.Arg80Gln, rs1799904). The missense variants were predicted to have a damaging effect on the encoded protein, by SIFT and PolyPhen-2 analyses. Genetic analyses of his family revealed that his father had the same heterozygote missense mutations of the CHD7 gene, but wild type of PCSK1. Proband’s mother had the same heterozygote missense mutations of PCSK1, but wild type of CHD7. Furthermore, the proband had homozygote missense mutation of PAX4 (c.575G>A, p.Arg192His, rs2233580) known as maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) 9 gene. Both parents have the same but heterozygous mutation of PAX4 p.Arg192His, and pre-diabetic range of hyperglycemia. Conclusion: This is the first case demonstrating digenic inheritance of mutations in PCSK1 and CHD7 as a potential cause of normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, interestingly in PAX4 homozygous diabetic male. Reference: (1) Maione L, et al. Genetic counseling for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome: new challenges in the era of oligogenism and next-generation sequencing. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(3):R55-R80.