Class Of Protocols Research Articles

Endophytic Fungi Co-Culture: An Alternative Source of Antimicrobial Substances

Antimicrobial resistance is becoming a critical issue due to the widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics and antifungals to treat common infections, leading to a growing shortage of effective drugs. Moreover, the increase in antimicrobial resistance is enhancing the pathogenicity and virulence of various pathogens. Microorganisms are key sources of chemically diverse specialized metabolites, which are produced in the final stages of their growth cycle. These metabolites hold significant value in chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries. One of the major challenges researchers face in this field is the frequent isolation of already-known substances when classical protocols are used. To address this, several innovative strategies have been developed. The co-culture approach is a powerful tool for activating silent biosynthetic gene clusters, as it simulates natural microbial environments by creating artificial microbial communities. This method has shown promising results, with new compounds being isolated and the yields of target substances being improved. In this context, this review provides examples of antimicrobial compounds obtained from co-cultures of endophytic fungi, conducted in both liquid and solid media. Additionally, the review discusses the advantages and challenges of the co-culture technique. Significance and Impact of the Study: Microbial co-culture is a valuable strategy for discovering new natural products with antimicrobial activity, as well as for scaling up the production of target substances. This review aims to summarize important examples of endophyte co-cultures and highlights the potential of endophytic fungi co-culture for pharmacological applications.

A Quantum‐Inspired Source‐Distributed Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Reliable Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

ABSTRACTUnderwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) play a pivotal role in various applications, ranging from environmental monitoring to disaster prevention, necessitating robust and efficient communication protocols tailored to the challenging underwater environment. This paper introduces the Quantum‐Inspired Void‐Based Source Distributed Opportunistic Routing Protocol (QIVSORP) to address the inherent limitations of classical routing protocols in UWSNs. Motivated by the unique challenges posed by underwater conditions, QIVSORP leverages principles from quantum mechanics to enhance routing efficiency. The protocol employs a source‐distributed approach, utilizing quantum entanglement, superposition, and opportunistic routing strategies to enable adaptive and reliable data transmission in underwater scenarios. QIVSORP incorporates void‐based forwarding, adaptive decision‐making, and multipath routing to dynamically adjust routing decisions based on real‐time network conditions. The protocol's source‐informed decisions and opportunistic forwarding contribute to the adaptability and reliability of communication in dynamic underwater environments. QIVSORP achieves outstanding performance metrics: maintaining a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 98.9% with 50 nodes and 80% with 400 nodes, reducing end‐to‐end delays to 12 ms at 50 nodes, 15 ms at 100 nodes, and 52 ms at 600 nodes, and demonstrating energy efficiency ranging from 0.2 to 200 J per delivered packet across varying node densities. These results highlight the QIVSORP's capability to optimize communication in dynamic underwater environments effectively.

On the quantum security of high-dimensional RSA protocol

Abstract The idea of extending the classical RSA protocol using algebraic number fields was introduced by Takagi and Naito (Construction of RSA cryptosystem over the algebraic field using ideal theory and investigation of its security. Electron Commun Japan Part III Fund Electr Sci. 2000;83:19–29). Recently, Zheng et al. proposed the use of the ring of algebraic integers of an algebraic number field and the lattice theory to present a high-dimensional form of RSA. The authors claim that their proposal is post-quantum and is significant both from the theoretical and practical point of view. In this article, we prove that the security of Zheng et al.’s scheme is still based on the factorization problem, and we present a practical quantum attack on this proposed scheme, our attack is a quantum polynomial time algorithm that employs Shor’s algorithm as a subroutine.

Predicting arbitrary state properties from single Hamiltonian quench dynamics

Analog quantum simulation is an essential routine for quantum computing and plays a crucial role in studying quantum many-body physics. Typically, the quantum evolution of an analog simulator is largely determined by its physical characteristics, lacking the precise control or versatility of quantum gates. This limitation poses challenges in extracting physical properties on analog quantum simulators, an essential step of quantum simulations. To address this issue, we introduce the protocol, which uses a single quench Hamiltonian for estimating arbitrary state properties, eliminating the need for ancillary systems and random unitaries. Additionally, we derive the sample complexity of this protocol and show that it performs comparably to the classical shadow protocol. The Hamiltonian shadow protocol does not require sophisticated control and can be applied to a wide range of analog quantum simulators. We demonstrate its utility through numerical demonstrations with Rydberg atom arrays under realistic parameter settings. The new protocol significantly broadens the application of randomized measurements for analog quantum simulators without precise control and ancillary systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

An efficient neural network LEACH protocol to extended lifetime of wireless sensor networks

This paper presents NN_ILEACH, a novel neural network-based routing protocol designed to enhance the energy efficiency and longevity of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). By integrating the Energy Hole Removing Mechanism (EHORM) with a sophisticated neural network for cluster head selection, NN_ILEACH effectively addresses the energy depletion challenges associated with traditional protocols like LEACH and ILEACH. Our extensive simulations demonstrate that NN_ILEACH significantly outperforms these classical protocols. Specifically, NN_ILEACH extends the network lifetime to an impressive 11,361 rounds, compared to only 505 rounds achieved by LEACH under identical conditions—representing a more than 20-fold improvement. Additionally, NN_ILEACH achieves a 30% increase in throughput and a 25% enhancement in packet delivery ratio, while reducing overall energy consumption by 40%. These results underscore the protocol’s potential to optimize energy usage and maintain network stability, paving the way for more resilient IoT systems in dynamic environments. Future work will explore further integration of machine learning techniques to enhance adaptability and performance in WSNs.

C-C Coupling in sterically demanding porphyrin environments.

Unlike their planar counterparts, classic synthetic protocols for C-C bond forming reactions on nonplanar porphyrins are underdeveloped. The development of C-C bond forming reactions on nonplanar porphyrins is critical in advancing this field of study for more complex porphyrin architectures, which could be used in supramolecular assemblies, catalysis, or sensing. In this work a library of arm-extended dodecasubstituted porphyrins was synthesized through the optimization of the classic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of peripheral haloaryl substituents with a range of boronic acids. We report on palladium-catalyzed coupling attempts on the ortho-, meta-, and para-meso-phenyl position of sterically demanding dodecasubstituted saddle-shaped porphyrins. While para- and meta-substitutions could be achieved, ortho-functionalization in these systems remains elusive. Furthermore, borylation of a dodecasubstituted porphyrin's meso-phenyl position was explored and a subsequent C-C coupling showed the polarity of the reaction can be reversed resulting in higher yields. X-ray analysis of the target compounds revealed the formation of supramolecular assemblies, capable of accommodating substrates in their void.

Communication Complexity of Entanglement-Assisted Multi-Party Computation.

We consider a quantum and a classical version of a multi-party function computation problem with n players, where players 2,…,n need to communicate appropriate information to player 1 so that a "generalized" inner product function with an appropriate promise can be calculated. In the quantum version of the protocol, the players have access to entangled qudits but the communication is still classical. The communication complexity of a given protocol is the total number of classical bits that need to be communicated. When n is prime, and for our chosen function, we exhibit a quantum protocol (with complexity (n-1)(logn) bits) and a classical protocol (with complexity ((n-1)2(logn2) bits)). Furthermore, we present an integer linear programming formulation for determining a lower bound on the classical communication complexity. This demonstrates that our quantum protocol is strictly better than classical protocols.

A study method using early dynamic acquisition of [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomography for the differential diagnosis between progression and radionecrosis of brain metastases after radiotherapy

BackgroundIt is difficult to distinguish between the brain metastasis progression (BMP) and brain radionecrosis (BRN) on the basis of 18F-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/computed-tomography (18F-FDOPA PET/CT) data. The advent of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) PET technology makes it possible to study dynamic volumes and potentially improve diagnostic accuracy. We developed a method for processing 18F-FDOPA PET/CT in the differential diagnosis between BMP and BRN. The method involves a short (3-second) sampling time during a 4-minute acquisition on a SiPM-PET/CT machine. We prospectively included 15 patients and 19 metastases. All acquisitions were performed in list mode acquisition for 25 min on a four-ring SiPM PET/CT system. We calculated the ratios between the maximum activity in the lesion’s voxel and the mean activity in the contralateral region (VOImax/CLmean) or the mean activity in the white matter (VOImax/WMmean).ResultsSeven lesions were classified as BMP and twelve were classified as BRN. Statistically significant intergroup differences in the VOImax/CLmean and VOImax/WMmean activity ratios were observed for both the clinical volume and the early acquisition. The best performing quantitative variable was the VOImax/CLmean ratio on early acquisition, with a diagnostic accuracy of 94.7%, a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 91.7%.ConclusionThe 18F-FDOPA PET/CT data acquired a few minutes after the bolus injection confirms its value in differentiating between BMP and BRN, compared to the much longer classic clinical protocol.

Quantum Rabin oblivious transfer using two pure states

Oblivious transfer between two untrusting parties is an important primitive in cryptography. There are different variants of oblivious transfer. In Rabin oblivious transfer, the sender Alice holds a bit, and the receiver Bob either obtains the bit, or obtains no information with probability p?. Alice should not know whether or not Bob obtained the bit. We examine a quantum Rabin oblivious transfer (OT) protocol that uses two pure states. Investigating different cheating scenarios for the sender and for the receiver, we determine optimal cheating probabilities in each case. Comparing the quantum Rabin oblivious transfer protocol to classical Rabin oblivious transfer protocols, we show that the quantum protocol outperforms classical protocols, which do not use a third party, for some values of p?. We find that quantum Rabin OT protocols that use mixed states can outperform quantum Rabin OT protocols that use pure states for some values of p?. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Optimal Twirling Depth for Classical Shadows in the Presence of Noise.

The classical shadows protocol is an efficient strategy for estimating properties of an unknown state ρ using a small number of state copies and measurements. In its original form, it involves twirling the state with unitaries from some ensemble and measuring the twirled state in a fixed basis. It was recently shown that for computing local properties, optimal sample complexity (copies of the state required) is remarkably achieved for unitaries drawn from shallow depth circuits composed of local entangling gates, as opposed to purely local (zero depth) or global twirling (infinite depth) ensembles. Here, we consider the sample complexity as a function of the depth of the circuit, in the presence of noise. We find that this noise has important implications for determining the optimal twirling ensemble. Under fairly general conditions, we (i)show that any single-site noise can be accounted for using a depolarizing noise channel with an appropriate damping parameter f, (ii)compute thresholds f_{th} at which optimal twirling reduces to local twirling for Pauli operators, (iii)nth order Renyi entropies (n≥2), and (iv)provide a meaningful upper bound t_{max} on the optimal circuit depth for any finite noise strength f, which applies to observables and entanglement entropy measurements. These thresholds strongly constrain the search for optimal strategies to implement shadow tomography and are easily tailored to the experimental system at hand.

Variational approach to learning photonic unitary operators

Structured light, light tailored in its internal degrees of freedom, has become topical in numerous quantum and classical information processing protocols. In this work, we harness the high dimensional nature of structured light modulated in the transverse spatial degree of freedom to realize an adaptable scheme for learning unitary operations. Our approach borrows from concepts in variational quantum computing, where a search or optimization problem is mapped onto the task of finding a minimum ground state energy for a given energy/goal function. We achieve this by a pseudo-random walk procedure over the parameter space of the unitary operation, implemented with optical matrix-vector multiplication enacted on arrays of Gaussian modes by exploiting the partial Fourier transforming capabilities of a cylindrical lens in the transverse degree of freedom for the measurement. We outline the concept theoretically, and experimentally demonstrate that we are able to learn optical unitary matrices for dimensions d = 2, 4, 8, and 16 with average fidelities of >90%. Our work advances high dimensional information processing and can be adapted to both process and quantum state tomography of unknown states and channels.

Classical, spaced, or accelerated transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex for treating neuropathic pain: A 3-arm parallel non-inferiority study

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) at high frequency (HF) is an effective treatment of neuropathic pain. The classical HF-rTMS protocol (CHF-rTMS) includes a daily session for one week as an induction phase of treatment followed by more spaced sessions. Another type of protocol without an induction phase and based solely on spaced sessions of HF-rTMS (SHF-rTMS) has also been shown to produce neuropathic pain relief. However, CHF-rTMS and SHF-rTMS of M1 have never been compared regarding their analgesic potential. Another type of rTMS paradigm, called accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation (ACC-iTBS), has recently been proposed for the treatment of depression, the other clinical condition for which HF-rTMS is proposed as an effective therapeutic strategy. ACC-iTBS combines a high number of pulses delivered in short sessions grouped into a few days of stimulation. This type of protocol has never been applied to M1 for the treatment of pain. Methods/DesignThe objective of this single-centre randomized study is to compare the efficacy of three different rTMS protocols for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: CHF-rTMS, SHF-rTMS, and ACC-iTBS. The CHF-rTMS will consists of 10 stimulation sessions, including 5 daily sessions of 10Hz-rTMS (3,000 pulses per session) over one week, then one session per week for 5 weeks, for a total of 30,000 pulses delivered in 10 stimulation days. The SHF-rTMS protocol will only include 4 sessions of 20Hz-rTMS (1,600 pulses per session), one every 15 days, for a total of 6,400 pulses delivered in 4 stimulation days. The ACC-iTBS protocol will comprise 5 sessions of iTBS (600 pulses per session) completed in half a day for 2 consecutive days, repeated 5 weeks later, for a total of 30,000 pulses delivered in 4 stimulation days. Thus, CHF-rTMS and ACC-iTBS protocols will share a higher total number of TMS pulses (30,000 pulses) compared to SHF-rTMS protocol (6,400 pulses), while CHF-rTMS protocol will include a higher number of stimulation days (10 days) compared to ACC-iTBS and SHF-rTMS protocols (4 days). In all protocols, the M1 target will be defined in the same way and stimulated at the same intensity using a navigated rTMS (nTMS) procedure. The evaluation will be based on clinical outcomes with various scales and questionnaires assessed every week, from two weeks before the 7-week period of therapeutic stimulation until 4 weeks after. Additionally, three sets of neurophysiological outcomes (resting-state electroencephalography (EEG), nTMS-EEG recordings, and short intracortical inhibition measurement with threshold tracking method) will be assessed the week before and after the 7-week period of therapeutic stimulation. DiscussionThis study will make it possible to compare the analgesic efficacy of the CHF-rTMS and SHF-rTMS protocols and to appraise that of the ACC-iTBS protocol for the first time. This study will also make it possible to determine the respective influence of the total number of pulses and days of stimulation delivered to M1 on the extent of pain relief. Thus, if their analgesic efficacy is not inferior to that of CHF-rTMS, SHF-rTMS and especially the new ACC-iTBS protocol could be an optimal compromise of a more easy-to-perform rTMS protocol for the treatment of patients with chronic neuropathic pain.

Nash Equilibria and Undecidability in Generic Physical Interactions—A Free Energy Perspective

We start from the fundamental premise that any physical interaction can be interpreted as a game. To demonstrate this, we draw upon the free energy principle and the theory of quantum reference frames. In this way, we place the game-theoretic Nash Equilibrium in a new light in so far as the incompleteness and undecidability of the concept, as well as the nature of strategies in general, can be seen as the consequences of certain no-go theorems. We show that games of the generic imitation type follow a circularity of idealization that includes the good regulator theorem, generalized synchrony, and undecidability of the Turing test. We discuss Bayesian games in the light of Bell non-locality and establish the basics of quantum games, which we relate to local operations and classical communication protocols. In this light, we also review the rationality of gaming strategies from the players’ point of view.

Regulatory T cells administration reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice submitted to chronic restraint stress.

Major depression disorder (MDD) and anxiety are common mental disorders that significantly affect the quality of life of those who suffer from them, altering the person's normal functioning. From the biological perspective, the most classical hypothesis explaining their occurrence relies on neurotransmission and hippocampal excitability alterations. However, around 30% of MDD patients do not respond to medication targeting these processes. Over the last decade, the involvement of inflammatory responses in depression and anxiety pathogenesis has been strongly acknowledged, opening the possibility of tackling these disorders from an immunological point of view. In this context, regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which naturally maintain immune homeostasis by suppressing inflammation could be promising candidates for their therapeutic use in mental disorders. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 adult male mice were submitted to classical stress protocols to induce depressive and anxiety-like behavior; chronic restriction stress (CRS), and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Some of the stressed mice received a single adoptive transfer of Treg cells during stress protocols. Mouse behavior was analyzed through the open field (OFT) and forced swim test (FST). Blood and spleen samples were collected for T cell analysis using cell cytometry, while brains were collected to study changes in microglia by immunohistochemistry. Mice submitted to CRS and CUS develop anxiety and depressive-like behavior, and only CRS mice exhibit lower frequencies of circulating Treg cells. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells decreased anxiety-like behavior in the OFT only in CRS model, but not depressive behavior in FST in neither of the two models. In CRS mice, Treg cells administration lowered the number of microglia in the hippocampus, which increased due this stress paradigm, and restored its arborization. However, in CUS mice, Treg cells administration increased microglia number with no significant effect on their arborization. Our results for effector CD4+ T cells in the spleen and microglia number and morphology in the hippocampus add new evidence in favor of the participation of inflammatory responses in the development of depressive and anxiety-like behavior and suggest that the modulation of key immune cells such as Treg cells, could have beneficial effects on these disorders.

Fear generalization modulated by shock intensity and protein synthesis inhibitor.

Maladaptive fear responses, including sensitized threat reactions and overgeneralization, contribute to anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Although stress intensity influences the generation and extent of these maladaptive fears, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study examined whether varying footshock stress intensity and inhibition of protein synthesis have differential effect on fear sensitization and generalization in mice. Mice were subjected to a classic fear conditioning protocol involving five different levels of footshock intensities. Prior to fear acquisition, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) was administered intraperitoneally. Fear sensitization to white noise and fear generalization to tones with frequencies differing from the conditioned tone were assessed at either 2 or 4 days after fear acquisition. The results showed that, although varying shock intensities (except the lowest) led to a similar pattern of increased freezing during auditory cues in fear acquisition, the extent of both fear sensitization and generalization increased with the intensity of the footshock in the following days. As shock intensities increased, there was a proportional rise in sensitized fear to white noise and generalized freezing to tones with frequencies progressively closer to the conditioned stimulus. Mildest shocks did not induce discriminative conditioned fear memory, whereas the most intense shocks led to pronounced fear generalization. Administration of CHX before fear acquisition did not affect sensitized fear but reduced generalization of freezing to tones dissimilar from the conditioned stimulus in the group exposed to the most intense shock. Our results suggest that maladaptive fear responses elicited by varying stress intensities exhibit distinct characteristics. The effect of CHX to prevent overgeneralization without affecting discriminative fear memory points to potential therapeutic approaches for fear-related disorders, suggesting the possibility of mitigating overgeneralization while preserving necessary fear discrimination.

Sharing asymmetric Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering with projective measurements

Recently, both global and local classical randomness-assisted projective measurement protocols have been employed to share Bell nonlocality of an entangled state among multiple sequential parties. Unlike Bell nonlocality, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering exhibits distinct asymmetric characteristics and serves as the necessary quantum resource for one-sided device-independent quantum information tasks. In this work, we propose a projective measurement protocol and investigate the shareability of EPR steering with steering radius criterion theoretically and experimentally. Our results reveal that arbitrarily many independent parties can share one-way steerability using projective measurements, even when no shared randomness is available. Furthermore, by leveraging only local randomness, asymmetric two-way steerability can also be shared. Our work not only deepens the understanding of the role of projective measurements in sharing quantum correlations but also opens up a new avenue for reutilizing asymmetric quantum correlations.

Histamine H3 receptor activation in the insular cortex during taste memory conditioning decreases appetitive response but accelerates aversive memory extinction under an ad libitum liquid regimen

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a robust associative learning; liquid deprivation during this conditioning allows researchers to obtain readable measures of associative learning. Recent research suggests that thirst could be a crucial motivator that modulates conditioning and memory extinction processes, highlighting the importance of the body’s internal state during learning. Furthermore, the histaminergic system is one of the major modulatory systems controlling several behavioral and neurobiological functions, such as feeding, water intake, and nociception. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the effect of H3 histaminergic receptor activation in the insular cortex (IC) during CTA. For this, we conditioned adult male Wistar rats under two regimens: water deprivation and water ad libitum. A classical CTA protocol was used for water deprivation. Before CTA acquisition, 10 μM R-α-methylhistamine (RAMH), an H3 receptor agonist, was injected into the IC. Results showed that RAMH injections decreased CTA in water-deprived rats without affecting the significant aversion conditioning in rats that were given water ad libitum. Moreover, RAMH accelerated the process of aversive memory extinction under ad libitum water conditions. According to our findings, the degree of liquid satiety differentially affected taste-aversive memory formation, and H3 histamine receptors were more involved under water deprivation conditions during acquisition. However, these receptors modulated the strength of aversive conditioning by altering the rate of aversive memory extinction in the absence of deprivation. In conclusion, histaminergic activity in the IC may influence taste memory dynamics through different mechanisms depending on the degree of liquid satiety or deprivation during conditioning.

Counterfactuality, back-action, and information gain in multi-path interferometers

The presence of an absorber in one of the paths of an interferometer changes the output statistics of that interferometer in a fundamental manner. Since the individual quantum particles detected at any of the outputs of the interferometer have not been absorbed, any non-trivial effect of the absorber on the distribution of these particles over these paths is a counterfactual effect. Here, we quantify counterfactual effects by evaluating the information about the presence or absence of the absorber obtained from the output statistics, distinguishing between classical and quantum counterfactual effects. We identify the counterfactual gain which quantifies the advantage of quantum counterfactual protocols over classical counterfactual protocols, and show that this counterfactual gain can be separated into two terms: a semi-classical term related to the amplitude blocked by the absorber, and a Kirkwood-Dirac quasiprobability assigning a joint probability to the blocked path and the output port. A negative Kirkwood-Dirac term between a path and an output port indicates that inserting the absorber into that path will have a focussing effect, increasing the probability of particles arriving at that output port, resulting in a significant enhancement of the counterfactual gain. We show that the magnitude of quantum counterfactual effects cannot be explained by a simple removal of the absorbed particles, but originates instead from a well-defined back-action effect caused by the presence of the absorber in one path, on particles in other paths.

Generation of multimillion chemical space based on the parallel Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction.

Parallel Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction was evaluated as a source of multimillion chemically accessible chemical space. Two most popular classical protocols involving the use of Sc(OTf)3 and TsOH as the catalysts were tested on a broad substrate scope, and prevalence of the first method was clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, the scope and limitations of the procedure were established. A model 790-member library was obtained with 85% synthesis success rate. These results were used to generate a 271-Mln. readily accessible (REAL) heterocyclic chemical space mostly containing unique chemotypes, which was confirmed by comparative analysis with commercially available compound collections. Meanwhile, this chemical space contained 432 compounds that already showed biological activity according to the ChEMBL database.

Energy Efficient AODV routing protocols for FANETs

All system units in flying UAV like transmitter, receiver equipment, control unit, information processing unit and payloads are powered by in build power sources. UAVs equipped with the limited on-board energy capability restrict the flying time, which will significantly affect the performance of a FANETs. Optimizing the energy consumption among nodes is one of the important research challenges. Optimization techniques for energy usage can be implemented at different OSI layer level. In our study we focused on OSI networks layers solution for performance improvements based on energy efficient routing techniques in flying ad hoc network environments. Routing algorithm that is used in MANETs applications can be optimized and used in FANETS as in both networks majority of the operational characteristics similar. But Few characteristics in FANETs like distance coverage, node mobility velocity, capacity and types of power supply used differentiate from other mobiles networks (VANETs,MANETs). During first phase of our work we evaluated the performance of classical routing protocols AODV, DSR, DSDV in FANETs using energy metrics. Result in first phase revel that AODV performance is superior to other protocols in FANETs. In second phase we designed EEAODV protocols which use energy metrics in addition to hop count for path optimization. Finally details performance comparison study between EEAODV and AODV performed, the result shows that EEAODV performance is much better that AODV. For our performance evaluation we used NS-3 simulator and random waypoint mobility models.