Complementation Classes Research Articles

Red cell serological characterization of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a clinical condition with increased red cell destruction or decreased red cell survival due to autoantibodies against self-antigens on red blood cells. AIHA may be primary or secondary to other underlying illness. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common secondary cause of AIHA. Although the incidence of AIHA in SLE patients is low (5%–10%), sometimes, it causes severe anemia which requires blood transfusion. Characterization of these autoantibodies in AIHA is very important, because the clinical condition and treatment of the patient depend on the optimal temperature reactivity, class, and subclass of immunoglobulin responsible. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The aim and objective of this study are to perform detailed characterization of red cell autoantibodies for accurate diagnosis of AIHA in SLE patients, to find out specific class (immunoglobulin G [IgG]/IgM/IgA) of immunoglobulin and/or complement (C3c/C3d) responsible for AIHA, and their association with severity of hemolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective analytical study, done at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, conducted between February 2021 and May 2022. SLE patients with AIHA were included in the study. Monospecific direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was performed to identify the specificity of autoantibody or complement. Based on hematological laboratory values, the study population was divided into three groups, i.e., mild, moderate, and severe hemolysis. DAT strength, hemolytic parameters, and severity of hemolysis were compared between different types of AIHA in SLE patients. Correlation statistics were used to know the association of severe hemolysis with DAT strength and different combinations of autoantibodies. RESULTS: Among 150 patients enrolled, 16 (10.6%) patients had severe hemolysis, 51 (34%) patients had moderate hemolysis, and 83 (55.3%) patients had mild hemolysis. Only IgG was positive in 109 (72.6%) patients, both IgG and C3d were positive in 37 (24.6%) patients, C3d was positive in 4 patients, and IgM was positive in 19 patients. High DAT reaction strength (3+–4+) and presence of C3d or IgM along with IgG were moderately correlated with severe hemolysis. CONCLUSION: Warm AIHA is the most common type of AIHA in SLE patients mediated by IgG. Mild and moderate hemolysis was seen in most cases. Severe hemolysis was moderately correlated with the presence of C3d or IgM. Further studies are warranted to find the predisposing factors leading to severe hemolysis.

Insight into mode-of-action and structural determinants of the compstatin family of clinical complement inhibitors

With the addition of the compstatin-based complement C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan, another class of complement targeted therapeutics have recently been approved. Moreover, compstatin derivatives with enhanced pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles are in clinical development (e.g., Cp40/AMY-101). Despite this progress, the target binding and inhibitory modes of the compstatin family remain incompletely described. Here, we present the crystal structure of Cp40 complexed with its target C3b at 2.0-Å resolution. Structure-activity-relationship studies rationalize the picomolar affinity and long target residence achieved by lead optimization, and reveal a role for structural water in inhibitor binding. We provide explanations for the narrow species specificity of this drug class and demonstrate distinct target selection modes between clinical compstatin derivatives. Functional studies provide further insight into physiological complement activation and corroborate the mechanism of its compstatin-mediated inhibition. Our study may thereby guide the application of existing and development of next-generation compstatin analogs.

Improving adversarial robustness of traffic sign image recognition networks

The robustness of deep neural networks is an increasingly essential issue as they become more and more prevalent in several real-world applications like autonomous vehicles. If traffic signs turn to adversarial examples, an autonomous vehicle will probably be misled and cause fatal accidents. To improve adversarial robustness, a new cost function for training convolutional neural recognition networks is proposed in this paper. Recent works proved that by employing the classifier probabilities on the complement (incorrect) classes as well as the ground-truth class in Softmax Cross Entropy, the model achieves better performance on adversarial inputs. In this paper, we show that in addition to using the information from Softmax layer, the extracted features from convolutional layers also enhance the robustness. In our new cost function, Regularized Guided Complement Entropy (RGCE), by decreasing the output of convolutional layers’ activation functions alongside utilizing Softmax layer output in training phase, we reach better model performance on adversarial attacks. Our proposed algorithm is evaluated on CIFAR-10 and GTSRB datasets. The performances of different convolutional neural networks on clean and adversarial images are reported and compared with other methods.

Soft Semi ω-Open Sets

In this paper, we introduce the class of soft semi ω-open sets of a soft topological space (X,τ,A), using soft ω-open sets. We show that the class of soft semi ω-open sets contains both the soft topology τω and the class of soft semi-open sets. Additionally, we define soft semi ω-closed sets as the class of soft complements of soft semi ω-open sets. We present here a study of the properties of soft semi ω-open sets, especially in (X,τ,A) and (X,τω,A). In particular, we prove that the class of soft semi ω-open sets is closed under arbitrary soft union but not closed under finite soft intersections; we also study the correspondence between the soft topology of soft semi ω-open sets of a soft topological space and their generated topological spaces and vice versa. In addition to these, we introduce the soft semi ω-interior and soft semi ω-closure operators via soft semi ω-open and soft semi ω-closed sets. We prove several equations regarding these two new soft operators. In particular, we prove that these operators can be calculated using other usual soft operators in both of (X,τ,A) and (X,τω,A), and some equations focus on soft anti-locally countable soft topological spaces.

Spectrum of clinical manifestation of methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria in a family of six siblings: novel combination of transcobalamin receptor defect (CD320) and cblC deficiency (MMACHC)

BackgroundMethylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria is caused by a rare inborn error of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) metabolism. There are four complementation classes of cobalamin defects cblC, cblD, cblF, and cblJ that are responsible for combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria.Case presentationWe report a case of a Pakistani family composed of six children diagnosed with methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria (MMA + HCU). Mutation analysis of siblings revealed a variable combination of c.394C>T mutation in the MMACHC gene and c.262_264del in CD320 gene. All siblings had variable age of onset, initial symptomatology, the severity of disease, and response to treatment. The maximum age of presentation was 6.5 years and the minimum age was at birth. The spectrum of symptoms ranged from a subtle learning disability to global developmental delay within the same family. None of them had a seizure disorder, megaloblastic anemia, visual disturbance, and vascular events.CD320 defect itself is very rare, and only 12 cases have been reported so far. We report six cases, four of them had homozygous MMACHC variant c.394C>T and the other two had heterozygous MMACHC mutations in c.394C>T and c.262_264del in CD 320 genes. To date, neither such case has been reported in the literature or this compound heterozygous mutation.ConclusionOur case report emphasizes that the diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorder in a child obviates the need to screen all siblings for the same disorder.

The A α -spectral radius of complements of bicyclic and tricyclic graphs with n vertices

Abstract Recently, the extremal problem of the spectral radius in the class of complements of trees, unicyclic graphs, bicyclic graphs and tricyclic graphs had been studied widely. In this paper, we extend the largest ordering of A α -spectral radius among all complements of bicyclic and tricyclic graphs with n vertices, respectively.

The Ihara zeta function of the complement of a semiregular bipartite graph

We study the Ihara zeta function of the complement of a semiregular bipartite graph. A factorization formula for the Ihara zeta function is derived via which the number of spanning trees is computed. For a class of complements of semiregular bipartite graphs, it is shown that they have the same Ihara zeta function if and only if they are cospectral.

Evaluation of DAT positive AIHA cases by elution study at a tertiary care centre in South India

The Direct Antiglobulin Test [DAT] is widely used in Immunohematological laboratory test because it is simple, quick and inexpensive test. It is performed when the presence of haemolysis and is the most important diagnostic tests for determining Immune Hemolytic Anemias. With this background this study was conducted, to evaluate the DAT positive cases Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [AIHA], along with antibody classes, severity and finally to perform elution studies to specify the antibody coated onto the red cells. 34 DAT positive AIHA cases with clinical and laboratory evidence of hemolysis were evaluated in this study. In these cases 25 warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [WAIHA]. 6 Cold Agglutinin Disease [CAD] and 3 Mixed AIHA. Our study suggests a significant association between the strength of DAT, the IgG class and subclass of Immunoglobulins either alone or in combination with other classes of immunoglobulins and/or complements. The specificity of auto and alloantibodies were identified by adsorption and elution techniques, which revealed exclusively anti-e in 6 cases of WAIHA and 5 cases with alloantibodies. The elution provides unbound RBCs for phenotyping and provide appropriate transfusion support for the needy patients. In our study revealed a strong association between the severity of hemolysis and the strength of DAT, the IgG and subclass (IgG 1 & IgG 3) of IgG Antibodies either alone or in combination with other classes of Antibodies and/or complements. The autoantibody specificity had anti-e in 6 cases of WAIHA and 5 cases had clinically significant alloantibodies. The positive DAT with falling hematocrit, jaundice appear to be clinically helpful in identifying alloantibodies.

Penerapan E-Learning Menggunakan Google Classroom sebagai Sarana Media Belajar di SMK Negeri 2 Tangerang Selatan

The process of teaching and learning activities (KBM) during the Covid-19 pandemic in schools cannot be done in the classroom, but along with technological developments it can be applied through online media. The use of e-learning using google classroom functioned as an online media with many benefits, so it is very suitable for its application in schools. The use of e-learning with google classroom is a means to complement class learning which aims to improve the competence of students. The application of this media is certainly very helpful for educators in providing material both in the form of assignments, discussions that can be carried out outside of classroom learning activities. The research conducted aims to measure the effectiveness and satisfaction level of educators in the implementation of learning through e-learning using google classroom which is applied in schools. The method of calculating the effectiveness of using the Likert scale is based on the respondent's data obtained from the questionnaire. The Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method is used to measure the level of importance, and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) is used to measure the level of satisfaction. The use of e-learning with googles is a means of learning in schools to get very effective results. The results of the calculations are obtained based on indicators of learning planning, making teaching materials, delivery, student interaction, and learning evaluation. The level of suitability and the level of user satisfaction gets a figure above 80%, so it means that the application of e-learning is very satisfactory.

Galois conjugation and multiboundary entanglement entropy

We revisit certain natural algebraic transformations on the space of 3D topological quantum field theories (TQFTs) called “Galois conjugations.” Using a notion of multiboundary entanglement entropy (MEE) defined for TQFTs on compact 3-manifolds with disjoint boundaries, we give these abstract transformations additional physical meaning. In the process, we prove a theorem on the invariance of MEE along orbits of the Galois action in the case of arbitrary Abelian theories defined on any link complement in S3. We then give a generalization to non-Abelian TQFTs living on certain infinite classes of torus link complements. Along the way, we find an interplay between the modular data of non-Abelian TQFTs, the topology of the ambient spacetime, and the Galois action. These results are suggestive of a deeper connection between entanglement and fusion.

Prepositions with CP and their implications for extended projections

AbstractIn some limited cases, English allows a particular preposition to combine with a certain kind of subordinate clause, as exemplified byin thatin “I take the proposal seriously, in that I loathe it”. In contrast, Norwegian systematically allows prepositions to combine with subordinate clauses (as inDet resulterte i at vi vant, literally “It resulted in that we won”). I argue that the English case should be handled as the subcategorization for a certain complement class by a particular lexical entry, while the Norwegian case indicates that the extended projection of clauses can continue up to the preposition. This highlights an important difference between lexical selection and extended projection, revealing a hitherto underappreciated source of parametric variation, and sheds light on several properties of extended projections as well as of prepositions. Specifically, the extended projections of N and V may “converge” at P, challenging the notion of extended projection as being confined to a single lexical category.

The perspective of undergraduate students on information needs and seeking behavior through YouTube

This study examined the perspective of university of Ilorin Library and Information Science Undergraduate Students on Information Needs and Seeking Behavior through YouTube. Total enumeration method was used to involve all the available students in the department. Questionnaire developed by the researcher complemented with a focused group interview were used for the collection of data. Five research questions were raised and answered. The results demonstrated that LIS undergraduates search through YouTube for information on latest development in the discipline, news and documentary videos on the practical aspects of the discipline, information on assignments and research, and information to complement class notes.

Utilising computer based learning to complement class teaching of gross anatomy

This study examines the use of three computer programs designed for the study of gross anatomy; An@tomedia Online, AnatomyTV, and Thieme, as in-class learning support programs within the newly adopted “Block model” of teaching delivery at Victoria University. Victoria University is the first and only Australian university to have introduced a block model of education. With the introduction of ‘The Block Teaching Model’ the focus of the use of in-class time towards meaningful and active learning has become paramount. We used these programs as in-class student-centered inquiry based learning activity. The aim of this research was to investigate how the use of these programs impact on student engagement and student experience in their study of gross anatomy which is now offered in a time-compressed block teaching method. An opinion-based survey using the Qualtrics software was conducted at the end of each anatomy unit teaching block of semester 1 in 2019. The survey was distributed to all students enrolled in the unit. Results indicate that all programs used were viewed as making a positive contribution to student learning. The use of An@tomedia Online was particularly helpful in assisting first-year students studying gross anatomy with the interpretation of laboratory-based prosected cadaveric material within the new teaching context.

Induced subgraphs of graphs with large chromatic number. VII. Gyárfás' complementation conjecture

Abstract A class of graphs is χ-bounded if there is a function f such that χ ( G ) ≤ f ( ω ( G ) ) for every induced subgraph G of every graph in the class, where χ , ω denote the chromatic number and clique number of G respectively. In 1987, Gyarfas conjectured that for every c, if C is a class of graphs such that χ ( G ) ≤ ω ( G ) + c for every induced subgraph G of every graph in the class, then the class of complements of members of C is χ-bounded. We prove this conjecture. Indeed, more generally, a class of graphs is χ -bounded if it has the property that no graph in the class has c + 1 odd holes, pairwise disjoint and with no edges between them. The main tool is a lemma that if C is a shortest odd hole in a graph, and X is the set of vertices with at least five neighbours in V ( C ) , then there is a three-vertex set that dominates X.

Communication complexity tools on recognizable picture languages

The paper deals with the class REC of recognizable picture languages, UREC its unambiguous variant and co-REC the complement class of REC. The aim of this paper is two-fold:First, the paper focuses on some necessary conditions for a language to be recognizable. Such conditions have already been identified in several works [1–5]. Here, we revisit them in the light of communication complexity arguments.Second, we use communication complexity measures in order to construct a language which is a recognizable and co-recognizable language but not an unambiguous one. This answers a question raised in [6].

1698-P: Integrative Genomics Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Pathways and Gene Networks for Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex disease involving genetic predisposition that interacts with environmental triggers, leading to the loss of insulin producing beta cells. However, the molecular cascades underlying T1D are poorly understood. We hypothesize that genetic risk factors of T1D perturb tissue-specific biological pathways and gene networks, ultimately leading to the pathogenic end point in beta cells. We sought to identify the gene networks and key regulators for T1D by conducting a comprehensive, data-driven multi-omics analysis that integrates human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1D, tissue-specific genetic regulation of gene expression in the form of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), and tissue-specific gene network models using a computational pipeline Mergeomics. Our analysis revealed immune pathways such as adaptive immune system, cytokines and inflammatory response, primary immunodeficiency and immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and non-Lymphoid cell, across various tissues as well as tissue-specific signals such as regulation of complement cascade, class B/2 (Secretin family receptors) and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Our integrative genomics approach offers comprehensive insights into the tissue-specific molecular networks and regulators underlying T1D. Disclosure M. Blencowe: None. Z. Saleem: None. X. Yang: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01DK104363)

Sensitive and accurate identification of PNH clones based on ICCS/ESCCA PNH Consensus Guidelines-A summary.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematopoietic stem cell disorder resulting from the somatic mutation of the X-linked phosphatidyl-inositol glycan complementation Class A (PIG-A) gene. Depending on the severity of the mutation in the PIG-A gene, there is a partial or absolute inability to make glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins including complement-defense structures such as CD55 and CD59 on RBCs and WBCs. Flow cytometric detection of PNH clones has become the gold standard and has played an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and clinical management of patients with PNH. Recently, a 4-part set of Consensus Guidelines have been published by flow experts in the field to address the key assay-specific considerations for the identification of PNH clones in RBC and WBC, how to report such data and a full validation document for the assays described. Below, we have summarized the most significant aspects of this International effort.

Dealing with the loss of a resident: An analysis of burnout rates in a reduced complement training program.

Residents in all fields of medicine experience high levels of burnout and less job-related satisfaction due to the stress experienced during training. Reduced complement residency classes often experience increased workloads due to the need to compensate for the fewer number of classmates. The goal of this study was to examine whether residency classes of reduced size experience higher levels of burnout. The Maslach Burnout Inventory Survey was distributed to all orthopaedic residents at our institution for four consecutive years. Emotional exhaustion≥27 and depersonalization≥10 correlate with high levels of burnout. At our institution, two residents were lost during their second year of training. Group 1 (n = 56) consisted of residents with reduced-size classes, while group 2 (n = 60) consisted of residents with full complement classes. Mean emotional exhaustion (29 vs. 30) and depersonalization (17 vs. 17) scores were comparable between reduced and full complement classes. The Maslach data from our study showed no statistical difference in burnout levels between classes of full complement and reduced complement. When compared to a previous study on burnout conducted in large orthopaedic residency programs, our entire residency program did demonstrate similar levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization.

Chern classes of logarithmic derivations for free divisors with Jacobian ideal of linear type

Let $X$ be a nonsingular variety defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $0$, and $D$ be a free divisor with Jacobian ideal of linear type. We compute the Chern class of the sheaf of logarithmic derivations along $D$ and compare it with the Chern–Schwartz–MacPherson class of the hypersurface complement. Our result establishes a conjecture by Aluffi raised in [Alu12b].

On mobile agent verifiable problems

We consider decision problems that are solved in a distributed fashion by synchronous mobile agents operating in an unknown, anonymous network. Each agent has a unique identifier and an input string and they have to decide collectively a property which may involve their input strings, the graph on which they are operating, and their particular starting positions. Building on recent work by Fraigniaud and Pelc [J. Parallel Distrib. Comput, vol. 109, pp. 117–128], we introduce several natural new computability classes allowing for a finer classification of problems below MAV or its complement class co-MAV, the former being the class of problems that are verifiable when the agents are provided with an appropriate certificate. We provide inclusion and separation results among all these classes. We also determine their closure properties with respect to set-theoretic operations. Our main technical tool, which is of independent interest, is a new meta-protocol that enables the execution of a possibly infinite number of mobile agent protocols essentially in parallel, similarly to the well-known dovetailing technique from classical computability theory.