Auxiliary Classes Research Articles

Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning by Random Auxiliary Classes Augmentation and Mixed Features

Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning by Random Auxiliary Classes Augmentation and Mixed Features

Feature-weight and cluster-weight learning in fuzzy c-means method for semi-supervised clustering

Semi-supervised clustering aims to guide the clustering by utilizing auxiliary information about the class labels. Among the semi-supervised clustering categories, the constraint-based approach uses the available pairwise constraints in some steps of the clustering procedure, usually by adding new terms to the objective function. Considering this category, Semi-supervised FCM (SSFCM) is a semi-supervised version of the fuzzy c-means algorithm, which takes advantage of fuzzy logic and auxiliary class distribution knowledge. Despite the performance enhancement caused by incorporating this extra knowledge in the clustering process, semi-supervised fuzzy approaches still suffer from some problems. All the data attributes in the feature space are assumed to have equal importance in the cluster formation, while some features may be more informative than others. Thus the feature importance issue is not addressed in the semi-supervised category. This paper proposes a novel Semi-Supervised Fuzzy c-means approach, which is designed based on Feature-Weight, and Cluster-Weight learning, named SSFCM-FWCW. Inspired by the SSFCM, a fuzzy objective function is presented, which is composed of (1) a semi-supervised term representing the external class knowledge; (2) a feature weighting; and (3) a cluster weighting. Both feature weights and cluster weights are determined adaptively during the clustering. Considering these two techniques leads to insensitivity to the initial center selection, insensitivity to noise, and consequently helps to form an optimal clustering structure. Experimental comparisons are carried out on several benchmark datasets to evaluate the proposed approach's performance, and promising results are achieved. The Matlab implementation source code of the proposed method is publicly accessible at https://github.com/Amin-Golzari-Oskouei/SSFCM-FWCW.

ON POSITIVE CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS DEFINED IN THE UNIT POLYDISC

In theory of holomorphic functions having bounded L-index in a direction b an auxiliary class of positive continuous functions L is important to describe properties of the holomorphic functions by some inequalities andestimates containing the function L. This class is defined by local behavior of the function L. In the simplest one-dimensional case, the functionshould not vary locally too quickly, i.e. L(r+O(1/L(r))) = O(L(r)) for r = |z| → +∞. The paper is devoted an analog of this function class for the unit polydisc, i.e. for the Cartesian product of the unit discs. There is proved an equivalence of three different approaches to define the class. It is described by the local behavior on the slice z+tb for given z fromthe unit polydisc and for a fixed direction b, where the complex variable t belongs to some disc with radius dependent on b and z. These estimates must be fulfilled uniformly in all z. There is indicated a possible explicitform of functions belonging to the class. The form is given as a product of arbitrary positive continuous function defined in the closed unit polydisc and the minimum of the expressions 1/(1−|z j|) in all variables z j.

Continuous-state branching processes with collisions: First passage times and duality

We introduce a class of one-dimensional positive Markov processes generalizing continuous-state branching processes (CBs), by taking into account a phenomenon of random collisions. Besides branching, characterized by a general mechanism Ψ, at a constant rate in time two particles are sampled uniformly in the population, collide and leave a mass of particles governed by a (sub)critical mechanism Σ. Such CB processes with collisions (CBCs) are shown to be the only Feller processes without negative jumps satisfying a Laplace duality relationship with one-dimensional diffusions on the half-line. This generalizes the duality observed for logistic CBs in Foucart (2019). Via time-change, CBCs are also related to an auxiliary class of Markov processes, called CB processes with spectrally positive migration (CBMs), recently introduced in Vidmar (2022). We find necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundaries 0 or ∞ to be attracting and for a limiting distribution to exist. The Laplace transform of the latter is provided. Under the assumption that the CBC process does not explode, the Laplace transforms of the first passage times below arbitrary levels are represented with the help of the solution of a second-order differential equation, whose coefficients express in terms of the Lévy–Khintchine functions Σ and Ψ. Sufficient conditions for non-explosion are given.

Analysis of Doherty Power Amplifier Matching Assisted by Physics-Based Device Modelling

The Doherty Power Amplifier represents one of the most promising solutions for the design of high-efficiency power stages. In the widely adopted ABC scheme, the Doherty Amplifier design critically depends on the accuracy of the device model in different operating conditions, ranging from class AB to class C. For the class C case, library models are often inaccurate, while experimental characterization is difficult since it must be carried out in large signal conditions and with varying gate bias. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach, based on physics-based Technological CAD (TCAD) simulations of the complete Doherty amplifier along with the analysis of its individual MAIN (class AB) and AUXILIARY (class C) stages. TCAD simulations seamlessly provide an accurate modelling of the device behavior in all operation classes, including the device turn-on and the nonlinear capacitances, and easily account for the cross-loading effects of the MAIN and AUXILIARY devices through the output network and the effect of the device feedback (gate-drain) capacitance on the input matching. Analyzing a GaAs Doherty stage at 12 GHz, we show that the input phase of the auxiliary stage can be exploited for the Doherty power amplifier optimization in terms of gain, linearity and efficiency, showing a 9 dB gain with less than 1 dB gain variation from back-off to peak power with a power-added efficiency exceeding 45% over a Doherty region extending to a more than 6 dB output power back-off.

3D reconstruction of proximal femoral fracture from biplanar radiographs with fractural representative learning

A femoral fracture is a severe injury occurring in traumatic and pathologic causes. Diagnosis and Preoperative planning are indispensable procedures relying on preoperative radiographs such as X-ray and CT images. Nevertheless, CT imaging has a higher cost, radiation dose, and longer acquisition time than X-ray imaging. Thus, the fracture 3D reconstruction from X-ray images had been needed and remains a challenging problem, as well as a lack of dataset. This paper proposes a 3D proximal femoral fracture reconstruction from biplanar radiographs to improve the 3D visualization of bone fragments during preoperative planning. A novel Fracture Reconstruction Network (FracReconNet) is proposed to retrieve the femoral bone shape with fracture details, including the 3D Reconstruction Network (3DReconNet), novel Auxiliary class (AC), and Fractural augmentation (FA). The 3D reconstruction network applies a deep learning-based, fully Convolutional Network with Feature Pyramid Network architecture. Specifically, the auxiliary class is proposed, which refers to fracture representation. It encourages network learning to reconstruct the fracture. Since the samples are scarce to acquire, the fractural augmentation is invented to enlarge the fracture training samples and improve reconstruction accuracy. The evaluation of FracReconNet achieved a mIoU of 0.851 and mASSD of 0.906 mm. The proposed FracReconNet’s results show fracture detail similar to the real fracture, while the 3DReconNet cannot offer.

Multiparameter Adaptive Optimisation of MSE Osseous Expansion Position

The accuracy of the implantation position of the MSE osseous expansion anchorage implant is a key issue in the treatment of osseous expansion, which also suffers from the drawback of falling into prematureness too early when the standard QPSO algorithm is used for its multiobjective optimisation. In this study, an adaptive improved QPSO algorithm is proposed to address the above problems. Firstly, a partitioned retrieval strategy is used to divide the population into an auxiliary class group and a main iterative population, and the respective search iteration intervals of the populations are assigned, thus optimising the initialisation mechanism of the standard algorithm, and then, the pheromone mechanism in the ACO algorithm is introduced to make the particles in the QPSO algorithm carry pheromones, and the particles determine their direction of travel by sensing the pheromone concentration in each path, thus improving the search ability of the particles. Experimental simulation results show that the improved strategy proposed in this study effectively improves the population diversity of the standard QPSO algorithm, avoids the algorithm from entering local optimum, and has good application in MSE osseous expansion position optimisation.

A history of over 40 years of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba studies in Brazil - a systematic review.

Free-living amoeba (FLA) group includes the potentially pathogenic genera Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Balamuthia, Sappinia, and Vermamoeba, causative agents of human infections (encephalitis, keratitis, and disseminated diseases). In Brazil, the first report on pathogenic FLA was published in the 70s and showed meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria spp. FLA studies are emerging, but no literature review is available to investigate this trend in Brazil critically. Thus, the present work aims to integrate and discuss these data. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched, retrieving studies from 1974 to 2020. The screening process resulted in 178 papers, which were clustered into core and auxiliary classes and sorted into five categories: wet-bench studies, dry-bench studies, clinical reports, environmental identifications, and literature reviews. The papers dating from the last ten years account for 75% (134/178) of the total publications, indicating the FLA topic has gained Brazilian interest. Moreover, 81% (144/178) address Acanthamoeba-related matter, revealing this genus as the most prevalent in all categories. Brazil’s Southeast, South, and Midwest geographic regions accounted for 96% (171/178) of the publications studied in the present work. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the pioneer in summarising the FLA research history in Brazil.

Classification of private auxiliary lessons

This article presents the results of a comprehensive study of private auxiliary lessons, including theoretical and empirical methods, carried out in the period from 2017 to 2020. The main approaches to the study of the problem of classification of private auxiliary lessons are system and structural-functional ones. The goals of private auxiliary classes have been defined. Their key features have been identified: they are conducted individually or in small groups; they are organized regularly; they are conducted to assist in the education of schoolchildren; they depend on the main education system; they are characterized by maximum individualization of the learning process; in most cases, they are not standardized; they are based on the principle of rhizomatic learning; in most cases, they belong to non-formal education. Based on the goals, the types of these classes have been defined, which are divided into types according to the corresponding characteristics, and their description has been given.

Robust saddle‐point criterion in second‐order partial differential equation and partial differential inequation constrained control problems

AbstractIn this article, for a given class of multi‐dimensional scalar variational control problems (named ) with mixed constraints implying second‐order partial differential equations and inequations, we introduce an auxiliary (modified) class of variational control problems (named ), which is much easier to study, and provide some characterization results of and by using the notions of normal weak robust optimal solution and robust saddle‐point associated with a Lagrange functional corresponding to . For this aim, we consider scalar multiple integral cost functionals and the notion of convexity associated with a multiple integral functional driven by an uncertain multi‐time controlled second‐order Lagrangian.

Improving natural language information extraction from cancer pathology reports using transfer learning and zero-shot string similarity.

ObjectiveWe develop natural language processing (NLP) methods capable of accurately classifying tumor attributes from pathology reports given minimal labeled examples. Our hierarchical cancer to cancer transfer (HCTC) and zero-shot string similarity (ZSS) methods are designed to exploit shared information between cancers and auxiliary class features, respectively, to boost performance using enriched annotations which give both location-based information and document level labels for each pathology report.Materials and MethodsOur data consists of 250 pathology reports each for kidney, colon, and lung cancer from 2002 to 2019 from a single institution (UCSF). For each report, we classified 5 attributes: procedure, tumor location, histology, grade, and presence of lymphovascular invasion. We develop novel NLP techniques involving transfer learning and string similarity trained on enriched annotations. We compare HCTC and ZSS methods to the state-of-the-art including conventional machine learning methods as well as deep learning methods.ResultsFor our HCTC method, we see an improvement of up to 0.1 micro-F1 score and 0.04 macro-F1 averaged across cancer and applicable attributes. For our ZSS method, we see an improvement of up to 0.26 micro-F1 and 0.23 macro-F1 averaged across cancer and applicable attributes. These comparisons are made after adjusting training data sizes to correct for the 20% increase in annotation time for enriched annotations compared to ordinary annotations.ConclusionsMethods based on transfer learning across cancers and augmenting information methods with string similarity priors can significantly reduce the amount of labeled data needed for accurate information extraction from pathology reports.

On Robust Saddle-Point Criterion in Optimization Problems with Curvilinear Integral Functionals

In this paper, we introduce a new class of multi-dimensional robust optimization problems (named (P)) with mixed constraints implying second-order partial differential equations (PDEs) and inequations (PDIs). Moreover, we define an auxiliary (modified) class of robust control problems (named (P)(b¯,c¯)), which is much easier to study, and provide some characterization results of (P) and (P)(b¯,c¯) by using the notions of normal weak robust optimal solution and robust saddle-point associated with a Lagrange functional corresponding to (P)(b¯,c¯). For this aim, we consider path-independent curvilinear integral cost functionals and the notion of convexity associated with a curvilinear integral functional generated by a controlled closed (complete integrable) Lagrange 1-form.

REMARKS ON SOME CLASSES OF POSITIVE CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS IN C^n

Here we prove two propositions providing sufficient conditions of belonging positive continuous functions in to classes and These auxiliary classes plays important role in theory of entire functions of bounded L-index in direction and bounded L-index in joint variables, where are continuous functions. They help to constuct general theory of bounded index for very wide class of entire functions, because for every entire functions with bounded multiplicities of zero points there exists a corresponding function or providing boundedness of L-index in direction or boundedness L–index in joint variables respectively. Our result requires uniform boundedness of logarithmic derivative in all variables and for belonging the function to class Q^n. Another result requires uniform boundedness of logarithmic derivative in directions and for belonging the function to class Q^n_b where is the complex conjugate vector to b.

Platon Felsefesinde Adalet, Düzen ve Yasa

Platon, bireysel ve toplumsal bir erdem olarak gördüğü adaleti Devlet ve Yasalar adlı eserleri başta olmak üzere çeşitli eserlerinde soruşturmuş, onun ne olduğunu ve önemini ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Adaletin ne olduğu meselesi güç bir meseledir ve onun ne olduğu konusunda anlaşmazlıklar mevcuttur. Bu nedenle Platon, onun ne olduğu sorusuna yanıt ararken, onun ne olmadığını da ortaya koymuştur. Öncelikli olarak o, adaletin güçlünün iradesinin tezahürü olduğu veya yalnızca özçıkarın korunması için bir araçtan ibaret olduğu görüşlerine karşı çıkmıştır. Adalet ne güçlünün iradesinin tezahürüdür ne de özçıkarın korunması için bir araçtan ibarettir. Adalet, tanrıların bile üstünde yer alan bir ilkedir. Platon’a göre adalet, tıpkı iyi ideası gibi bir ideadır. Platon için adalet bir idea olmanın yanı sıra ayrıca bir erdemdir ve bir erdem olarak diğer erdemlerden kopuk değildir. Onun varlığı diğer erdemlerin varlığıyla ilişkilidir. Adaletle beraber ölçülülük, cesaret ve bilgeliği de birer erdem olarak gören Platon, bu erdemleri ruhun üçlü yapısıyla ilişkilendirmiştir. Üç parçalı ruh anlayışını benimseyen Platon’a göre ruhun akıllı kısmı dışında, akıllı olmayan, arzulayan ve öfkelenen kısımları da bulunmaktadır. Ruhun akıllı kısmının erdemi bilgelikken, diğer kısımlarının erdemleri ölçülülük ve cesarettir. Adalet, bir kimsede bu üç erdemin bulunmasıyla kendiliğinden ortaya çıkan bir erdemdir. Bu nedenle onun ruhta tekabül ettiği herhangi özel bir kısım yoktur. Platon’a göre insan ruhu gibi toplumlar da üç kısımdan oluşurlar ve her bir kısım, insan ruhundaki bir kısma tekabül eder. Üretici sınıf insan ruhunun arzulayan kısmına, koruyucu sınıf ruhun öfkelenen kısmına, yönetici sınıf ise ruhun akıllı kısmına karşılık gelir. Toplumu oluşturan bu sınıfların sergilemesi gereken erdemler de ruhun karşılık geldikleri kısımlarına uygun erdemlerdir. Bunun anlamı üretici sınıfın ölçülülük, koruyucu sınıfın cesaret, yönetici sınıfının ise bilgelik erdemine sahip olması gerektiğidir. Tüm sınıflar kendileri için gerekli erdeme sahip olarak toplumsal rollerini eksiksizce yerine getirdikleri takdirde, o toplum hem düzen kazanacak hem de adil ve mutlu bir toplum haline gelecektir. Toplumun bu niteliklere sahip olabilmesi için toplumu aklı temsil eden bilge kimselerin yönetmesi gerekmektedir. Çünkü ancak bu kişiler bir bütün olarak toplumun iyiliğini gözetebilirler. Yalnızca bilgelik sahibi yöneticilerin idare ettiği toplumu adil bir toplum sayan Platon, devlet biçimlerini toplumların sahip oldukları erdemler açısından değerlendirir. İdeal devletten uzaklaşan toplumlar aşama aşama diğer erdemleri de yitirecek ve adaletten de adım adım uzaklaşacaklardır. Platon açısından topluma adalet sağlayacak olan yöneticinin en önemli görevlerinden biri de yasamadır. Yasalarla devlet idaresinde yer alan görevliler ve bunların görevleri belirlenerek devletin işleyiş mekanizması ortaya konur. Bunun dışında yasalar toplumun erdemli olmasını sağlayan araçlar olarak işlev görürler. Yasaların amacı toplumun erdemi, iyiliği ve mutluluğudur. Akıl kaynaklı olması gereken yasalar, yurttaşların erdem kazanmasına hizmet ederler. Yasalara itaat eden insanlar birbirleri ile dostane ilişkiler kurabileceklerdir. Bu çalışmada başta Platon’un adalet, düzen ve yasadan ne anladığı, sonrasında ise bu kavramları birbirleriyle ve erdem, bilgelik, mutluluk, ceza gibi ilgili diğer kavramlarla nasıl ilişkilendirdiği gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Platon’un gerek adalet, gerekse de erdem ve siyaset ile ilgili görüşlerine ilişkin çok sayıda çalışma olmasına rağmen onun adalet ile düzen, yasa ve ceza gibi kavramları nasıl ilişkilendirdiğine dair doğrudan bir çalışma Türkçe literatürde bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma, bu bakımından literatürde bir boşluğu doldurma iddiasındadır. Çalışmada öncelikle Platon açısından adaletin ne olmadığına ve önemine değinilmiş; sonrasında adalet, bireysel ruhta ve toplumsal boyutta düzen olarak ele alınarak bireysel ve toplumsal adaletin nasıl sağlanacağı sorularına yanıt aranmıştır. Platon’a göre adalet erdemi olmadan bireysel ve toplumsal mutluluğa ulaşılamayacağı, adalet için bilgeliğin bir gereklilik olduğu, yasaların ise adalete ulaşmada birer araç olduğu sonuç olarak ortaya konmuştur.

Convolutional prototype learning for zero-shot recognition

Zero-shot learning (ZSL) has received increasing attention in recent years especially in areas of fine-grained object recognition, retrieval, and image captioning. The key to ZSL is to transfer knowledge from the seen to the unseen classes via auxiliary class attribute vectors. However, the popularly learned projection functions in previous works cannot generalize well since they assume the distribution consistency between seen and unseen domains at sample-level. Besides, the provided non-visual and unique class attributes can significantly degrade the recognition performance in semantic space. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective convolutional prototype learning (CPL) framework for zero-shot recognition. By assuming distribution consistency at task-level, our CPL is capable of transferring knowledge smoothly to recognize unseen samples. Furthermore, inside each task, discriminative visual prototypes are learned via a distance based training mechanism. Consequently, we can perform recognition in visual space, instead of semantic space. An extensive group of experiments are then carefully designed and presented, demonstrating that CPL obtains more favorable effectiveness, over currently available alternatives under various settings.

Background Suppression Network for Weakly-Supervised Temporal Action Localization

Weakly-supervised temporal action localization is a very challenging problem because frame-wise labels are not given in the training stage while the only hint is video-level labels: whether each video contains action frames of interest. Previous methods aggregate frame-level class scores to produce video-level prediction and learn from video-level action labels. This formulation does not fully model the problem in that background frames are forced to be misclassified as action classes to predict video-level labels accurately. In this paper, we design Background Suppression Network (BaS-Net) which introduces an auxiliary class for background and has a two-branch weight-sharing architecture with an asymmetrical training strategy. This enables BaS-Net to suppress activations from background frames to improve localization performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of BaS-Net and its superiority over the state-of-the-art methods on the most popular benchmarks – THUMOS'14 and ActivityNet. Our code and the trained model are available at https://github.com/Pilhyeon/BaSNet-pytorch.

A Class by Themselves? The Origins of Special Education in Toronto and Beyond by Jason Ellis

Reviewed by: A Class by Themselves? The Origins of Special Education in Toronto and Beyond by Jason Ellis Sharon Anne Cook Ellis, Jason – A Class by Themselves? The Origins of Special Education in Toronto and Beyond. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. Pp. 364. Jason Ellis's new monograph on the history of special education in Toronto is a welcome addition to the slim historiography on this topic. With its origins in a doctoral dissertation at York University (with Paul Axelrod as supervisor), the book version should stand as an incentive to every graduate student who plans to tackle the process of turning a thesis into a book. As I argue later, I believe that Ellis's book has much utility for graduate students generally, as well as for academics interested in this subject, and very importantly, for former special education students, who will find the topic and their experiences treated with sensitivity and respect. A Class by Themselves? is a model on several levels. Ellis's argument is clearly presented and ably referenced by a range of research sources. He begins his survey in 1910, when the Toronto Board of Education (TBE) established four "auxiliary" classes in different schools for "mentally defective" children. He credits several motives for this initiative: eugenics, which caused many citizens to be genuinely afraid of children judged to be subnormal, a drive for bureaucratic efficiency in educational systems, and the charitable impulse of "child savers." In that same decade, classes were established for children who [End Page 690] were "merely backward" rather than defective, "pre-tuberculous," sickly, and malnourished children and for those who did not know English or Canadian norms. By the 1920s, auxiliary education was entrenched in urban schooling. With the popularity and enormous confidence placed in IQ testing, streaming was reinforced, with auxiliary classes one of its expressions. Further, the science of IQ created the deterministic assumption that learning problems were caused by low intelligence, and that one's IQ was fixed and impervious to much change, even with the influence of excellent teaching. By 1920, the Ontario Government had raised the school leaving age to 16 from 14. This factor, as well as prevailing notions about fixed IQ, shaped adolescent vocational guidance presented in schools. Toronto's gendersegregated Junior Vocational and Handicraft schools adopted progressive curricular notions of instruction that prevailed through the 1930s. Ellis also examines the "rehabilitation" wing of special education, grounded in the belief that education could indeed help some people advance beyond their handicaps. Sight-saving classes, oralist day school classes—where lip-reading was taught to the totally deaf and speech-correction to the hard-of-hearing—as well as orthopaedic classes for children with physical disabilities were all offered in selected regular schools. By 1930, the era (some might say, the tyranny) of IQ testing was eased, with the rise of international authorities on brain injury, psychologists, and remedial education experts. The "theory of special-subject disability" argued that children with normal intelligence could possess a disability in one or more individual subject areas, such as reading or arithmetic, and that such disabilities were fully amenable to correction through careful diagnostic testing, special learning materials, and remedial teaching techniques. Finally, Ellis considers the effects on auxiliary education of the mental hygiene movement, psychological theories about personality adjustment, and child-guidance clinics. These environmentalist forces all encouraged auxiliary educators to recognize the potential for change through targeted and appropriate educational strategies, but also the need for children to adapt to their circumstances, which often resulted in scaled-back expectations by children, parents, and educators. I noted earlier in this brief review that I regularly thought of my graduate students as I read Jason Ellis's work and noted various sections that I thought would particularly benefit this group, although anyone will learn much in reading this book. I have already commented on the clarity of the structure of the book and of the argument presented. The writing is accessible and lively, offering a model that most historians, not just students, would do well to emulate. The research documentary base permits the author to personalize his account, always to be recommended, and essential in...

A Class by Themselves? The Origins of Special Education in Toronto and Beyond by Jason Ellis

ELLIS, Jason – A Class by Themselves? The Origins of Special Education in Toronto and Beyond. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. Pp. 364. Jason Ellis’s new monograph on the history of special education in Toronto is a welcome addition to the slim historiography on this topic. With its origins in a doctoral dissertation at York University (with Paul Axelrod as supervisor), the book version should stand as an incentive to every graduate student who plans to tackle the process of turning a thesis into a book. As I argue later, I believe that Ellis’s book has much utility for graduate students generally, as well as for academics interested in this subject, and very importantly, for former special education students, who will find the topic and their experiences treated with sensitivity and respect. A Class by Themselves? is a model on several levels. Ellis’s argument is clearly presented and ably referenced by a range of research sources. He begins his survey in 1910, when the Toronto Board of Education (TBE) established four “auxiliary” classes in different schools for “mentally defective” children. He credits several motives for this initiative: eugenics, which caused many citizens to be genuinely afraid of children judged to be subnormal, a drive for bureaucratic efficiency in educational systems, and the charitable impulse of “child savers.” In that same decade, classes were established for children who were “merely backward” rather than defective, “pre-tuberculous,” sickly, and malnourished children and for those who did not know English or Canadian norms. By the 1920s, auxiliary education was entrenched in urban schooling. With the popularity and enormous confidence placed in IQ testing, streaming was reinforced, with auxiliary classes one of its expressions. Further, the science of IQ created the deterministic assumption that learning problems were caused by low intelligence, and that one’s IQ was fixed and impervious to much change, even with the influence of excellent teaching. By 1920, the Ontario Government had raised the school leaving age to 16 from 14. This factor, as well as prevailing notions about fixed IQ, shaped adolescent vocational guidance presented in schools. Toronto’s gendersegregated Junior Vocational and Handicraft schools adopted progressive curricular notions of instruction that prevailed through the 1930s. Ellis also examines the “rehabilitation” wing of special education, grounded in the belief that education could indeed help some people advance beyond their handicaps. Sight-saving classes, oralist day school classes—where lip-reading was taught to the totally deaf and speech-correction to the hard-of-hearing—as well as orthopaedic classes for children with physical disabilities were all offered in selected regular schools. By 1930, the era (some might say, the tyranny) of IQ testing was eased, with the rise of international authorities on brain injury, psychologists, and remedial education experts. The “theory of special-subject disability” argued that children with normal intelligence could possess a disability in one or more individual subject areas, such as reading or arithmetic, and that such disabilities were fully amenable to correction through careful diagnostic testing, special learning materials, and remedial teaching techniques. Finally, Ellis considers the effects on auxiliary education of the mental hygiene movement, psychological theories about personality adjustment, and child-guidance clinics. These environmentalist forces all encouraged auxiliary educators to recognize the potential for change through targeted and appropriate educational strategies, but also the need for children to adapt to their circumstances, which often resulted in scaled-back expectations by children, parents, and educators. I noted earlier in this brief review that I regularly thought of my graduate students as I read Jason Ellis’s work and noted various sections that I thought would particularly benefit this group, although anyone will learn much in reading this book. I have already commented on the clarity of the structure of the book and of the argument presented. The writing is accessible and lively, offering a model that most historians, not just students, would do well to emulate. The research documentary base permits the author to personalize his account, always to be recommended, and essential in a study of auxiliary or special education. As one source, for instance, Ellis uses the pupil record cards of more than 1,300 auxiliary students from...

A Distributed Algorithm For Almost-Nash Equilibria of Average Aggregative Games With Coupling Constraints

We consider the framework of average aggregative games, where the cost function of each agent depends on his own strategy and on the average population strategy. We focus on the case in which the agents are coupled not only via their cost functions, but also via a shared constraint coupling their strategies. We propose a distributed algorithm that achieves an $\varepsilon$ -Nash equilibrium by requiring only local communications of the agents, as specified by a sparse communication network. The proof of convergence of the algorithm relies on the auxiliary class of network aggregative games. We apply our theoretical findings to a multimarket Cournot game with transportation costs and maximum market capacity.

Indices formal grammar of the Universal Decimal Classification

The article proposes an algorithm for decoding and representation in natural language of the Universal Decimal Classifycation (UDC) complex class numbers. The algorithm is based on the formal definition of correct class numbers using a generative grammar, which sets the list of structures starting with simple table codes of UDC classes. Then separate integers, auxiliary and independent class numbers are sequentially attached to the codes with special symbols of relations of classes, which compose the complex class number. The algorithm expresses the values of the analyzed complex indices by descriptions (names and notes) of the table classes included in the structure of the analyzed string. The class descriptions are accompanied with the logical connectors based on the functions of the auxiliary characters. They provide the idea on connection of concepts denoted in the class number. The algorithm action is described evidently for the analysis of combined index 539.4.019: [535-15+537.8.029.6]. The proposed algorithm is applicable both to visualize the meaning of complex class numbers, and to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the documents retrieval by the UDC classes.