Herbicides Of Class Research Articles

Cytotoxic Effect of Clethodim Exposure on Liver Cells&

Clethodim, a herbicide group pesticide, is classified as a toxicity class II agent. The development toxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of this herbicide have been demonstrated in zebrafish and rat. There are no in vitro studies on the hepatoxic effects of clethodim. In this study, for the first time, clethodim was tested with liver cell line models. THLE-2 and B129 cells were treated with a wide range of clethodim for 96 hours. After that, its hepatoxic effects were evaluated by MTT and SRB analyses. Both assays revealed that the cellular proliferation was strikingly decreased with the dose dependent manner. Especially, 1000 µg/ml dose of the clethodim exposure supressed the cellular proliferation at a %90 and %75 for B129 and THLE-2 cells. Moreover, a significant reduction was acquired in both cells number and volume with the high doses of this cyclohexanedione class herbicide. These cytotoxic impacts can be strongly related to the herbicide elaved oxidative stress. In the light of our results, the long and high doses of clethodim exposure has a hepatoxic effect and its toxic target organ is be liver. Hence, further studies on the use of clethodim-based herbicides are urgently needed.

Effects of Salicylic Acid on Fatty Acid Gene Expression in Carthamus tinctorious L. cv. Dinçer under Pendimethalin Stress

Pendimethalin is a member of the dinitroaniline class herbicide. It used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds. Salicylic acid acts as an endogenous signal molecule in charge of inducing environmental stress tolerance in plants. Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase is a key enzyme for α-linolenic acid biosynthesis. Here, we searched to understand the beneficial impacts of salicylic acid on fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD3 and FAD7) expression during pendimethalin stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorious cv. “Dinçer). In this study, 0.004 and 0.01 M pendimethalin was applied to safflower plants grown under controlled climatic conditions in 36 pots. 0.05 mM salicylic acid was applied to the samples where pendimethalin was applied. After application, gene expression analyze were performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The floor change between the test and control groups was calculated with the formula 2 ^ (delta delta CT). The change between gene expression levels was evaluated by t test (p <0.05). FAD3 and FAD7 expression levels decreased at low pendimethalin concentration. A down-regulation in FAD3 expression was observed in high pendimethalin stress, while an up-regulation in FAD7 expression was detected. Salicylic acid had a ameliorative effect on the negative effect of pendimethalin stress on FAD3 and FAD7 gene expression.

The method of multicomponent determination of herbicides of various chemical classes in water

In the work there are considered results of the development of the multicomponent method of measurement of concentration of herbicides of various chemical nature under their joint presence in the water. There was justified the optimality of application of HPLC-DAD (the working wavelength of 240 nm) for the determination of levels of 10 active ingredients of herbicides of class of sulfonylurea (metsulfuron-methyl, nikosulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triflusulfuron-methyl), imidazolinone (imazapyr, imazethapyr), 2,6-Bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2- pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoic acid (bispyribac acid), triazol-pyrimidines (Penoxsulam), a benzoylpyrazole compound (Topramenzone). For the concentrating and cleaning of samples of water there were used cartridges for solid-phase extraction of Oasis HLB - the macro porous copolymer made on the basis of the balanced ratio of 2 monomers - lipophilic divinylbenzene and hydrophilic N-vinylpirrolidone. The range of the detected concentrations in water was volatile between 0.0005 and 0.005 mg/L, values of standard deviation vary in the range of 1.8-3.9%. Chlorine-containing acidic herbicides were analyzed by the method of GC-ECD and GC-MS (IE) after preliminary converting of compounds into flying derivatives with the use of diazomethane. Satisfactory extraction of substances from a water sample may be achieved by classical extraction in the system “liquid-liquid” with the application of Methyl tert-butyl ester. For cleaning of the derivatized sample there were used cartridges for solid-phase extraction on the basis of silica gel. The range of the determination of 9 active ingredients referring to classes of phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4- D, MCPA), pyridinecarboxylic (aminopyiralid, picloram, clopyralid), benzoic acids (dicamba), benzothiadiazinone (bentazone), biphenyl ester (acifluorfen) and a chloroacetamide (acetochlor) - 0.0001-0.001 mg/L, SD values vary in the range of 1.8-33%.

Treatment with the herbicide TOPIK induces oxidative stress in cereal leaves

Leaf disks as well as intact 7-day-old plants of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mironovskaya 808), winter rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Estafeta Tatarstana), and maize (Zea mays L., cv. Kollektivnyi 172MV), were treated with the aryloxyphenoxypropionate class herbicide TOPIK, concentrate-emulsion (active ingredient is clodinafop-propargyl (CP), 8–800μg/L), and the effects of short-term action (up to 3h) and long-term aftereffect (up to 3days) on physiological and biochemical indices related to oxidative stress development were studied. The herbicide induced changes, predominantly increases in lipid peroxidation (LPO) intensity, superoxide anion O2- generation, total antioxidant activity (AOA), and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activity, although the response by plants was nonlinear and depended on the herbicide concentration and duration of treatment. The highest level of generation of O2- was observed in the leaves of maize and winter wheat treated by 800μg/L CP, both in the short- and long-term. As TOPIK concentration increased, so too did LPO and AOA in leaves, confirming the presence of oxidative stress in the cells of all three cereals. Antioxidant enzymes were most active in winter rye and wheat, and least active in maize indicating a protective antioxidant mechanism in the first two cereals.

Subcellular Localization of the Amide Class Herbicide 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) in T Cells and Hepatocytes

3,4-Dichloropropionanilide (DCPA), or propanil, a post-emergent herbicide used on rice and wheat crops in the United States, is immunotoxic in vivo and in vitro. Although it has been documented that DCPA exerts differential effects on specific immune cell types and is toxic to the liver, the way in which DCPA modulates intracellular functions leading to these effects is less understood. In this study, Jurkat T cells and hepatocytes from C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 100 μM DCPA for 1.5 h. Following incubation, subcellular fractions of each cell type were isolated. DCPA, when present, was removed from each cell fraction by liquid–liquid extraction. The extraction product was then analyzed for the presence of DCPA using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The cellular uptake of DCPA was monitored by detection of the molecular ion and product ion of DCPA. The analyses demonstrate that DCPA, a lipophilic compound, localizes primarily in the cytosol of T cells and hepatocytes. These results indicate that DCPA is able to cross the plasma membrane and is accessible to intracellular immunomodulatory effectors.

Action of fentrazamide on protein metabolism and cell division in plants

Fentrazamide [4-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyl-N-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazole-1-carboxamide] is a new tetrazolinone class herbicide. Fentrazamide at and above 1 μM showed marked phytotoxic activity on the growth of early watergrass 15 days after treatment (95% reduction in the total dry weight at 100 μM), but showed less toxicity to rice. Dry weight of early watergrass and rice was reduced by 50% with 1.8 μM and 95.1 μM of fentrazamide, respectively. The pattern of soluble amino acid composition in early watergrass treated with fentrazamide was more similar to that treated with cafenstrole (an inhibitor of fatty acid elongation) than that with mefenacet (an inhibitor of cell division). The inhibition of fatty acid elongation in microsomal fractions of early watergrass by fentrazamide was comparable to that by cafenstrole, but inhibition by fentrazamide was 28–38% even at the highest concentration (2 μM). The cell division of leek roots was not affected by 100 μM of fentrazamide. Cycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis) at 10 μM showed a marked inhibitory effect on the incorporation of 14C-leucine into protein, but fentrazamide showed less inhibitory effect even at 100 μM; however, fentrazamide at and above 10 μM markedly reduced the soluble protein content in early watergrass by 84%, which was much greater than that in rice. These results suggest that fentrazamide has a mode of action which leads to the degradation of protein.

The Amide Class Herbicide 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) Alters the Mobility of Hydrocarbon Chains in T-Lymphocyte but not Macrophage Membranes

Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the lipophilic herbicide 3,4-dicholoropropionanilide (DCPA) adversely affects cytokine production by activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that DCPA alters the mobility of plasma membrane lipid hydrocarbon chains, which interferes with normal T-lymphocyte activation and macrophage function. Electron spin reasonance (ESR) spectroscopy of stearic acid spin labels incorporated into each cell type was used to test the effects of DCPA on lipid hydrocarbon chain mobility in the absence and presence of specific agents that activate each cell type. The results indicated that DCPA treatment had no significant effect on hydrocarbon chain mobility in either cell type per se. However, for T lymphocytes, but not macrophages, DCPA treatment increased a small population of lipid molecules that exhibited reduced hydrocarbon chain mobility near the bilayer hydrocarbon core following cell stimulation. In contrast, there were no significant effects of DCPA on hydrocarbon chain mobility near the head group region of the bilayer for either cell type. The identity of this subpopulation of lipids and its motional properties could not be elucidated from these studies. Nevertheless, data show that DCPA alters the distribution of lipids in distinct motional environments in the membrane of activated T lymphocytes.

Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase by sethoxydim, a potent inhibitor of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase

Sethoxydim, a commercially available cyclohexanedione class herbicide by targeting the enzymatic activity of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, has been found to moderately inhibit the activity of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of plastoquinones and tocopherols in plants.