Clark's Work Research Articles

Demands for Justice and Demands on Justice: Can Human Rights Practice Survive?

Abstract How has the work of human rights organizations affected global politics? Do these practices achieve justice for those affected by human rights violations? Demands of Justice by Ann Marie Clark explores these questions using novel data from two prominent international nongovernmental organizations: Amnesty International and Oxfam. Her work expounds three effects of these organizations' work in infusing justice into the international system. First, this practice has expanded care and concern from a local level issue into a global neighborhood. Second, increasingly, human rights organizations appeal to growing international law and legal norms in their appeals, which aims to remedy injustice within the confines of practical limitations. Finally, those suffering from human rights violations place demands on nongovernmental organizations, which has changed the conceptualization of human rights beyond civil and political rights and toward broader questions of social justice. My review explores the impact of Clark's work on the field of human rights and recent concerns that human rights are under attack.

Defeasible linear temporal logic

After the seminal work of Kraus, Lehmann and Magidor (formally known as the KLM approach) on conditionals and preferential models, many aspects of defeasibility in more complex formalisms have been studied in recent years. Examples of these aspects are the notion of typicality in description logic and defeasible necessity in modal logic. We discuss a new aspect of defeasibility that can be expressed in the case of temporal logic, which is the normality in an execution. In this contribution, we take Linear Temporal Logic () as case study for this defeasible aspect. has found extensive applications in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, notably as a formal framework for representing and verifying computer systems that vary over time. However, some systems may presents exceptions at some innocuous time points where they can be tolerated, or conversely, exceptions at other crucial time points where they need to be addressed. In order to ensure the reliability of such systems, we study a preferential extension of , called defeasible linear temporal logic (). In the first part of this paper, we show how semantics of KLM's preferential models can be integrated with . We also discuss the addition of non-monotonic temporal operators as a way to formalise defeasible properties of these systems. The second part of this paper is a study of the satisfiability problem of sentences. Based on Sistla and Clarke's work on the complexity of the classical language, we show the bounded-model property of two fragments of language. Moreover, we provide a procedure to check the satisfiability of sentences in both of these fragments.

Language Is Much More Than A Medium for Communication - A Discussion Based on Andy Clark's Work on Extended Mind

This article discusses the contribution of language to human cognition based on Andy Clark's theoretical framework of the extended mind. For most of the research, language has been used as a communication system, and another aspect of language, the facilitation of cognition and extended mind, has been neglected. This article therefore draws on Andy Clark's theory of extended mind to demonstrate that language can also be seen as an external thinking or even an external artificial tool to help share the burden of thinking and facilitate cognitive development. In particular, the article discusses in detail the theoretical framework of expanded thinking and concludes with two main functions of language: language as a tool for expanding external memory and as a cognitive and computational spatial transformer of the brain. This supports the argument for language as a tool for extended mind.

Jazz Diasporas: Race, Music, and Migration in Post-World War II ParisJazz Diaspora: Music and Globalisation

Jazz Diasporas: Race, Music, and Migration in Post-World War II ParisJazz Diaspora: Music and Globalisation

On Gaian Systems: An Interview with Bruce Clarke

On Gaian Systems:An Interview with Bruce Clarke Asijit Datta (bio) Asijit Datta interviewed literature and science scholar Bruce Clarke during a webinar on August 27, 2021. Their conversation centered on Clarke's presentation and development of Lynn Margulis's neocybernetic approach to the Gaia concept in Gaian Systems: Lynn Margulis, Neocybernetics, and the End of the Anthropocene, published by the University of Minnesota Press in 2020. Often seen as an outlier in science since its debut in the 1970s by atmospheric chemist James Lovelock and evolutionary theorist Lynn Margulis, Gaia theory has run a long and varied course, gradually bringing the Earth and life sciences into closer integration around new understandings of planetary dynamics. This interview explores the development of Gaia's scientific variants and some key theoretical frames that have been brought to bear on Gaia discourse. Particular attention is paid to Margulis's adaptation of the concept of autopoiesis, which she viewed as providing a clarifying criterion for the autonomous self-production and symbiotic collaboration of living systems, in contrast to the first-order and computational cybernetics of control systems favored by Lovelock. Clarke's own work in this area extends Margulis's autopoietic approach to the Gaian system. Bruce Clarke is Paul Whitfield Horn Distinguished Professor of Literature and Science in the Department of English at Texas Tech University. He was Baruch S. Blumberg/NASA Chair in Astrobiology at the Library of Congress in 2019; Senior Fellow at the Center for Literature and the Natural Sciences, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg in 2015; and Senior Fellow at the International Research Institute for Cultural Technologies and Media Philosophy, Bauhaus-University Weimar in 2010–11. His latest books are Writing Gaia: The Scientific Correspondence of James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis, coedited with Sébastien Dutreuil (2022), and Gaian Systems: Lynn Margulis, Neocybernetics, and the End of the Anthropocene (2020); other books include Neocybernetics and Narrative (2014), Posthuman Metamorphosis: Narrative and Systems (2008), and Energy Forms: Allegory and Science in the Era of Classical Thermodynamics (2001). He coedits the book series Meaning Systems, published by Fordham [End Page 431] University Press, and is the editor or coeditor of seven essay collections, most recently Posthuman Biopolitics: The Science Fiction of Joan Slonczewski (2020) and, with Manuela Rossini, The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Posthuman (2017). asijit datta: Professor Clarke, when you point to Lovelock's "circular logic" [Clarke 2020, 6] concerning Gaia, as that recursive logic is understood in second-order cybernetics, are you looking at Gaia as a system operated by a continuous loop whose essential components are indestructible? Do you think that Gaia has a fixed volume of unalterable properties, while other components keep metamorphosing? bruce clarke: Yes, a continuous loop would conform to my idea here. However, that such a continuous loop and its essential components are indestructible is not the Gaia conception as I understand it. Matter and energy enter the state of living form, and the components of living systems are always re-forming and breaking down again. Their elements are renewable, but their forms are not indestructible, and the system carries out the continuous creation and de-creation of the productions of the system. That would be one way to state Gaia's circular logic. Moreover, Gaia itself is not indestructible, but it makes sense to think that it has maintained itself in operation since it got going some two and a half billion years ago. A time will come when cosmological conditions are no longer sustainable for this planetary system, at which point the continuation of life will cease. As for a fixed volume, this is the issue of material closure [Barlow and Volk 1990]. The planet is thermodynamically open to the flux of solar energy, of course, even while it is essentially closed to the influx of matter from beyond the Earth, just because this amount is negligible in relation to the total mass of the Earth. So basically, the planet does have a fixed volume of geological matter to be brought into the recycling dynamics that sustain the Gaian system. Gaia itself is also evolving as part and parcel of the interlocking of geological and biological evolution. Gaia continuously...

Revisiting Tulsa: Understanding Amphetamine Addiction in the Early Photography of Larry Clark

Revisiting <i>Tulsa</i>: Understanding Amphetamine Addiction in the Early Photography of Larry Clark

Arthur C. Clarke

Arthur C. Clarke

Welcome from the Editors

Welcome from the Editors

Reintroducing John Maurice Clark to the Accounting Academy

ABSTRACTThis paper reintroduces economist John Maurice Clark to the accounting academic community while investigating his role in the development of managerial accounting. Clark was a prominent American economist during the early half of the 20th century, whose first major book, Studies in the Economics of Overhead Costs (Clark 1923a), has been described by diverse authors as foundational to the field of managerial accounting, especially overhead estimation and differential analysis. An overview of Clark's life is provided, followed by discussion of the importance of his work to accounting. Citation counts of his work in various accounting journals reveal that although widely referenced by accounting scholars for a short time after the publication of Overhead Costs, his name then disappeared from the literature, and indicates that his work is underappreciated. The paper discusses why this lacuna in accounting history is significant, and gives possible explanations for why Clark's work has been overlooked.

The Sāmoa Archaeological Geospatial Database: Initial description and application to settlement pattern studies in the Sāmoan Islands

Jeff Clark's archaeological research on Eastern Tutuila Island provided the first regional scale settlement pattern data in American Samoa that could be meaningfully compared to earlier data drawn from projects on the archipelago's western islands, Savaiʻi and ʻUpolu. Building on Clark's work, in this paper we generate a spatial and temporal geodatabase incorporating 900 archaeological sites and 520 age estimates spanning the entirety of the Sāmoan Islands. The Sāmoa Archaeological Geospatial Database is useful for addressing a number of regional research questions using spatial and temporal data at multiple geographic scales; however, preliminary work must first be conducted to convert site data into comparable lower-scale analytical units. To highlight this process, we provide an example drawn from Clark's archaeological surveys in ʻAoa Valley, Tutuila Island. Finally, we suggest that a siteless survey approach is necessary to generate comparable data for settlement pattern and landscape analyses.

Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815–1917 by J. P. Clark

Reviewed by: Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815–1917 by J. P. Clark Wayne Wei-Siang Hsieh (bio) Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815–1917 j. p. clark Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017 336 pp. J. P. Clark's Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815–1917 fills an important gap in our scholarly understanding of an important institution—the nineteenth-century US Army officer corps. Its wider event horizon due to its uncharacteristically broad chronological range allows for a study of different generations of professional officers that traces how the American army's leadership cadre evolved in relation to developments in both American military history and larger civilian society. Each generation of officers defined, debated, and experienced distinctly [End Page 599] different conceptions of military professionalism. Clark's analytical approach allows his monograph to discern both the American Army's institutional continuities and the significant changes it experienced over the course of the nineteenth century leading up to World War I. Clark lays out four generations of officers—a foundational generation of veterans of the War of 1812 and antebellum graduates of West Point, a Civil War generation that fought in the nineteenth century's longest conflict, a post−Civil War composite generation of mostly West Point graduates grappling with the earlier conflict's consequences, and a Progressive generation commissioned after 1890 that imported civilian ideas of centralization and bureaucratization into the army. Clark's approach allows him to examine the interaction between predominately military factors (e.g. the size and scale of American wars and the structures of American military institutions) and larger trends in American culture and society. Like many historians, between the analytical poles of continuity and change, Clark gravitates toward the latter—and he also locates the primary causal forces of change in larger American society. As he puts it, "the vertical ties of continuity within the military are less important than the horizontal ties across society. Therefore, each professional generation is more a product of its time than a creation of military institutions" (9). Clark's approach thus eschews an abstract and social-scientific notion of professionalism, perhaps best embodied in Samuel P. Huntington's The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (1957). While that work is dated and challenged by most historians, if still cited due to its importance and influence, American military institutions (as Clark himself well knows) remain heavily influenced by conceptions of professionalism that claim to be timeless and enduring. Even the use of history in the American military's educational apparatus tends to gravitate toward the discovery of "lessons learned," which can be applied across wide stretches of time and place. In contrast, perhaps the most trenchant lesson Clark draws from his work for the current American profession of arms is a generational gap in the present US Army between general officers who led troops in Iraq and Afghanistan as senior officers, and junior officers who began their careers in those conflicts at the small unit level. As Clark puts it, "bridging the gaps between these quite different frames of reference is not impossible, but it is unlikely because the bureaucratic artifacts that give an army substance—doctrine, regulations, training plans—rarely [End Page 600] make explicit the assumptions on which they are based. … The most insidious divides are those that go unnoticed" (xi). Among most professional academic historians, Preparing for War would find ready agreement regarding its argument for the primacy of historical change over political scientists' search for timeless continuities, but where Clark's work makes its biggest contribution is in its longer distinctive chronological spread. William Skelton's An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 1784–1861 (1993) covers the creation of a professional officer corps, but excludes from its coverage the Civil War. It also covers the creation of an American military profession, as opposed to its continuing evolution. Samuel Watson's magisterial two-volume study of the Jacksonian and antebellum US Army, Jackson's Sword: The Army Officer Corps on the American Frontier, 1810–1821 (2012) and Peacekeepers and...

Review: Melania: Early Christianity Through the Life of One Family, edited by Catherine M. Chin and Caroline T. Schroeder

Catherine M. Chin and Caroline T. Schroeder, eds. Melania: Early Christianity Through the Life of One Family . Christianity in Late Antiquity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017. 328 pp. ISBN 9780520292086. $95.00. Melania is a tribute to the renowned historian Elizabeth Clark. It is a tribute in a concrete and rather obvious sense, in that the volume is dedicated to Clark and most of the essays derive from papers presented at a 2013 Duke symposium held in her honor. More importantly, the book embodies a coherent and compelling intellectual project and vision—unusual for a Festschrift—that is a tribute not only to the paths opened up by Clark's groundbreaking publications but also to her extraordinary teaching career. Clark has trained an entire generation of skilled and gifted scholars of late ancient Christianity, two of whom, Catherine Chin and Caroline Schroeder, edited Melania . Chin, Schroeder, and the other contributing authors (most of whom were also her students) have clearly worked hard to produce a book that gathers and carries forth Clark's multifaceted contributions while also continuing to move them in new directions. Some of what makes the volume work so well is structural: the essays cross-reference each other frequently and effectively; references to Clark's work are pulled through the chapters rather than merely providing jumping off points; and in addition to the general Introduction, each of the six parts (“Aristocracy,” “Body and Family,” “Gender and Memory,” “Wisdom and Heresy,” “In the Holy Places,” and “Modernity”) opens with an introduction of its own. More significant, though, is the wager that provokes and unifies the volume's contributions, namely, that it might be possible to write new histories of early Christianity by attending to the lives of two Roman women, each named Melania—the so-called Elder (ca. 341–ca.410) and …

Logics of Common Ground

According to Clark's seminal work on common ground and grounding, participants collaborating in a joint activity rely on their shared information, known as common ground, to perform that activity successfully, and continually align and augment this information during their collaboration. Similarly, teams of human and artificial agents require common ground to successfully participate in joint activities. Indeed, without appropriate information being shared, using agent autonomy to reduce the workload on humans may actually increase workload as the humans seek to understand why the agents are behaving as they are. While many researchers have identified the importance of common ground in artificial intelligence, there is no precise definition of common ground on which to build the foundational aspects of multi-agent collaboration. In this paper, building on previously-defined modal logics of belief, we present logic definitions for four different types of common ground. We define modal logics for three existing notions of common ground and introduce a new notion of common ground, called salient common ground. Salient common ground captures the common ground of a group participating in an activity and is based on the common ground that arises from that activity as well as on the common ground they shared prior to the activity. We show that the four definitions share some properties, and our analysis suggests possible refinements of the existing informal and semi-formal definitions.

Bringing Organisations and Systems Back Together: Extending Clark's Entrepreneurial University

AbstractBurton R. Clark's 1998 book, Creating Entrepreneurial Universities, has had a major impact on the field of higher education, especially internationally. In this paper, key aspects of Clark's conceptualisation of organisational pathways of transformation are identified, speaking to its theoretical and empirical contributions to higher education studies, policy and practice. In addition, the larger corpus of Clark's work is built on to offer avenues by which considerations of systems analysis and organisational studies can be brought back together to address the strategic challenges and opportunities for individual universities and state as well as national systems of higher education.

Joint Activity in the Maritime Traffic System: Perceptions of Ship Masters, Maritime Pilots, Tug Masters, and Vessel Traffic Service Operators

Teamwork in the maritime traffic system has been identified as an area of concern, and reports suggest there is room for improvement. Such improvements should be based on an understanding of how everyday activities are performed. This study was therefore aimed at gaining an insight into the everyday activity of navigating and manoeuvring ships in port waters. To get such an insight, the perceptions of ship masters, maritime pilots, tug masters and Vessel Traffic Service operators active in Australia were probed through qualitative research interviews. A conceptual framework based on Clark's work on joint activity was used to guide the study. Results indicate that in order to get the job done, these maritime professionals employ tools and procedures beyond those intended to be used, vary their level of participation, assume roles which differ from those prescribed, sometimes base their assumptions and expectations on poor quality evidence, and occasionally avoid communication. While such adaptations may be necessary to get the job done, they also reduce the participants’ ability to establish common ground – which is essential for coordination.

Millennial Women Traders in Accra, Ghana: New Twists on Existing Social Networks and Technologies

Two decades ago Gracia Clark's work (1988, 1991, 1994) on women traders in Kumasi established a benchmark for research on markets in urban West Africa where problems such as sanitation and disease, slum clearance, under/unemployment and poverty dominated public concern and research. Today's concern with sustainability recognizes women's role in food production, marketing and family reproduction. In this paper the concerns of earlier studies connect with the reality of new social networks and technologies in the marketplace: women in same sex intimate relationships and their social practices in Accra. Young sexually non-normative women in Mokola and other Accra markets have struggled since 2006, not only with low incomes, but with an increasingly hostile public discourse on homosexuality and frequent blackmail attempts. Seeing themselves as ‘modern’ urban, 'Afropolitans' they resist social constraints their elders accepted, deploying IT technologies–netbooks, modems, smartphones to facilitate trade, cash transfers, and to build and maintain social networks. Some replicate nuclear families or include biological family who are accepting; many do not and require alternatives to their family homes. Yet, these young—under age thirty-five—traders and craftswomen live in the margins and are frequent victims who resist through self-protective networks, which provide mutual physical, economic, and social support. This paper examines the multitude of strategies—language, susu, parties, funerals, cell phone chains– they use to construct community, claim social belonging, and disrupt public notions of social deviance.

Book Review: Clark, James. Connecticut’s Fife &amp; Drum Tradition

Clark, James Connecticut's Fife & Drum Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2011, 196 pp. ISBN 978-0819571410, $26.96 (hardcover). parade audience in New England may be startled to hear a group with only high-pitched, flute-like fifes and accompanying drums, especially if they are not from New England. Their curiosity may be further aroused when they see large drums attached to the performers' legs and the heads of the instruments struck by a drum stick gripped upside down in the left hand--contrary to contemporary marching drum practice. pieces performed and visual image are very different from today's brass-heavy marching bands; audience members may consider the group unique and untraditional, even anachronistic. This is wrong thinking. fife and drum corps has been around a long and is the predecessor to contemporary high school bands, military bands, and drum and bugle corps. It is an active type of ensemble. James Clark, in Connecticut's Fife & Drum Tradition, seeks to preserve the uniqueness of the tradition as it has appeared in Connecticut. Connecticut, the third smallest state of the United States, is named after the long, tidal river that divides the state in half. Connecticut River, known for a wealth of history, marks an eastern boundary line to western Connecticut's rich music heritage. Clark, an active ancient fife and drum participant since 1965, recounts the legacy of large 17 to 19 snare drum corps and its fifes in Connecticut. He includes historical discussions of the fife--evolved from the medieval pipe--and the modified fourteenth-century rhythmic patterns, known as rudimental drumming. Clark also includes the social and historical significance of drum and fife groups in the Revolutionary and Civil War militias. Clark arranges his chapters in largely chronological order beginning with the Origins of the Fife and Drum during the Medieval Era, then proceeds to A New Nation, Early National Period and Civil War, The Connecticut Fifers and Drummers Association, Ancient Corps, and Contemporary Tradition. Clark explained concepts such as open drumming--a relaxed, smooth drumming technique (p. 48)--within the chapters addressing Connecticut's music heritage. publication enables readers to make contemporary connections to several ideas, including rhythm tempi such as quick time, equivalent to modern cut time tempi. Though Clark explains the fife and drum tradition through the eyes of fairly recent participants, he contextualizes their comments with discussions of ancient and modern corps. discussion provides a thorough overview of the larger drums and sticks, rudiments, militia calls, the march repertoire, and how ancient fifers played the melodic line. Older groups began with militia members but grew to using trained musicians following the wars. In contrast, more modern fife and drum corps used smaller drums, performed different music styles, and utilize tonal structures to divide fifers' musical lines into harmonies. Clark's work includes illustrations of period notation, discussions of out-of-print music, and provides a connection to General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, George Washington's military training officer. Songs such as the College Hornpipe, transcribed during the American Revolution in Rhode Island by Thomas Remington, enable readers to examine early notation. well-placed pictures of historical ensembles and performers tell the story of the corps tradition more effectively than any narrator. Clark's connection to Connecticut's heritage icon, Nathan Hale, provides interest not only for Connecticut natives, but connects to scholars of early American history. …

Disaster's Gift

What is the time of the current, ongoing environmental disaster? I argue that the uncanny temporal torsions of anthropogenic climate change, and the need to understand disaster as a historicized process, mean that neither the prevailing Anthropocene narrative, nor Jason Moore's world-ecological ‘Capitalocene’, are adequate on their own. Rather, a synthesis of the two is necessary, via the notion of life and disaster as both possessed of a gift-form, in which to be human is in the gift of the inhuman, indifferent forces of Earth's climate systems as well as neoliberal capitalism. Drawing on Nigel Clark's work on the gift as a mode of ecological thought, as well as recent work on the ‘ecogothic’, I propose that Mahasweta Devi's long story, ‘Pterodactyl, Puran Sahay, and Pirtha’, represents a multi-layered intervention: not only a compelling indictment of colonial modernity's disregard for tribal peoples caught in the jaws of India's Green Revolution, but also posing more wide-reaching questions about how a time of environmental crisis can be imagined in terms of this gift-relation.

Invited commentary: history of place, life course, and health inequalities-historical geographic information systems and epidemiologic research.

In recent years, a large number of studies have investigated the sociogeographical arrangements of health-related characteristics across urban areas. Drawing on theories of "environmental justice," researchers have been concerned with whether there is a social gradient in the spatial distribution of environmental "goods" and "bads." The accompanying article by King and Clarke (Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(1):17-25) makes an important entry into these debates, as it describes the results of the first national-level US study to examine the relationship between urban form (particularly neighborhood walkability) and various area-level sociodemographic measures. Like many studies in this field, King and Clarke's work was constrained by the availability of certain area-level measures, and they had to rely on data from only a single point in time (2000-2001). For this reason, their results can provide few insights into the processes leading to the geographical arrangement of health-related resources across US cities. The emerging field of "historical geographic information systems" offers possibilities to researchers interested in relationships between place and health. Integrating spatial data from various historical sources can enable the reconstruction of past urban environments. These spatial data, accrued over time and appended with detailed cohort information, will offer analytical opportunities for better understanding how place-based factors influence health and well-being over the life course.

An analytical approach for design of reinforced concrete shear walls against lateral in-plane shear and comparison with codified methods

An analytical approach for the design of reinforced concrete shear walls against in-plane direct and shear stresses induced in the wall has been formulated. Comparison of the approach with the graphical method based on the construction of the Mohr circle has validated the approach and proved it to be a more direct one to arrive at the optimal solutions. The formulation is based on the work of Clark [The provisions of tension and compression reinforcement to resist in-plane forces. MagConcr Res. 1976;28(94):3–12] in which he put forward equations for skew or orthogonal reinforcements to resist in-plane stresses. However, Clark's work was based on zero concrete tensile strength while the current approach takes the concrete tensile strength into account which provides a set of formulae for checking shears and providing reinforcements in the vertical and horizontal directions as necessary for different ranges of axial and shear stresses. The design is also a holistic one by which in-plane axial load, bending ...