Clarias Research Articles

Growth performance and nutrient utilization of post fingerlings Clarias gariepinus fed varied levels of biscuit waste

The performance of local broiler turkeys fed dietary treatments in which palm kernel meal (PKM) replaced maize at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent was evaluated. The replacement levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent represented diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. One hundred and eighty dayold unsexed turkey poults were allotted to the six dietary treatments. The treatments were replicated three times. Each replicate having ten poults. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design experiment. The feeding trial lasted for 24 weeks. With the exception of mortality, significant differences (P 0.05) from that of diet 3 (40% replacement level) but were significantly higher (P 0.05) in the feed conversion ratio of turkeys fed diets 1, 2, 3, and 4. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in slaughter weight, dressed weight, breast, wings and back cuts of turkeys fed the various dietary treatments. Dressing percentage values were similar for birds fed diets 1, 2, 3, and 5. Abdominal fat of turkeys increased with increasing concentration of PKM at the expense of maize in the diets. The thigh weight of turkeys fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) but were significantly higher than that of diets 4 and 5; whereas the drumstick weight of birds fed diets 2 to 6 were significantly higher than that of diet 1. Similarly meat-to-bone ratio of turkeys fed diet 3-6 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of diets 1 and 2. The spleen of turkeys fed diets 2 was higher than others. Palm kernel meal can replace maize up to 60 percent in the diet of local broiler turkeys for good growth and carcass performance. Keywords : Broiler Turkeys, Performance Palm Kernel Meal and maize

Algorithm for an Automated Clarias gariepinus Fecundity Estimation Technique Using Spline Interpolation and Gaussian Quadrature

Fecundity is essential in the field of population ecology, where the number of eggs is measured to get the actual reproductive rate of an organism. The estimation of fecundity is essential for an accurate study of biology and population dynamics of fish species. This estimation can be developed using the gravimetric method (weight method) to calculate the number of eggs. However, this method still requires experienced technicians and much time and effort to compute the number of eggs manually. The increasing growth in both hardware and software have led to many improvements in imaging technology. Hence, this research addresses the problem of employing constructing a computer vision algorithm. This paper introduced the automatic fecundity estimation method, which applied simple mathematic theories and image processing algorithm to estimate the fecundity of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ). From the image of the fish, the fish’s eye was be detected using a modified Haar Cascade Classifier Algorithm and appointed axis line where the eye becomes the origin point. Next, we identify the region of interest, which reflects the fish's fecundity to obtain the pixels corresponding to the silhouette of the region as coordinates in Euclidean space, which are then represented with a function using cubic interpolation function. Using this function, we compute the region of interest using an integral numerical approach, e.g., Gaussian Quadrature. From the result, we compared with the ground truth to get the estimation of the number of eggs.

Population dynamics and size stratification in 75-day old bred juvenile African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus , Burchell, 1822) raised in concrete tanks

Cannibalism and aggressiveness exhibited more frequently by Catfish has been linked to disparity in sizes, sex ratio and/or stocking density, this study was carried out to investigate population dynamics and size stratification within the Clarias population bred in 4m x 4m x 1m artificial concrete tanks. A total of two hundred and fifty (250), 75-day old juveniles were randomly selected and measured for live body weight and linear body measurements which include, Total Length (TL), Standard Length (SL), Head length (HL), Pre-Dorsal Length (PDL), Dorsal Fin Length (DFL), Pre-Anal Length (PAL) and Anal Fin Length (AFL). Two indices (length-weight relationship and Fulton’s condition factors) were also computed for predictive assessment of future performances and wellbeing of the fish. The fish weight ranged between 3.30g and 20.30g with an overall mean body weight of 10.61 ± 0.28g. Based on the weight, the Sturge’s formula was used to construct nine class intervals of 2.0g width each, with the grouping resulting in disproportionate frequency distribution which was statistically (P<0.0001) significant. Of all the variables measured, weight had the highest variability within the population with a CV of 41.88%, while other measures had Coefficient of Variation of between 13.82% and 16.65%. It was observed that based on the mean body weight of the fish studied, only 6.4% are within the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of the Mean, while 53.2% and 40.4% are respectively below and above the CI. This stratification and population structure provides a good discriminatory tool in separating the fish into fairly homogenous sizes for further rearing to minimize cannibalism and optimize profit.Keywords: Catfish, Cannibalism, Measurements, Fish wellbeing

Exposure to effluent from pharmaceutical industry induced cytogenotoxicity, hematological and histopathological alterations in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822).

Pharmaceutical effluents contain toxic xenobiotics capable of contaminating aquatic environments. Untreated effluents are illegally discharged into aquatic environment in most developing countries. Pharmaceutical effluent induced alterations in biomarkers of genetic and systemic damage on rodents. However, information is relatively scarce on the possible cytogenotoxicity and systemic toxicity of this effluent on aquatic vertebrates. The study herein assessed the cytogenotoxic, hematological and histopathological alterations induced by pharmaceutical effluent in Clarias gariepinus. 96 h acute toxicity of the effluent was determined after C. gariepinus was exposed to six different concentrations (10 - 60 %) of the effluent. Subsequently, fish was exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (2.18 - 17.41 %) obtained from the 96 h LC50 for 7 and 14 days after which micronucleus (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in peripheral erythrocytes were assessed as cytogenotoxic biomarkers, alterations in hematological indices and histopathological lesions were also examined. Fish, concurrently exposed to dechlorinated tap water and benzene (0.01 mL/L), served as negative and positive controls respectively. The derived 96 h LC50 of 17.41 % which was 1.89 times more toxic than the 24 h LC50 (32.95 %) showed that the effluent induced concentration-dependent mortality according to exposure duration. The effluent caused significant (p<0.05) time-dependent increase in the frequency of MN and abnormal nuclear erythrocytes compared to the negative control. Also, there was decrease in total erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations and increase in leucocyte and lymphocyte counts. The effluent induced pathological lesions on gills, liver and kidneys of treated fish. Higher physicochemical parameters than standard permissible limits in the effluent are capable of inducing genomic instability and systemic damage in fish. Pharmaceutical effluent can increase micropollutants in aquatic environmental and health risks to aquatic biota. There is need to promulgate stringent laws against illegal discharge of effluents into aquatic environment.

Effect of lindane on some selected electrolytes and metabolites of Clarias gariepinus (juveniles)

Effect of lindane on some selected electrolytes and metabolites of Clarias gariepinus (juveniles)

Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Fed Diets Fortified with Tamarindus indica Pulp and Leaf Meal

Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Fed Diets Fortified with Tamarindus indica Pulp and Leaf Meal

Helminth parasites of Synodontis clarias, Chrysichthys auratus and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from Omambala River, Otuocha, Anambra State, Nigeria

Roundworms are the most common parasites found in both freshwater and marine fishes. A study was conducted to examine helminth parasites in some catfishes from Omambala River, Anambra State, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty randomly selected fish samples comprising of 100 Chrysichthys auratus, 62 Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and 88 Synodontis clarias were collected between the months of January and June, 2017. They were examined for intestinal helminth parasites using standard conventional parasitological methods. The rate of infection was determined using low power (x10) binocular microscope to enumerate number of worms. Results revealed that Caryophyllaeus and Cosmoxyema were present in C. nigrodigitalus, Wenyonia, Polyonchobothriom, Paraglaridacris and Cosmoxyema were recovered from Synodontis clarias and parasite was observed in C. auratus. Small intestine was the site preference for the parasites. Parasite prevalence was lower in C. nigrodigitatus (8.1%) (p 0.05) in infection rate of parasites between C. nigrodigitatus and C. gariepinus. The males of C. nigrodigitatus had a lower prevalence (6.25%) than the females (10%). Similar trend was observed in S. clarias with the males having a prevalence of 84.9% while the females recorded a prevalence of 86.7%. This may mean that female fish had higher loads of parasite infections than their male counterpart. The study showed that helminthes are important parasites of S. clarias in Omambala River. Key Words: Fresh water fish, Omambala River, Helminth parasites, Rondonia sp, Chrysichthys auratus.

Effects of illumination on egg hatching and fertilization Of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The effect of light condition on fertilization and hatching of eggs on artificially induced Clarias gariepinus was investigated. The eggs were dry-stripped and subjected to three light conditions, namely low illumination, medium illumination, and high illumination. Equal numbers of eggs were incubated in the three hatcheries in triplicates. The experiment was conducted in 3×3 completely randomized design. Data generated were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Egg fertilization was significant (p<0.05) among the treatments. The highest fertilization rate was achieved in medium hatchery light condition (65.2%). Fertilization rate of 61% and 53% were achieved in high and low hatchery light condition respectively. Fertilization rate among the hatcheries were highly significant (p<0.01). Highest egg hatching percentage (79%) was achieved under high hatchery light condition. Hatching percentage of 64 and 63 were recorded in low and medium hatchery light conditions respectively. The findings here suggest that light could affect egg fertilization and hatching in Clarias gariepinus. The study further suggested that the effect of light was stronger in egg hatching than in egg fertilization. Key Words: Light, fertilization, hatchability and Clarias gariepinus.

Assessment of heavy metal content in imported and local fish and crustacean species obtained within Lagos Metropolis

Fishes are known for their abilities to concentrate heavy metals in their muscles and since they play important role in human nutrition, they need to be carefully screened to ensure that unnecessary high level of some toxic trace metals are not being transfer to man through their consumption. The study was to evaluate heavy metals (chromium, lead, iron and cadmium) in imported and local species of shrimps, crabs and fish using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The selected imported species were horse mackerelkote fish (Trachurus trachurus), mackerel - titus (Scomber scrombus), croaker (Pseudotolithus typus), smooth swim crab (Portunus validus) and pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus notialis) while the local species used were; Sole fish (Cynoglossus senegalensis), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), brackish water catfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus), freshwater catfish (Clarias gariepinus), lagoon crab (Callinectes amnicola) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium macrobrachion). It was observed that there was no significant difference in the metals (Cd, Pb and Cr) between the imported and local fish species and between imported and local crustacean species. However, these metals concentrated more in the local fish species, O. niloticus (1.846 ± 1.00 mg/100g). The mean heavy metals concentration occurred in the following decreasing order: Fe > Cd > Pb > Cr for all the samples. The mean concentrations of the analyzed heavy metals in the samples were below the maximum permissible limits as recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) for heavy metals in fish.Keywords: Fish, Shrimp, Crab, Heavy metal, Chromium, Lead, Iron

Effect of storage methods on the nutritional qualities of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage methods on the nutritional qualities of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fresh fish samples were obtained from Johnybeth Farm, Ilesa, Nigeria. Fish specimens were divided into two equal parts. One part was stored fresh in a freezer at -6°C the other was smoked at 65 ± 5°C until equilibrium moisture content was attained, and was further divided into two parts. One part of the smoked fish was stored in continuous heated environment at 40 ± 4°C while the second part was packaged in polyethylene bags and stored at -6°C. Samples were analyzed over a period of six weeks. Nutrients (protein, lipid and carbohydrate), non-nutritional (ash, fibre) and trace element (Ca, Fe, Zn,) content and spoilage parameters (peroxide, pH, TVN, PV, TBA and FFA) were determined using standard methods. The crude protein ranged between 40.53 and 74.00%, lipid 5.46 and 21.71%, ash 2.59 and 8.57%, fibre 0.0 and 2.36%, carbohydrate 0.15 and 38.86%. Peroxide value ranged between 4.60 and 16.02 meq, O2/kg FFA 0.17 and 1.92%, TVN 4.10 and 23.97 mgN/100g, TBA 0.18 and 1.42 mg MDA/g and pH 6.52 and 7.80. Ca ranged between 0.03 and 1.62, Fe 0.28 and 2.27, Zn 0.30 and 2.59, mgkg 1 respectively. There was significant reduction in the nutrient, non-nutrients and trace elements while spoilage parameters increased during the six weeks storage period at (P<0.05). However smoked fish stored in heated environment has less reduction in quality. Key words: Freezing, smoking, nutrients, quality indices, Clarias gariepinus

A simple and rapid method for blood collection from walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linneaus, 1758)

Blood is collected from experimental animals for a wide range of scientific purposes including; hematology, clinical biochemistry parameters, immunology, studies in bacteriology, parasitology and investigations in reproductive performance and health. The number of methods employed to collect blood from fish include; the puncture of caudal vein, dorsal aorta or cardiac vessels and the severance of the caudal vein. Unfortunately, all these procedures are practically found to be slow and stressful to Clarias batrachus, including the popular caudal vein approach, likely due to the small size of caudal veins relative to the size of the species. In line with the universal ethical recommendations for taking blood from small research animals, we propose an alternative one-operator approach for C. batrachus that is simple, rapid and without the need to sacrifice the fish as with other methods. This procedure targets the dorsal aorta (a relatively larger blood vessel) in a sedated fish, punctured by inserting a needle directly from the anterior part of the anal fin about 2-5 mm behind the genital papilla, to draw the desired amount of blood. The technique is a one-operator procedure not requiring the help of an assistant or any special equipment to restrain the fish. The operation of the protocol is unique since it permits the continuous collection of blood from the same experimental fish over a varied time course and reduces the need for a large number of replicate animals. The advantages of the proposed protocol are also highlighted and discussed in detail.

Effectiveness of Kaempferia galanga extract for the prevention of saprolegniasis on catfish Clarias gariepinus eggs

&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Saprolegniasis is a disease caused by the infection of &lt;em&gt;Saprolegnia&lt;/em&gt; sp. Saprolegniasis can attack catfish eggs causing a decrease in hatching rate. There are some plants which have an antifungal potential, e.g. cutcherry &lt;em&gt;Kaempferia galanga &lt;/em&gt;L. This study aimed to obtain the effective concentration of cutcherry rhizome extract for the prevention of saprolegniasis, resulting in a high hatching rate. This study applied five treatments: the extract at concentrations of 0 mg/L; 20 mg/L; 40 mg/L; 60 mg/L; and 80 mg/L applied to catfish eggs. The method applied was the immersion of eggs in cutcherry extract for one hour. The results showed that the immersion method applied in the application of cutcherry rhizome extract could reduce saprolegniasis. This was indicated by the decrease of saprolegniasis compared to control. The use of cutcherry rhizome extract (the treatment at concentrations of 20 mg/L; 40 mg/L; 60 mg/L; and 80 mg/L) could prevent saprolegniasis with saprolegniasis levels of 43.5%; 27.5%; 19.5%; and 18.5%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords : catfish eggs, cutcherry rhizome extract, saprolegniasis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Saprolegniasis merupakan suatu penyakit yang timbul karena infeksi &lt;em&gt;Saprolegnia&lt;/em&gt; sp. Saprolegniasis dapat menyerang telur ikan lele yang menyebabkan turunnya daya tetas telur. Terdapat beberapa tanaman yang memiliki daya antifungi seperti tanaman kencur &lt;em&gt;Kaempferia galanga&lt;/em&gt; L. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi ekstrak rimpang kencur yang efektif untuk pencegahan penyakit saprolegniasis sehingga menghasilkan daya tetas telur yang tinggi. Penelitian menggunakan lima perlakuan yaitu dosis ekstrak 0 mg/L (kontrol); 20 mg/L; 40 mg/L; 60 mg/L; dan 80 mg/L dengan menggunakan telur ikan lele sangkuriang. Metode yang digunakan yaitu perendaman telur dalam ekstrak kencur selama satu jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode perendaman ekstrak rimpang kencur dapat mengurangi saprolegniasis. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan semakin menurunnya saprolegniasis jika dibandingkan kontrol. Penggunaan ekstrak rimpang kencur (perlakuan 20 mg/L; 40 mg/L; 60 mg/L; dan 80 mg/L) dapat mencegah saprolegniasis berturut-turut 43,5%; 27,5%; 19,5%; dan 18,5%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;Kata kunci : telur ikan lele, ekstrak rimpang kencur, saprolegniasis&lt;/p&gt;

Effectiveness of ambon banana stem juice as immunostimulatory against Aeromonas hydrophila infections in catfish Clarias gariepinus

&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Outbreaks of infectious diseases due to &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt; in catfish can cause high death rates (80–100%). Fish disease control can be done using phytopharmaceutical to prevent or treat diseases of fish. One of the phytopharmaceutical that known to prevent the fish diseases is ambon banana stem &lt;em&gt;Musa cavendishii&lt;/em&gt; var. dwarf Paxton. This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of catfish immersion using banana stem juice as an immunostimulant against bacterial infections &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;. The observed parameters were a total performance of production, hematological test, and water quality. Immersion of catfish seeds with stem juice was performed at a concentration of 5 mL/L, 13 mL/L, and 21 mL/L for 30 minutes. Each treatment consisted of three replications. A total of 15 fishes were immersed in 1.5 L water. At day-9 after immersion, fish was infected by &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt; bacteria at a dose of 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL. The results showed that fish treated with banana stem juice at a concentration of 13 mL/L had the survival rate of 53.33±6.67% which is higher than positive control (33.33±6.67%). Based on hematology observations on the 3rd day post-challenge test (H12) with &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, total leukocytes, phagocytic activity, differential leukocyte, and lysozyme activity was highest in treatment13 mL/L. Lower feed conversion ratio (1.08±0.04) were also obtained in treatment 13 mL/L. Thus Immersion of seeds in stem juice can boost the immune system against infections &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Keywords: &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, ambon banana stem juice, soaking, catfish, immune system&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Wabah penyakit akibat infeksi &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt; pada ikan lele dapat menyebabkan tingkat kematian yang tinggi (80–100%). Penanggulangan penyakit ikan dapat dilakukan menggunakan fitofarmaka untuk mencegah ataupun mengobati penyakit ikan. Salah satu fitofarmaka yang dapat digunakan dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit ikan adalah batang pisang ambon lumut &lt;em&gt;Musa cavendishii&lt;/em&gt; var. dwarf Paxton. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas perendaman benih ikan lele dengan menggunakan air perasan batang pisang ambon sebagai imunostimulan terhadap infeksi bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;. Parameter yang diamati selama penelitian adalah kinerja produksi, uji hematologi dan pengukuran kualitas air. Perendaman benih ikan lele dengan air perasan dilakukan pada konsentrasi 5 mL/L, 13 mL/L, dan 21 mL/L selama 30 menit. Pada hari ke-9 setelah perendaman, ikan diinfeksi bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;pada kepadatan 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perendaman ikan dengan air perasan pada konsentrasi 13 mL/L memiliki kelangsungan hidup yakni sebesar 53,33±6,67%, lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (33,33±6,67%). Berdasarkan pengamatan pada uji hematologi hari ke-3 pascauji tantang (H12) dengan bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, total eritrosit, hemoglobin, total leukosit, aktivitas fagositik, dan aktivitas lisozim tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan konsentrasi 13 mL/L. Rasio konversi pakan yang rendah (1,08±0,04) juga terdapat pada perlakuan 13 mL/L. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perendaman benih ikan lele pada air perasan dapat meningkatkan sistem imun terhadap infeksi bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Kata kunci: &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, air perasan batang pisang ambon, perendaman, ikan lele, sistem imun&lt;/p&gt;

The evaluation of different levels diets protein for growth performance of Clarias sp. fry cultured in biofloc-based system

&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of catfish fry grown using different dietary protein levels in the biofloc-base aquaculture system. Experiments using a completely randomized design, consisted of four treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of: protein 38% (A), 34% protein (B), 30% protein (C), and protein 26% (D). Catfish with initial weight of 0.83±0.01 g and length of 4.64±0.04 cm were cultured in 60 L tank with density of 90 fish each tank for 35 days. Inoculation of heterotrophic bacterial &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus lentus&lt;/em&gt; L1k were performed of 104 CFU/mL ratio of 15 was administrated once a day after two hours feeding in the morning. Feeding was conducted twice a day at 5% of the biomass weight. At the end of trial treatment (D) showed the highest survival rate (88.15±5.25%), the body lenght variance coefficient (9.58±0.51%) and protein retention (39.87±2.77%). Treatment (B) showed the highest growth rate (4.11±0.05%), total length (2.39±0.08 cm), and feed intake (318.76±4.63). Treatment (A) showed the highest feed efficiency (93.65±4.43%) while lowest lipid retention compared to others (22.20±1.20%.). Based on the results, it can be concluded that 34% protein feed (C) can replace 38% protein feed (B) catfish fry size 4−5 cm through biofloc-based system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Keywords: biofloc, fry, growth, protein, &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus lentus&lt;/em&gt; L1k&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja pertumbuhan benih lele dengan menggunakan kadar protein pakan yang berbeda pada sistem bioflok. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap, terdiri atas empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri atas protein 38% (A), protein 34% (B), protein 30% (C), dan protein 26% (D), terdiri atas empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Benih lele dengan berat rata-rata 0,83±0,01 g dan panjang rata-rata 4,64±0,04 cm dipelihara di akuarium berukuran 90×50×40 cm3 dengan padat tebar 90 ekor/akuarium selama 35 hari. Inokulasi bakteri heterotrof berupa &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus lentus&lt;/em&gt; L1k dilakukan pada setiap perlakuan kepadatan 104 CFU/mL. Penambahan sumber karbon berupa molase dengan C/N (Carbon/Nitrogen) rasio 15 diberikan satu kali sehari setelah dua jam pemberian pakan di pagi hari. Pakan diberikan dua kali sehari sebanyak 5% dari berat biomasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian kadar protein pakan berbeda memberikan hasil yang positif. Perlakuan (D) menunjukkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (88,15±5,25%), koefisien keragaman panjang (9,58±0,51%) dan retensi protein (39,87±2,77%) terbaik. Perlakuan (B) menunjukkan laju pertumbuhan harian (4,11±0,05%), panjang total (2,39±0,08 cm), dan jumlah konsumsi pakan (318,76±4,63) tertinggi. Perlakuan (A) menunjukkan efisiensi pakan (93,65±4,43%) tertinggi namun menunjukkan retensi lemak (22,20±1,20%) terendah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa pemberian pakan dengan kadar protein 34% mempunyai performa pertumbuhan yang sama dibandingkan protein 38% pada benih ikan lele berukuran 4−5 yang dipelihara menggunakan sistem budidaya bioflok.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Kata kunci: benih lele, protein, pertumbuhan, bioflok, &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus lentus&lt;/em&gt; L1k&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Hybridization of Clarias spp. and Heteropneustes fossilis in Tripura, India

Hybridization of Clarias spp. and Heteropneustes fossilis in Tripura, India

Effects of Cooking Methods on Proximate and Metal Contents of Some Common Fish Species

Cooking methods influence nutritive values of food. Proximate and metal contents of roasted and deep-fried Scomber scombrus (Titus), Clarias gariepinus (Cat fish) and Sardinops pilchardus (Sardine) were determined using standard methods. Protein contents of the fried fish were lower compared to the roasted fish. Scomber scombrus had the highest fat content (22.51%) and the least level (17.75%) in Clarias gariepinus, irrespective of the type of cooking method used. The highest (740.65 mg/Kg) and the lowest (6.11 mg/Kg) levels of calcium were both recorded in roasted Clarias gariepinus. Mineral elements varied in the order of Ca > Mg > Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn for the processed fish. The impacts of the different cooking methods on proximate and mineral contents of the fish were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05), except for carbohydrate, copper and manganese. Roasting method provided the best results when both nutrients and preservation are the priorities.

Comparative Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings Feedwith Coppens and Dizengoff Feed

Growth performance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus dizengoff feed was carried out as a comparative study with Coppens commercial feed for 28 days in plastic tanks. Two group of 50 finger lings with a mean weight of 1.68 ± 0.4 and 1.64 ± 0.3 g were stocked in two circular plastic tanks, of 30 l capacity labelled D1, and D2. Fish in unit D1 were fed Coppens feed while fish in tank D2 were fed dizengoff feed twice daily at 3% of their body weights. Growth performance indices showed that weight gain (g), growth rate (GR), specific growth rate (SGR) and mean growth rate (MGR) of C. gariepinus fed dizengoff feed was not significantly different (P>0.05) from fish fed Coppens feed. Protein efficiency ratio(PER) for Coppens was 1.60 ± 0.02 and that of dizengoff was 1.40 ± 0.01. Food utilisation indices showed that fish fed dizengoff feed consumed significantly (P 0.05). Proximate analysis of the dry matter of the two experimental feeds showed that moisture content, fat content, crude fibre content, ash content, carbohydrate and Caloric value (C/V) were significantly different (P 0.05). The cost analysis also shows that dizengoff feed is less cost than coppens feed. Physicochemical parameters including water temperature (°C), pH, dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and ammonia (mg/L) were controlled within the acceptable range for fresh water fish culture. Based on these findings, it was concluded that dizengoff has competed favourably with Coppens feed in growth performance and food utilisation of C. gariepinus. Dizengoff feed is recommended on the basis of list cost and affordability as a substitute for Coppens commercial feed for C. gariepinus production.

Effects of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) stamen extract on growth performance, feed utilization and intestinal morphology of catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The effects of dietary supplementation of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) stamen extract (NNSE) on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency and intestinal morphology of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were evaluated experimentally in a 7-week feeding trial. Fish with an initial weight of 12.54±0.64 g were completely randomized into 4 groups with 3 replications and reared in circular concrete tanks. Group 1, fish were fed the basal diets and served as the control group. Groups 2-4, fish were fed the diets supplemented with 0.1, 0.5 and 1% of NNSE, respectively. At the end of experiment, it was found that fish fed the diets containing NNSE at different levels significantly increased weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to the control (P 0.05). Villi heights and widths, muscularis thickness and goblet cell number in anterior and posterior portion of fish intestines observed under the light microscope were significantly increased in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Additionally, feeding behavior, palatability and feed acceptability did not differ among the groups. The optimal level of NNSE observed was 0.1%. Taken together, these findings reveal that NNSE could be applied in fish feed as a natural feed additive without negative side-effects to improve growth, feed utilization and intestinal morphology in Catfish.

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN MENENTUKAN PAKAN TERBAIK PEMBESARAN IKAN LELE SANGKURIANG HEMAT BIAYA MENGGUNAKAN METODE TOPSIS

Decision support systems (decision support systems) is a computer-based information system including a knowledge-based system or the management of knowledge that is used to support decision making in an organization or individual. Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is one freshwater fish species are cultivated commercially by the people of Indonesia. Feed apart as one of the factors that can increase the productivity of fish, also the largest component in the production cost. Can reach 60% of the total cost of production. Currently the price of manufactured feed expensive per kgnya. For the best quality feed and has a cost efficient is certainly not easy. It is necessary for a merger of several disciplines to obtain optimal feed value. In the field of informatics, experiences to look for the best optimal feed (have good nutritional value, but the price is efficient). The method used is TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). This uses the principle that the selected alternative should have the shortest distance of a positive solution and farthest from the negative ideal solution of a geometrical point by using the Euclidean distance to determine the relative proximity of an alternative to the optimal solution. This study discusses the assessment, analysis and development of a decision support system determine the best feed catfish enlargement sangkuriang cost-effective.

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