Clarias Batrachus Research Articles

Impact of gonadotropin on certain testis-related genes identified through testicular transcriptome analysis in the Asian and the African catfish

Induction of spawning in catfish is well demonstrated in females while stimulation of spermiation in males seems difficult. This has led to least understanding of gene profile changes during testicular maturation. Expression of the factors after hormonal induction that control reproductive processes has become an intense research area in fish endocrinology. In view of this, de novo assemblies of testicular transcriptomes of the Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus and the African catfish, C. gariepinus, were performed to identify genes/factors involved in testicular maturation. For testicular induction, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was administered in vivo to both the catfish species during active phase of reproduction. 1,68,071 and 1,26,232 assembled transcripts were obtained from C. batrachus and C. gariepinus testicular transcriptomes and were annotated using different databases. Further, in silico analysis suggested the presence of several transcripts that were involved in steroidogenesis and male reproduction. Comparison of transcriptomes of both species revealed the presence of certain unique genes related to reproduction differentially. Expression profiles after hCG induction in testis showed higher expression of certain steroidogenesis related genes such as star, cyp11b1, cyp17a and cyp21a in both the species. Further, expression levels of crucial factors related to testis, such as sox9, dmrt1/2/3, were also found to be significantly higher after gonadotropin induction. However, amh, tgfα and dmrt4/5 expression levels were significantly low. Factors related to male reproduction i.e., tekt1, tekt2, spag1, spata2 and spata7 were found to be upregulated in hCG treated testicular tissue. Histology analysis indicated that the gonadotropin induction either short or long term is a better strategy to highlight expression profile changes during testicular maturation in teleost.

Impact of Chaetomorpha aerea-enriched diet on growth, feed utilization, and haemato-immunological responses in Clarias batrachus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila

The bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, which causes motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS), is dangerous to aquaculture because it affects the fish's well-being and production. As the aquaculture industry seeks sustainable and effective methods to enhance fish immunity and growth, natural supplements such as marine algae have gained attention. This study explored the potential benefits of incorporating the green marine algae Chaetomorpha aerea into the fish diet, focusing on disease resistance, growth, feed utilization, and hematological and immunological responses. Five diets were prepared, varying concentrations of C. aerea (0 control, T1: 1 g/kg; T2: 2 g/kg: T3: 5 g/kg: and T4: 10 g/kg) and administered to fish over 30 days. Following the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to A. hydrophila, and their survival rates were observed for the next 14 days. The findings demonstrated that the final weight, weight gain, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, and daily growth rate were all positively impacted by a diet containing 5 g/kg of C. aerea. Additionally, fish in the 5 g/kg C. aerea group demonstrated improved feed conversion efficiency compared to the control group. While there were no significant changes in red and white blood cell counts on the initial day, serum lysozyme activity and overall resistance to infection were enhanced in fish receiving C. aerea at 2 and 5 g/kg. These results imply that C. aerea supplementation with fish supplements may be a useful immunostimulant, boosting improved health and growth in sustainable aquaculture practices.

Effect of Body Size and Condition Factor on Proximate Composition of Clarias batrachus Under Different Concentration of Ammonia

This study is focused on examining the proximate body composition (water, fats, proteins, and ash) of Clarias batrachus, exposed to different concentrations of ammonia. Fish were kept in different groups with ammonia concentrations of 0 mg/L (T-0), 0.25mg/L (T-I), 0.5mg/L (T-II), 0.75mg/L (T-III), and 1mg/L (T-IV) for 3 months. At the end of the trial, a total of 50 samples of C. batrachus (10 from each treatment group) were taken to analyze the body composition. Mean (±SE) values of water, ash, fat, and protein contents in % wet body weight of C. batrachus were found 77.07±0.80% to 82.23±0.55%, 2.98±0.03%to 3.34±0.17%, 3.90±0.19% to 4.58±0.30% and 10.53±0.40 to 15.36±0.56 in the different studied treatment groups. Water and protein contents were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the exposure of ammonia to C. batrachus. Significantly highest level of protein content was found in the fish group which was not treated with ammonia exposure (T-0). Whereas ash and fat contents showed no significant (P>0.05) difference between the ammonia-treated groups and the control group. Regression analysis showed a clear effect of fish size on water and protein contents in C. batrachus reared in different treatment groups. While ash was found correlated only in T-0 (p<0.001; r=0.939), and fat in T-0 (p<0.001; r=0.929) and T-III (p<0.05; r=0.636). However, the condition factor remained constant with the proximate composition of C. batrachus. This study would be helpful in the measurement of the body composition of fishes with the size of fishes affected by different concentrations of ammonia to analyze the nutritional value of C. batrachus.

Effect of cryoprotectant and concentration on the sperm quality of walking catfish, Clarias batrachus, post-cryopreservation

BACKGROUND: Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus is one of the native and most popular freshwater catfish species in Indonesia. However, cultivation faces challenges, particularly due to the scarcity of larvae resulting from underdeveloped breeding technologies. Cryopreservation is a method of storing sperm to maintain viability for a long period and support the breeding technology of the fish. Cryoprotectant, in this context, plays an important role in determining the success of sperm cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the best type and concentration of cryoprotectant for cryopreservation of walking catfish sperm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of five different types of cryoprotectants, namely DMSO, glycerol, ethyl glycol, ethanol, and methanol, were tested at four concentration levels namely 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, each with four replications. RESULTS: The type and concentration of cryoprotectant had a significant effect on sperm motility and viability (P<0.05). The best outcomes were obtained with 5% DMSO and ethyl glycol, 10% glycerol and methanol, as well as 15% ethanol. CONCLUSION: The highest motility and viability values were obtained with 5% DMSO, resulting in its recommendation for cryopreservation of walking catfish sperm.

Fermented aquatic weed meal (FAWM) as a protein source in Asian Catfish Clarias batrachus diets: Impacts on growth, blood chemistry profile, liver and gut morphology and economic efficiency

The global aquaculture industry is increasingly seeking sustainable alternatives to fishmeal (FM) due to its high price and shortfall in supply. In this context, fermented aquatic weed meal (FAWM) could emerge as a viable plant protein source for aquafeed. Four isoproteic diets [30 % crude protein (CP)] were formulated, incorporating 50 % total protein from FAWM comprising fermented Azolla diet (D1), Pistia diet (D2), and Eichhornia diet (D3). The control diet (D0) did not contain FAWM. At the end of the 90 days feeding trial, their growth performance, whole-body proximate composition, gut microbial load, haemato-biochemical indices, liver and gut health, and economic efficiency were determined. Fish fed with D0 had significantly (p < 0.05) improved growth performance and feed utilization compared to other treatment groups. Meanwhile, the fish supplemented with D1 diet exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher final weight (g), specific growth rate (%/day), weight gain (%), total biomass (g), and protein efficiency ratio among the FAWM dietary groups. The D1 group also demonstrated the significantly (p < 0.05) highest whole-body CP (64.27 ± 0.40 %) and lower crude lipid (8.24 ± 0.28 %) compared to other test diets. The total bacteria (TB) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the fish gut were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher in D1 group. Furthermore, most of the hemato-biochemical indices of fish were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by FAWM inclusions, with few exceptions. The histological findings indicated that amongst the FAWM groups, D1 fish exhibited improved intestinal health. Nonetheless, the gut of the control fish demonstrated substantially (p < 0.05) lower villi width and crypt depth than other treatments. The D1 and D2 diet groups had significantly improved liver health. Moreover, FAWM inclusion enhanced economic efficiency by considerably reducing farm feed cost (US$/kg) and increasing return on investment (%). In summary, dietary inclusion of fermented Azolla pinnata (D1) protein at 50 % in aquafeed promoted feed utilization, growth, health, and farm economics of Asian catfish fingerlings compared to other FAWM diets.

Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Magur Fish (Clarias batrachus) from Bihar: Implications for Nutritional Value

Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Magur Fish (Clarias batrachus) from Bihar: Implications for Nutritional Value

Mineral Content and Amino Acid Profile of Magur Fish (Clarias batrachus) from Bihar: A Nutritional Assessment

Mineral Content and Amino Acid Profile of Magur Fish (Clarias batrachus) from Bihar: A Nutritional Assessment

Alteration in oxidative stress markers, digestive physiology and gut microbiota of Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus exposed to eriochrome black T

Synthetic dyes are the primary cause of water pollution in industrial regions. Azo dyes account for 60–70% of such dyes used in the textile sector due to their numerous beneficial characteristics. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the toxicity of Eriochrome Black T (EBT), a widely used azo dye in the textile industry. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of EBT exposure on two catfish species, Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus. Following 96 h exposure to 1, 10 and 20 mgL−1 of EBT, the MDA content and activities of SOD, CAT and GR exhibited a rising trend. However, as the concentration of EBT increased in both species, GPx showed decreased activity. EBT exposure also altered gut morphometry as well as the three main digestive enzymes activity (increase in lipase and trypsin activity, while decrease in amylase activity). In addition, the exposure of EBT had a significant impact on the gut microbiota of both species. C. batrachus demonstrated the suppression or absence of beneficial gut commensals (Bacillus and Cetobacterium), whereas H. fossilis revealed the proliferation and appearance of beneficial commensal microbes (Bacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Megashaera). Furthermore, the expansion or absence of these microbial communities indicated that the gut microbiota of both species was involved in dye digestion, immunity and detoxification. Overall, the percent change calculation of all the selected biomarkers, together with gut microbiota analysis, indicates that C. batrachus was more vulnerable to EBT exposure than H. fossilis. The present investigation effectively demonstrated the toxic impact of EBT on fish health by employing oxidative stress markers, digestive enzymes, and the fish gut microbiota as a promising tool for screening the impact of dye exposure on digestive physiology in toxicological research.

Effects of dietary supplementation of Zn-nanoparticles on the growth performance and nutritional quality of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus

Effects of dietary supplementation of Zn-nanoparticles on the growth performance and nutritional quality of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus

Effects of Herbicide, Glyphosate on Haematological Profile of Clarias batrachus (Linn.)

The glyphosate (C3H8NO5P) is an herbicide widely used by farmers in agriculture to eradicate weeds. The present study includes the airbreathing fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.) induced to sublethal concentration (2.46 mg/L) of inorganic herbicide, glyphosate for 30 days showed haematological profile alterations. In the treated group significant changes were observed in the haematological profile. The parameters Hb, RBC and WBC were decreases while in DLC, Neutrophil, Monocytes and Eosinophil an increases were observed. The present study concluded that Clarias batrachus is susceptible to herbicide, glyphosate at very low concentration. So, it is suggested that water contamination with glyphosate concentration of less than 2.46 mg/L in fish culture pond may be suitable for optimum growth performance.

The Influence of the Proportion of Bones and Meat Catfish (Clarias batrachus) and Frying Time on the Quality of Catfish Floss

Catfish is a freshwater fish that is often found but has not been used optimally. One alternative use of catfish is processed into catfish floss. This research aims to determine the effect and best treatment of the proportion of bones and meat of catfish with frying time. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial with 2 factors and 2 replications. Factor I is the proportion of bone: meat of catfish (30:70, 50:50, 70:30). Factor II is the frying time (60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes). Observation data were analyzed using ANOVA with a level of 5%. If there were significant differences between treatments, the DMRT test was continued. The best treatment in this study was a long frying treatment of 60 minutes with the proportion of bone: catfish meat (30:70) producing shredded catfish with calcium levels (6.78%), water content (8.81%), ash content (7.04%), fat content (27.02%), TBA number (0.18mg.MDA/kg), color scoring test 1.28 (yellow) and aroma scoring test 4.48 (slightly burnt).

Nitric oxide mediated kisspeptin regulation of steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in the catfish, Clarias batrachus.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that regulates various reproductive functions. It is a well-recognized regulator of GnRH-FSH/LH-sex steroid secretion in vertebrates including fish. Kisspeptin is a recently discovered neuropeptide which also regulates GnRH secretion. Nitrergic and kisspeptin neurons are reported in close physical contact in the mammalian brain suggesting their interactive role in the release of GnRH. The existence of kisspeptin and NOS is also demonstrated in vertebrate gonads, but information on their reciprocal relation in gonads, if any, is obscure. Therefore, attempts were made to evaluate the functional reciprocal relation between nitric oxide and kisspeptin in the catfish gonads, if any, by administering the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME {N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester}, which reduces NO production, and kisspeptin agonist (KP-10) and assessing their impacts on the expressions of kisspeptin1, different NOS isoforms, NO and steroid production in the gonadal tissue. The results revealed that L-NAME suppressed the expression of kiss1 in gonads of the catfish establishing the role of NO in kisspeptin expression. However, KP-10 increased the expression of all the isoforms of NOSs (iNOS, eNOS,nNOS) and concurrently NO and steroids in the ovary and testis. In vitro studies also indicate that kisspeptin stimulates the production of NO and estradiol and testosterone levels in the gonadal explants and medium. Thus, in vivo results clearly suggest a reciprocal interaction between kisspeptin and NO to regulate the gonadal activity of the catfish. The in vitro findings further substantiate our contention regarding the interactive role of kisspeptin and NO in gonadal steroidogenesis.

Phylogeography of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) Inland Waters of Asia

Abstract Clarias batrachus is native species from the Clarias genus that has significant economic value in the world, including Indonesia. The genetic relationship between C. batrachus populations in Asia has not been intensively studied. This study used the mitochondrial COI gene as a marker to examine the phylogeography pattern of Clarias batrachus in Indonesia and other Asian nations. The samples were extracted, PCR and sequenced using a standard procedure for these purposes. Five C. batrachus samples in total were taken from Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The sequences from Aceh were compared with 39 samples from the Genbank were employed in this analysis. Of these, 10 samples from Thailand, 10 samples from India, 10 samples from Philippines and 9 samples from Java, Indonesia. The results showed that 15 haplotypes were produced from the sequences. All populations have a haplotype diversity (Hd) value of 0.892. With a genetic distance of 0.022, Thailand and the Philippines have the closest population, while Aceh and India have the furthest populations, separated by a genetic distance of 0.113. Within the population, the genetic distance varies between 0-0.005. Therefore, it is concluded that the C. batrachus population of Aceh is closer in genetic distance to the C. batrachus population of Thailand.

An approach to optimizing dietary protein to growth and body composition in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linneaeus, 1758).

Clarias batrachus is a commercially important food fish. In the present study, effect of varying dietary protein levels was evaluated on the survival, growth parameters and proximate composition of C. batrachus. Diets comprising 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% crude protein (CP) were supplied to fish in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively, at the rate of 5% of fish body weight for the entire 90 days, twice daily. Size of each stocked C. batrachus was recorded after 15 days. Results revealed 100% survival rate of C. batrachus in all treatments. Significantly highest (P<0.001) mean value of weight gain (g/fish), percent weight gain, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in C. batrachus were recorded, reared in T4 by feeding 40% CP in diet. The best FCR value (1.90±0.02) for C. batrachus was obtained in T4 by feeding 40%CP in diet. Mean value of water, ash, fat and protein contents (wet mass) were ranged 74.10-79.23%, 3.12-4.68%, 3.90-4.43% and 13.09-16.79% for C. batrachus in the studied treatment groups. Water content (%) was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in the body of C. batrachus for T1, T2, T3 and T6 than for T4 and T5. Ash was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in the fish reared in T4 and T5. Fat content in the wet body mass of C. batrachus was found significantly higher in T4 and T1. While, significant higher (P<0.05) values of mean protein content was noted in C. batrachus reared in T4 and T5. Body composition of C. batrachus was also categorically affected by body size, however, condition factor showed non-significant correlation in most of the relationships in the present study. Overall, results indicated that feeding appropriate diet (containing 40% CP) to the fish resulted good growth performance, lower FCR and higher protein content in the fish. Present study provides valuable knowledge of optimal dietary protein level in C. batrachus which will help in commercial success of aquaculture.

Ethnoecological Study of Ndhas Gendhing Spring in Sukorejo Village, Magelang Regency, Province of Central Java

News of the water crisis can be found all over the world, including Indonesia. Unfortunately, the knowledge of the younger generation about the importance of springs, including Ndhas Gendhing, is still low because the knowledge is passed on orally rather than in writing. Indigenous knowledge about Ndhas Gendhing is still maintained by the people of Sukorejo Village. The aim of this research is to study Ndhas Gendhing Spring using ethnoecological principles. The research method was field research. There are four types of plants that have the potential to protect the Ndhas Gendhing spring, namely Preh (Ficus macrocarpa), Ringin (Ficus benjamina), Pring Jawa (Gigantochloa atter), and Pring Petung (Dendrocalamus asper). There are nine aquatic animal species found in the water source, namely Lele lokal (Clarias batrachus), Wader (Rasbora argyrotaenia), Peto (Aplocheilus armatus), Nila (Oreochromis niloticus), Yuyu (Parathelphusa convexa), Melem (Rasbora caudimaculata), Kotes (Channa limbate), Deleg (Channa striata), dan Pelus (Anguilla sp.). Based on the physical and chemical characteristics, the water is odorless and clear. The average pH was 6.92, with an average TDS of 117.6 ppm. This means that the water condition is in the excellent category. The abundant water can be used for daily needs such as bathing, washing clothes, and PDAM drinking water. In fact, there are special rituals such as padusan and kungkum. It is hoped that the younger generation's awareness of the existence of the Ndhas Gendhing spring will support sustainable water security.

Estimation of 210Po and 210Pb and its doses to human beings due to consumption of freshwater species of Ponnusamuthiram Lake, South India

Abstract A systemic study on the natural radionuclides such as 210Po and 210Pb in the environmental matrices and biota of Ponnusamuthiram Lake (Kumarapalayam) has been undertaken to establish a baseline data on the radiation profile of Ponnusamuthiram Lake ecosystem. The environmental samples, such as water, sediment, and biota (Catla catla, Channa punctata, Clarias batrachus, and Oreochromis mossambicus), crustaceans (Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Macrobrachium malcolmsonii), and bivalves (Lamellidens marginalis), have been subjected to analyses. It has been observed that the concentration of 210Po and 210Pb in the water samples of Ponnusamuthiram Lake was 1.95 and 3.70 mBq L−1, respectively. The activity concentration of 210Po and 210Pb in the sediment sample was 65.31 and 21.12 Bq kg−1, respectively. The bivalve mollusc Lamellidens marginalis have been identified to accumulate higher concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb suggesting that they could serve as bioindicators of radionuclides in the Ponnusamuthiram Lake ecosystem. The concentration factor of 210Po for the biotic components ranged from 1.0 × 103 to 3.0 × 105, while for 210Pb, it ranged from 1.0 × 103 to 4.7 × 104. The committed effective dose for human beings was found at 21.74–248.20 and 16.84–118.67 μSv y−1 for 210Po and 210Pb, respectively.

Impact of sub-acute exposure to nuvan on serum lipoproteins of catfish, Clarias batrachus and their potential effects indirectly on human health

Pesticides are frequently applied in agricultural land, public health programs, and maintenance of trees or plants and also used as preservatives for different food materials for a long time. But these pesticides cause a lot of negative health and environmental impacts which affects the sustainability of an ecosystem. Among the different pesticides organophosphorus pesticide mostly used in agricultural purposes to prevent the disease causing agents like insects, pests, parasite due to its less persistence in our environment. Synthetic pesticide like Nuvan accumulations in the tissues of animals produce cyto-toxicity and have severed health issues due to its persistent nature. When these pesticides intake by aquatic animals specially fishes, they can interfere with the food chain. When such contaminated fishes eaten by someone they can destroy multiple systems in the body of human and other livings. Changes in blood biochemical indices gives signs what is happening in body of animals after exposure of pesticides. Most edible and commercially valuable freshwater fish Clarias batrachus was used in this work for analyzed the hazardous nature of toxic pesticide nuvan on some biochemical parameters. When fish exposed to two sub-lethal levels of nuvan (0.0137 ml/L and 0.0274 ml/L) for 60 days showed that the pesticide induces changes in blood parameters. The results showed very highly significant (p&lt;0.001) increase in Low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) and highly significant (p&lt;0.01) increase in Very low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL) while very highly significant (p&lt;0.001) reduction in high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL) were noted in treated groups compared with the control. This study implicates that adverse effect on lipoproteins due to synthetic pesticides have a negative health effect as cardiovascular risk status. Research of environmental pollution and its adverse effects on human and other animals including fish is remarkable which can leads the sustainability of our environment.

Effect of Mentha arvensis enriched diet to promote the growth and immune response of Clarias batrachus against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish fed diet Menthaarvensisextract on growth performance, non-specific immunity and expression of some immune-related genes and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Clarias batrachus. Five diets were formulated with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of M. arvensisleafextract. The results indicated that, compared to the control groups, 2-4% dietary inclusion increased growth and feed consumption. In the dietary inclusion of 3-4% M.arvensisextract groups were increased relative on weight gain, specific growth rate, RBC, WBC, total hemocyte counts, total protein, globulin than control. Fed diet supplements with 3% mint-extract increased the total protein, WBC and globulin and phagocytic indexes and lysozyme activity increased at the 2, 3 and 4% of mint groups relative to the control. The PCR analysis showed that TNF, IL-1, MyD88, and TLRs were increased in the 2-4% fed diet M. arvensis extract groups than the control. These results suggest that 3% of M. arvensis extract significantly influences the immunomodulatory activity and immune-specific genes of C. batrachus.

Analysis of Lead (Pb) Metal Content in Catfish Meat (Clarias batrachus L) Sold at Bekonang Market, Sukoharjo

Catfish (Clarias bathracus L) can survive and be able to tolerate polluted water conditions. Lead metal naturally occurs in water and contaminates the organisms in it. Lead metal contamination in fish will cause poisoning and brain damage if it enters the human body's metabolism and accumulates in amounts that exceed the threshold. This research was conducted to determine the content of Pb metal in catfish meat sold at Bekonang Market, Sukoharjo. The method used in this research is a qualitative analysis using the K2CrO4 reagent and a quantitative analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results of the research with K2CrO4 reagent showed that samples A, B, C, D, and E were negative respectively. The average levels of lead (Pb) in catfish meat samples A, B, C, D, and E were -21.98 mg/Kg ± 0.140; -22.10 mg/Kg ± 0.035; -24.32 mg/Kg ± 0.107; -10.99 mg/Kg ± 0.191; and -24.36 mg/Kg ± 0.091. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the content is still below the threshold according to the requirements for lead (Pb) levels allowed by Republic of Indonesia Food and Drug Supervisory Agency Regulation Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination of 20 mg/kg.

Characterization of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides from the Epidermis of Clarias batrachus Catfish

Characterization of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides from the Epidermis of Clarias batrachus Catfish