Clandestine Affair Research Articles

Clandestine Issues

Abstract To this day, materials surrounding the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution that live in the archives of Addis Ababa University are designated as “clandestine literature.” Their publication was a clandestine affair; critiquing the emperor of the then-oldest Christian kingdom in the world and eventually professing Marxist thinking, they amounted to blasphemy. However, building an argument for Ethiopian revolution was premised on another heretical proposition: that Ethiopia, world-famous for having eluded European colonial rule, was a client state of US imperialism during the mid-century age of decolonization. This article employs a selection of Ethiopian revolutionary papers—including magazines, newspapers, and journals produced and distributed across Ethiopia, North America, and Europe—to provide a genealogy of “US Imperialism in Ethiopia,” a composite, hand-transcribed document of the late 1960s that has since been destroyed. Assembling materials marked by both their refutation of and proximity to US empire, this article argues that building the case for US imperialism in Ethiopia was a necessary step to clarify and link Ethiopian revolutionary struggle to anticolonialism. In the process, the article thinks with and extends the archival designation “clandestine” as both the conspiracy of alleging US imperialism in Ethiopia and an analytic for reading other transnational networks of revolutionary papers.

A clandestine affair – A case report

According to the witnesses, crime scene and inquest report, deceased is a 30 years old female, found dead lying on floor, in her apartment house along with a male, who was found hanging from a ceiling fan in the same room. The deceased body was brought to Mortuary, Osmania General Hospital at 04:00 PM on 28/01/2023 by the Investigation Officer and requested for postmortem examination under section 174 Criminal Procedure Code. The postmortem findings were an antemortem horizontally placed ligature mark at the level of thyroid cartilage in the front of neck, internally there was an inward fracture of tip of greater horn of hyoid bone on the right side with surrounding tissue contusion. There were some small crescent shaped abrasions noted on both sides of front of neck which were suggestive of nail marks. There was a contusion over the inner surface of the scalp. With meticulous crime scene investigation and post mortem examination and interpretation of the findings cause of death was given as “Ligature Strangulation”

Light on Fire: The Art and Life of Sam Francis

Light on Fire: The Art and Life of Sam Francis

Game of Thrones and the hidden apocalypse

Abstract HBO’s Game of Thrones (2011–present) is based on George R. R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire (1996–ongoing) book series. This Gothic fantasy world, which is based in a medieval-like period, where a struggle for the iron throne of Westeros is marked by a kingdom-wide civil war that encompasses wave after wave of massacres, betrayals and clandestine affairs, has become a popular culture phenomenon. The presence of ‘priests’ and ‘priestesses’ through the storyline provide religious undertones with the predatory, hive-minded zombie White Walkers being the key threat to the kingdom from the frozen north. Apocalyptic scenarios in popular culture have often been secularized, however, Martin explores the mysteries of what it is to be human and the fragility of existence by using religion as a central plot element, which this article will explore. Buried truths come to the fore in the ultimate battle of the living against the dead, and the trajectory of the narrative highlights the plot’s impending apocalyptic event, bringing otherwise enemies together. The article explores the connections made between the characters to that of biblical texts from the Book of Revelation in the Bible, and the prophesized destruction of the earth.

SOME TEXTUAL PROBLEMS IN AELIUS DONATUS’ COMMENTARY ON TERENCE

In the first act of Terence's Andria, we find a dialogue between the old man Simo and Sosia, the freedman, with the former explaining why he has decided to arrange a false wedding for his young son Pamphilus. He has, in fact, learned that his son, despite being betrothed, has had a relationship with another girl and that—quite a serious matter—the fiancée's father, Chremes, has heard about the clandestine affair. In verses 144–9 Simo reports on the not-altogether friendly meeting he has had with Chremes, who is furious about the complete disrespect that has been shown to his daughter; Simo's only defence is to attempt to deny the truth (146: ego illud sedulo negare factum).

Shifting Rules and Shifty Wives: A Historical Reading of Three Tales from the Heptaméron

Tales 21, 40, and 15 in the Heptameron similarly explore clandestine affairs and the role women had in choosing a husband. Read together, these stories highlight the complex social nature of the institution of marriage and its evolving legal definition in the first half of the sixteenth century in France. The female devisants give voice to sympathetic women characters caught between the interests of the state and of their families while simultaneously trying to legitimize their own desires. By demonstrating the impact that women’s words could have in shaping public opinion, Marguerite provides a nuanced portrait of a legal institution.

Hepatitis C virus and host cell nuclear transport machinery: a clandestine affair.

There is growing evidence that factors encoded by cytoplasmic replicating viruses functionally interact with components of the nucleocytoplasmic transport apparatus. They do so either to access the cell nucleus, thus affecting genes expression, or to interfere with nuclear transport functionality, hindering host immune response. Recent studies revealed that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) makes no exception, interacting with the host cell nuclear transport machinery at two different levels. On the one hand, small amounts of both core and NS5A localize within the host cell nucleus during productive infection, modulating gene expression and signaling functions to promote persistent infection. On the other hand, HCV infection causes a profound redistribution of certain nucleoproteins to the close proximity of endoplasmic reticulum membrane-derived viral replication factories, where viral RNA amplification occurs. These nucleoporins are believed to form nuclear pore complex-like structures, as suggested by their ability to recruit nuclear localization sequence-bearing proteins. Thus, both processes are linked to virus-induced persistence and pathogenesis, representing possible targets for the development of novel anti-HCV therapeutics.

Psychology behind Clandestine Affairs in an Interpersonal Romantic Liaison

Clandestine love affairs and meetings between love smitten couples are common issues since time immemorial. Love is one of the most profound emotions known to human beings. Lovers in societies who are conservative need to have clandestine meetings, that is, they can meet only secretly even for their simple romantic relationships. There is nothing novel among these rendezvous’ between two loving parties. But the matter of concern that stands supreme is the psychology or in other words the working of the mind of these couples that ignites their souls to enter into an intimate relationship. In the current scenario, clandestine affairs and romantic liaisons are very common among people of any age group. The couple under the spell of romantic union is least bothered to share his experience with the family members or even friends; they keep it to themselves and live in their own euphoric world. The current research effort will penetrate deep in highlighting the strong psychology behind these interpersonal romantic affairs. The psychological impact behind the romantic initiation leading into the saga of an interpersonal romantic relationship is a matter of strong discussion. The paper will aid in highlighting how the two unknown bodies meet and interact with each other, actually ignite or extinguish aspirations for the impending future. The psychology behind this clandestine affair, sans awareness to the third party is centripetal on the couple’s flight of imagination in the deep recesses of their heart and their virtual behavior towards each other.

Caribbean Literary Discourses on the Polyvalence of Masculinity

though it has taken the academic community in the Caribbean, particularly those in the social sciences and the humanities, some time to begin to address the issues of masculinity and sexuality systematically, the creative writers of the region have long demonstrated abundant leadership in this regard. One should not interpret this claim to mean that men have not been talked about in the scholarly literature of the Caribbean, but a systematic and ongoing analysis of the way society shapes the construction of masculinity, as a gendered identity, had to await a different type of discursive practice that emerged in the late 1980s. Caribbean creative writers, in contrast, have been reflecting on matters of masculinity and sexuality for a very long time.1This essay seeks to examine the ways in which some Anglophone Caribbean writers skilfully map the terrain of masculinity in the region, being cognisant of the nuances of its construction, but simultaneously mindful of the shifting terrain upon which masculinity is fashioned. Emerging from this examination of the creative literature are forms of masculinity that range from the more traditional and self-assured prototypical conceptions of heterosexual masculinity (for example, Austin Clarke's Nine Men Who Laughed [1986], Samuel Selvon's The Lonely Londoners [1956], George Lamming's In the Castle of My Skin [1953] andV. S. Naipaul's A House for Mr Biswas [1961]),2 to examples of less decisive practices of sexuality, and more nuanced understandings of the ways men lay claim to their manhood (such as Selvon's Turn Again Tiger [1958], Jacques Roumains Masters of the Dew [1944] and Eric Walrond's Tropic Death [1926]).3 In the process, one of the more compelling contributions of the writers is the way they return to the reader the sense of community and cultural impact on the way men view themselves, and the extent of societal influence on the way they configure masculinity. This essay traces the construction and performance of masculinity in Opal Palmer Adisa's It Begins with Tears (1997), Earl Lovelace's The Wine of Astonishment (1982), Harold Sonny Ladoo's Yesterdays (1974), and Andrew Salkey's Escape to an Autumn Pavement (1959).4Masculinity and the society's influenceThough there may appear to be no social sanctions governing male sexual behaviour in the Caribbean, the day-to-day activity of the living situation may not be entirely without some ethical constraints. In the patriarchal context of the Caribbean, sanctions against sexual licence are much less binding on the man than on the woman. Nevertheless, it is not uncommon for men to be chastised for their infidelity. In a perceptive observation, Brackette Williams, speaking about making the transition to manhood in Guyana, notes that a boy of good moral standing should not be engaged in dubious clandestine affairs: Nor should he ask for one girl and then continue to play about, 'spoiling other people's girl children'.5 It is this same type of community sanction, shaming and damage not simply to the reputation of the man, but that of his family, that generates the following stern upbraiding of Godfree from his grandmother Dahlia in It Begins with Tears:Godfree! Boy, where you is? Come here.Yes Granny.Drop you pants.But Granny . . .Boy, ah still a head taller dan you, and dere is still strength in me hand. Now drop you pants.Reluctantly, but knowing the stubbornness and strength of his grandmother, the boy complied, looking around to make sure his friends weren't in the bushes watching and laughing at him. Not in the habit of wearing underpants, he stood naked before his grandmother. She stood staring at him, assessing his manhood, then walked over to him. As Granny reached for Godfree's pride, he pulled back but her left hand on his shoulder held him firm and with her right hand she took his rod in her palm. At first she held it like something hot and delicate, then she began to feel it like one testing the ripeness of a bread-fruit, then her fingers kneaded it as if it were something dead that needed to be given life. …

Insufficient evidence

Insufficient evidence: Evaluating Dr Who's lost adventures Dr Who: The Enemy of The World (Barry Letts UK 1967-8). BBC Worldwide 2013. Region 2. 1.33:1. £20.42. Dr Who: The Web of Fear (Douglas Camfield UK 1968). BBC Worldwide 2014. Region 2. 1.33:1. £20.42.The discipline of television archiving resembles, in some respects, a giant treasure hunt. Besides caring for existing content, archivists are engaged in a perpetual effort to recover material discarded by their predecessors when broadcasts were viewed as mere ephemera. As late as the 1980s, thousands of television programmes were destroyed each year by UK broadcasters who wished to minimise costs by reusing the videotapes they were recorded upon. The lack of value placed on programmes is reflected by the term, ' junking', used to describe their destruction. Episodes from many long-running videotaped programmes were lost during this process, including the majority of Doctor Who episodes broadcast between 1963 and 1974.While fans of most series have been content to let the professionals do their work, Doctor Who fandom contracted a collective case of 'archive fever' once the destruction of episodes from the series became public knowledge in 1981. The revelation that 136 episodes from the programme were missing led to a substantial realignment within fandom, which became 'more focused on the programme's past glories of the 1960s and 1970s, rather than new material that was being offered up by the BBC' (Molesworth 11). This transformation matched the symptoms of what Derrida later termed 'archive fever': 'It is to burn with a passion. It is never to rest, interminably, from searching for the archive right where it slips away. It is to run after the archive' (91). The compulsive thirst to reconstruct the BBC's Doctor Who archive has resulted in some significant successes and surprising rediscoveries, most recently the retrieval of two serials from the programme's fifth season, The Enemy of the World (23 Dec 1967-27 Jan 1968) and The Web of Fear (3 Feb-9 Mar 1968), from a Nigerian film store.The films were located by Philip Morris, a Doctor Who fan who has been conducting a search of African archives for missing UK television programmes. The intensity of the 'archive fever' developed in some circles is such that their return was a clandestine affair due to the risk that impatient fans would disrupt the retrieval process. Unfortunately, the BBC's desire to quench their thirst for lost archives has had a negative impact on these DVD releases, which lack any of the special features associated with previous Doctor Who titles. The need to satisfy demands for the earliest possible release date mean there was not sufficient time to prepare any.This is unfortunate as the story behind the recovery warrants its own special feature. Although the BBC produced Doctor Who on videotape, it also produced 16mm film prints for worldwide distribution because that format was cheaper to transport and could be handled by even the most primitive of stations. The BBC retained ownership of these prints and foreign broadcasters were supposed to return or destroy them after use. The Nigerian prints escaped this process because the country's broadcasting services were restructured in the 1970s. The regional station that screened the two serials merged with other broadcasters to form the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). The NTA centralised its archives in Lagos but some of its inherited regional archive stores were missed during this process, meaning that their contents lay undisturbed for over 35 years. Unfortunately, the third episode of The Web of Fear was missing from the material Morris found. While this has generated conspiracy theories within fandom, such instances are not uncommon in moving-image archiving. The fact is that individual reels do go missing due to reasons such as decomposition, misfiling or accidental disposal. Indeed, all major film archives hold some incomplete films within their collections. …

Between Expectation and Desire: Widowhood and Sexuality in Late Medieval Iberia

This article explores the vulnerabilities and ambiguities of widowhood in late medieval noble society through the example of Isabel Cornell, a member of the aristocracy of the Crown of Aragon. Isabel was a beautiful and wealthy woman who had been left a widow at a young age and, as a consequence, was an object of pursuit by the noblemen of the realm. One of these, a cousin, composed a substantial poem elegizing both her physical attractions and her moral purity. Isabel, however, was faced with a dilemma, in that were she to remarry she would lose control over her former husband’s patrimony and her influence over and custody of her own son. As a consequence it seems that she may have been driven to take matters into her own hands, carrying out a clandestine affair with at least one if not two noblemen. At least this is how the indictment reads—a deposition in which her own slave girls testified at having caught her in flagrante. While the outcome of the case is unknown, it brings into relief the moral double-standard of the day, in which the adulterous affairs of men were regarded as inconsequential, whereas the adulterous affairs of women became matters of public and legal record and could have life-shattering repercussions. It also highlights the contrast between contemporary moral ideals and actual behavior and between literary representations of widowhood and real-life social dynamics that both informed and defied them.

The Curious Impertinent on the Restoration Stage

In English speaking countries, the reception of Don Quixote has long been entangled with popular images of the two male bodies at the novel's centre: the tall, emaciated knight of around fifty, who withstands pain, hunger, and fatigue with comic-heroic endurance, and the short, rotund Sancho Panza, recognized at a glance by his stick-legs and unkempt beard. Beaten and bruised, the two figures remind us that we cannot escape our skin, try as we might to disappear into books, fantasy, or an idealized past. The pairing of the two suggests something of the tension between mind and matter at the core of the novel, of how lofty ideals invariably get betrayed by the body and rendered absurd. The gaunt, spiritualizing Quixote and his plebeian companion polarize two realms of experience, yet even in their complemen-tarity do not exhaust the possibilities for representing this tension between ideal and real, fiction and ordinary life. To dwell exclusively on the image and iconographic traditions surrounding the novel's male protagonists overlooks not only the women in Cervantes' text, but also other pairings, for example, the characters who form the love triangle in the 'Tale of Inappropriate Curiosity' (I. 33-35).1Cervantes digresses to tell the tale of a young husband, Anselmo, who makes a trial of his wife's chastity by having his best friend attempt her seduction. He becomes a fascinated but deluded onlooker as the friend's first hesitant advances turn into a dangerous liaison of which he knows nothing until the end. This friend, Lothario, keeps his passion for the beautiful Camila and its eventual consummation secret, only to reveal it rashly in a fit of jealousy. Before the two become lovers, Anselmo peeks through a keyhole to make sure that Lothario has followed his instructions. In a later scene, Anselmo hides in the garderobe to witness the lovers' clandestine affair. Instead he sees Camila, whom Lothario has alerted to his betrayal of confidence, stage a highly theat-ricalized counterplot in which she spurns Lothario's advances and inflicts a knife wound on herself. Throughout the tale Cervantes dwells on Anselmo's misguided curiosity, a phrase that hints at his suppressed homoerotic attraction for Lothario, and, by implication, at the reader's desire to experience pleasure vicariously, to behold everything. When Anselmo eventually learns the truth after the adulterous couple take flight, he cannot bear the knowledge of his own dishonour and dies of remorse. Repentant and chastened by the experience, Lothario and Camila die soon afterwards.Before Quixote and Sancho became visual icons in the deluxe editions of the eighteenth century and before readers recast the book as a modern classic, Don Quixote appealed to the English for this story of curiosity, voyeurism, fatal attraction, and perverse desire. Far from an unmotivated detour, the tale within a tale describes the awakening of an overwhelming longing that flattens every reasonable argument, that destroys logic and eventually life itself. Later Cide Hamete Benengeli will concede that 'El curioso', along with 'El cautivo', departs from the main action of Part I, but justifies its presence by appealing to its artistry and narrative coherence (II. 44). The tale held a fascination for seventeenth-century readers more accustomed than ourselves to narrative interruption in romance and picaresque. Cervantes inserted five semi-autonomous narrations into part I of Don Quixote, and if this one intercalated novela provoked criticism from his contemporaries, some of whom supposedly pronounced it irrelevant (II. 3), the large number of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century adaptations it inspired testifies to its continuing pertinence. The tale momentarily disrupts, but also confirms, the larger historia, by drawing us into a parallel, less benign world of madness and obsessive behaviour.An important and generally overlooked part of the early history of quijotismo in England takes place in the staging of this narrative interlude. …

Discussion of “Nuturance and self-sabotage: Psychoanalytic perspectives on women's fear of success” by Ellen G. Ruderman

Ruderman discusses the challenge that contemporary professional women still face in a sexist society and from their own inner critic. She shows how a relational approach to the treatment of women can empower women to overcome both external and internalized sexism. It is suggested that as patriarchy has been challenged, there has been a backlash against feminism. Urban professional men rebel against feminism by aspiring to become playboys who will never stop “playing the field.” The playboy mentality creates a challenge for contemporary professional women who may not wish their boyfriends or husbands to be spending so much time seeking sexual gratification through Internet pornography, lap dances at strip clubs, massages with happy endings, or clandestine affairs. Lawrence Josephs. Diskussion von: …. Rudermann diskutiert die Herausforderungen, denen heutige Frauen im Berufsleben begegnen. Einerseits haben sie in einer sexistischen Gesellschaft und andererseits gegenüber ihrer innerpsychischen Selbstkritik zu bestehen. Sie zeigt, wie eine psychotherapeutische Behandlung mit einem relationalen Ansatz, der externe und internalisierte Sexismus überwunden werden kann. Der Gedanke wird angeregt, inwiefern die Infragestellung der patriarchalen Gesellschaft eine Gegenbewegung auslöst, die auf den Feminismus zurückschlägt. Die berufstätigen Männer rebellieren gegen den Feminismus und haben den Ehrgeiz Playboys zu sein, die nicht aufhören können, das Feld zu beackern. Diese Playboy Mentalität ist eine Herausforderung für die heutigen berufstätigen Frauen. Sie sind nicht gewillt zuzulassen, dass ihr Freund oder Ehemann sich sexuelle Gratifikationen durch Internet-Pornographie, Nachtclubbesuche, Massagen und heimliche Affären beschafft. Lawrence Josephs. Discusión de: Crianza y autosabotage: Perspectivas psicoanalíticas sobre el miedo al éxito en mujeres por Ruderman discute el reto que las mujeres profesionales contemporáneas todavía enfrentan en una sociedad sexista y desde su propia crítica interna. Ella muestra como una aproximación relacional de tratamiento para mujeres puede fortalecer a la mujer para vencer el sexismo tanto externo como interiorizado. Se sugiere que así como el patriarcado ha sido cuestionado, existe un retroceso contra el feminismo. Hombres urbanos profesionistas se rebelan contra el feminismo aspirando a convertirse en playboys que nunca dejaran de jugar en ese campo. La mentalidad playboy representa un reto para las mujeres profesionistas contemporáneas quienes pueden no desear que sus novios o maridos, Dediquen tanto tiempo buscando gratificación sexual a través de la pornografía en internet, bailes en clubs de striptease, masajes con final feliz, o asuntos clandestinos.

Barriers to Intimate Sexuality: Concerns and Meaning-Based Therapy Approaches.

Despite the voracious need for intimate connection, Western society does not promote intimacy, particularly with regard to partner sexuality. Obstacles to sexual intimacy that are discussed include: Media portrayals of sexual and gender role stereotypes, performance-oriented sexual standards, the invisibility of the elderly as sexual beings, and the glamorization of nonrelational sexuality and clandestine affairs. Unfortunately, the sex therapy literature, too, tends to focus on depersonalized and goal-oriented models of sexuality. Paradigms which can overcome barriers and promote intimate sexual connections are required. This article calls for humanistically based changes, in the media and in sex therapy, to satisfy the need for sexual intimacy.

Ken Russell's The Debussy film (1965)

First telecast on 18 May 1965 as part of the BBC's Monitor series, The Debussy Film was Ken Russell's first fully-realized composer biopic—‘one of Russell's major contributions to the art of film b...

Edgar Lee Masters: a biography

Edgar Lee Masters: A Biography. By Herbert K. Russell (Champaign: University. of Illinois Press, 2001. Pp. X, 462. Illustrations, notes, index. Cloth $39.95.) Edgar Lee Masters' Spoon River Anthology (1915) was that rarity in America, a best-selling book of poetry: seven printings in seven months and nineteen printings in all before an augmented edition was printed in 1916, as Herbert K. Russell explains in a detail that is typical of his new biography of Masters. Spoon River Anthology, as much a work of drama as a poetic sequence, featured 214 dramatic monologues (Masters called them epitaphs) in which the dead in a small town cemetery speak in a dozen or two lines. Like his father, Masters had spent some years practicing law in the Menard County seat of Petersburg, and he knew that if the dead of a small town could talk they would have plenty to say about domestic violence, clandestine affairs, illegitimate children, under-the-table deals, and railroading those who were poor or powerless or just different. Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio (1919) and Sinclair Lewis's Main Street (1920) found a wide readership as a result of Masters' pioneering work. The shock value of Masters' critique is now largely lost on us. If the contents of Spoon River were controversial, no less sensational was Masters' decision to let characters speak not in the rhyme-and-metered formalism that, as a matter of fact, he had previously practiced along with most other poets of his time, but in a loose free verse that permitted slang, shorthand phrasings and casual locutions of all kinds: When I went to the city, Mary McNeeley, I meant to return for you, yes I did. / But Laura, my landlady's daughter, Stole into my life somehow, and won me away (47). Until Spoon River, free verse was a controversial fad limited to a handful of avantgarde literary journals, and though it would remain controversial for decades more-the writer and critic Charles Russell Eaton reported with immense relief in 1928 that the emotional malaria of free verse had enjoyed its febrile exaltation and passed-Masters effectively demonstrated that a technique designed to amplify the individual voice could be ennobling. Indeed, he brought to the tangled anecdotes of the poor and the dispossessed the ear of a powerful defense attorney who represents his clients as persuasively as they would wish. Though Masters was in 1915 an attorney in Chicago in partnership with Clarence Darrow and earning a robust annual salary of $30,000, from his endorsement of this kind of demotic speech it would have been clear whose side Masters was on. Russell ponders why Masters was a one-book celebrity. Hardly inactive in the thirty years that followed his 1915 success, he published every year a book or two in any genre you could name- novels, historical fiction, memoirs, essays, dramatic poems, poetic dramas, historical biographies, literary biographies, autobiographies, and ever and always, more poems-with publishers as varied as Macmillan (commercial), Horace Liveright (adventurous), and James Decker's Prairie Press (small and distinguished). Russell concludes that Masters wrote too much too rapidly and too often managed to publish most of it. Not untypical is Russell's tale of Masters' April 1930 proposal for a biography of Lincoln for which he was at once able to obtain an advance of $1000 and a contract from Dodd, Mead. He was, in fact, nicely positioned to write a fresh version of the Lincoln story. His family had long been settled in the New Salem region, and his ancestors had crossed paths with Lincoln on several occasions. His grandfather, serving in the 1854 Illinois legislature, voted against Lincoln as senator, regarding with suspicion his role in the 1832 Black Hawk War (he thought Lincoln had picked up a taste for war as a militiaman). So comfortable was Masters with Lincoln stories that he had given Lincoln's law partner, William Herndon, his own monologue to speak in Spoon River Anthology -one of the few actual figures so distinguished (Anne Rutledge spoke another). …

Rural-urban mobility in southwestern Nigeria: implications for HIV/AIDS transmission from urban to rural communities

AIDS was not reported in Nigeria until five years after it was identified and by the end of 1992 only 530 Nigerians were known to have contracted the disease. In order to determine how existing mobility patterns between the rural township of Igbo-Ora and the urban center of Lagos could potentially contribute to the spread of HIV infections from the city to the countryside an exploratory descriptive study was performed using data gathered from residents of Igbo-Ora through a cross-sectional survey and focus group discussions. Information was gathered on travel between Igbo-Ora and Laos and on sexual contacts which the travelers had in Laos. The survey sample included 377 residents aged 15-49 years. 62.3% were female and 81.7% had traveled an average of 3.6 times to Laos in the preceding six months. Only 1.9% traveled with their spouses. Almost half of the respondents had sexual partners in Lagos and 36% of these had more than one. 8.8% of respondents reported a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Of these 74.1% attributed the STDs to nonspouses and 29.6% treated them with indigenous cures. The number of sexual partners decreased with educational level and age and in those with a history of STDs. Borderline associations included the fact that women reported fewer partners and single respondents reported more. 26.3% of the respondents or their partners had used a condom. Condom use increased with education. 67.5% of respondents were aware of the existence of AIDS but 67.9% had no idea how the disease is transmitted and 74% knew of no ways to prevent transmission. The score of AIDS knowledge was higher for males and with increased education. In the focus groups discussants identified having multiple sex partners as risk behavior for STDs and AIDS. They also described factors which encouraged risky sexual behavior including greed for economic gain the existence of sexual networks peer approval and crowded housing conditions. Women traders were described as being especially able to conduct numerous clandestine affairs. Focus group participants felt that condoms were used mainly as a contraceptive. The importance of social networks in these communities should be exploited as a means of increasing knowledge about AIDS and its prevention.

On Politics and Psychoanalysis in Puig's Second Trilogy

By MARY LORENZO ALCALA In an interview reproduced in his book O continente suhmerso the Brazilian journalist and critic Leo Gilson Rebeiro asked Manuel Puig if he was a leftist liberal.1 Puig, who usually avoided speaking of politics, answered: I would strive for a democratic socialism (he smiles) which seems impossible, a socialism that would take into account the needs of the country national needs without turning into national socialism. A socialism that would not use for its models guidelines from abroad, and a socialism with freedom of expression. That seems to me to be the ideal.2 The article, which one can assume is from 1980, even though the book's author does not record the date, leaves us with Puig's conscious testimony.3 It deals with a definition of his political predilections established with the deliberation and caution of one who knows that what he says will be published and therefore subject to criticism. In any case, a declaration of social democratic faith was not common for a Latin American intellectual at a time when his colleagues either kept outdated commitments from the 1960s in tow, like Garcia Marquez, painted a shift in self-criticism to justify their adhesion to neoliberalism, like Vargas Llosa, or demonstrated their veiled sympathies with or expressed support of military governments which, by that time, had begun to decline. The rarity of such declarations by Puig, in addition to the fact that he had no tendency to make such remarks, is reason enough to render the transcripts valuable as documentary evidence of great importance. Nevertheless, let us not trust intuition, as we often do in these matters. Only the creative texts themselves can shed light on the coherence between what the writer says and what he feels. After exhausting his primary testimony in the first three novels, Puig composes another trilogy, this time marked by the sociopolitical events that occurred in Argentina during the 1970s: leftist organizations took steps toward clandestine affairs and guerrilla violence, the Peronist government moved toward the right wing, the two extremist sectors confronted each other, there was a military coup and repression. In one way or another these elements from reality are all present in El beso de la mujer arana (1976; Eng. Kiss of the Spider Woman, 1979), Pubis angelical (1979; Eng. 1986), and Maldicion eterna a quien lea estas pdginas (1980; Eng. Eternal Curse on the Reader of These Pages, 1982).