Clamped State Research Articles

Engineering a cleaved, prefusion-stabilized influenza B virus hemagglutinin by identification and locking of all six pH switches.

Vaccine components based on viral fusion proteins require high stability of the native prefusion conformation for optimal potency and manufacturability. In the case of influenza B virus hemagglutinin (HA), the stem's conformation relies on efficient cleavage. In this study, we identified six pH-sensitive regions distributed across the entire ectodomain where protonated histidines assume either a repulsive or an attractive role. Substitutions in these areas enhanced the protein's expression, quality, and stability in its prefusion trimeric state. Importantly, this stabilization enabled the production of a cleavable HA0, which is further processed into HA1 and HA2 by furin during exocytic pathway passage, thereby facilitating correct folding, increased stability, and screening for additional stabilizing substitutions in the core of the metastable fusion domain. Cryo-EM analysis at neutral and low pH revealed a previously unnoticed pH switch involving the C-terminal residues of the natively cleaved HA1. This switch keeps the fusion peptide in a clamped state at neutral pH, averting premature conformational shift. Our findings shed light on new strategies for possible improvements of recombinant or genetic-based influenza B vaccines.

Tuning of vibration absorbers by an effective modal coupling factor

The simplest family of vibration absorbers comprise inertia absorbers, with an inerter in series with a parallel or series dashpot–spring element, and stiffness absorbers, for which inerter and spring are interchanged. Vibration absorbers are tuned to a structure’s critical resonance, for which scalar structure-absorber equations are derived from an expansion in vibration modes with the absorber in either a free or clamped state. It is demonstrated that the influence from non-targeted residual modes is consistently represented by an effective modal coupling factor (EMCF), evaluated as the relative difference between free and clamped natural frequencies squared. While closely related to the coupling factor for shunted electromechanical transducers, the use of EMCFs determines an entirely new direction for the tuning of mechanical vibration absorbers on a flexible structure. For inertia and stiffness absorbers, the EMCF represents apparent mass or stiffness ratios that also account for the influence from residual modes. Therefore, analytical tuning expressions can be obtained from the derived modal frequency response functions, as demonstrated for a pole-placement method with the EMCF as a new governing absorber parameter. The accuracy of the proposed absorber tuning is validated by a simple numerical example, which shows that analytical tuning expressions can be used directly for vibration damping of flexible structures, provided that the EMCF is included correctly to compensate for the inherent modal interaction.

Mechano-Driven Tribo-Electrophoresis Enabled Human-Droplet Interaction in Three-dimensional Space.

Electronically controlled droplet manipulation has widespread applications in biochemistry, life sciences and industry. However, current technologies such as electrowetting, electrostatics, and surface charge printing rely on complex electrode arrays and external power supplies, leading to inefficient manipulation. In light of these limitations, w e propose a novel method that leverages tribo-electrophoresis (TEP) to pipette in an oil medium, thereby enabling human-droplet interactions to be constructed with greater efficiency. O ur approach involves in the rational design of a triboelectric nanogenerator-electrostatic tweezer that generates an electric field to charge the droplet and improves the maneuverability of the charged droplet, including aligned/non-aligned pipetting, stable transport in clamped state, which can be accomplished solely by hand motion. The TEP method not only provides droplets with the freedom to move in three dimensions, but also offers a feasibility case for chemical reactions in the liquid phase and non-invasive sample extraction. This breakthrough establishes a cornerstone for human-droplet interactions capitalized on triboelectric nanogenerators, opening new avenues for research in droplet manipulation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

An Improved Modulation Scheme With Better Performance for Open-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Drives

In order to improve the performance of voltage synthesis of the open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motors (OW-PMSMs) with isolated DC bus when the voltages of two power supplies are not equal, an innovative voltage modulation method is proposed. The novel method is based on the conventional alternate sub-hexagonal center PWM method, but the low-voltage powered inverter is kept at low-potential clamped state throughout a period instead of having the two inverters clamped alternately. In this way, the high-voltage powered inverter expands the range of voltage synthesis, making up for the deviation between the synthesized voltage and the voltage reference when the high-voltage powered inverter is clamped and the low-voltage powered inverter modulates individually. Therefore, compared with the traditional method, a larger total voltage synthesis range is covered so that the capability of voltage synthesis is enhanced, thereby improving the quality of the corresponding torque and the output current. The simulation and experimental validations are presented to certify the effectiveness of the proposed method under different conditions, and the results prove that the new method indeed improves the current performance and reduces torque ripples.

Thermal Electrical Tests for Battery Safety Standardization

Battery safety tests are defined by several international standards in different ways and with heterogenous termination and failure criteria. In this work, lithium-ion cells were examined regarding their behavior in the event of overcharging and also in the event of an external short circuit with varied parameters specified by standards. The voltage, current, and temperature curves were evaluated. In addition, the changes in the cells were analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is shown that the cells exhibit reproducible behavior in a clamped state. Further, it could be determined that the position of the cell opening during an overcharge has an influence on the further behavior of the cell. EIS data showed that the cells have a significantly higher internal resistance after an overcharge. The short-circuit tests at different ambient temperatures indicated that the internal resistance of the cell decreases with increasing temperature. However, no reproducible effects in impedance spectra were present after the short-circuit test. This work illustrates that the choice of test parameters and termination criteria undoubtedly influence the test results and thus may change the classification of cells as either safe or unsafe. Thus, cells may be classified as safe regarding a certain standard but unsafe regarding another.

Molecular determinants of complexin clamping and activation function.

Previously we reported that Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin synergistically clamp the SNARE assembly process to generate and maintain a pool of docked vesicles that fuse rapidly and synchronously upon Ca2+ influx (Ramakrishnan et al., 2020). Here, using the same in vitro single-vesicle fusion assay, we determine the molecular details of the Complexin-mediated fusion clamp and its role in Ca2+-activation. We find that a delay in fusion kinetics, likely imparted by Synaptotagmin-1, is needed for Complexin to block fusion. Systematic truncation/mutational analyses reveal that continuous alpha-helical accessory-central domains of Complexin are essential for its inhibitory function and specific interaction of the accessory helix with the SNAREpins enhances this functionality. The C-terminal domain promotes clamping by locally elevating Complexin concentration through interactions with the membrane. Independent of their clamping functions, the accessory-central helical domains of Complexin also contribute to rapid Ca2+-synchronized vesicle release by increasing the probability of fusion from the clamped state.

Modeling the effect of the inclination angle on the dynamic response of a biaxially pre-stressed plate

In this study, I report on an investigation of the forced vibrations procured by an arbitrary angled time-harmonic loading from a plate based on a rigid foundation. The study was formulated according to the three-dimensional linearized theory of elasticity for solids under initial stress (TLTESIS). It was assumed throughout the investigation that there is a rigid clamped state between the system and the rigid ground; further, it was assumed that the plate was exposed to biaxially static initial stresses. Given this, a mathematical model was developed, and then solved using a three-dimensional finite element method (3D-FEM). Presented are numerical investigations that illustrate the influence of changes in the inclination of the force, as well as other important factors such as dimensionless frequency parameters, on the dynamic behavior of the system. In particular, the results indicate that the effect the initial stresses have on the dynamic stress distribution character increases with the aspect ratio but decreases with the thickness ratio.

Design of variable stiffness fixture for computerized embroidery machine based on shape memory polymer

It is a challenge to handle the metal fixture used for cloth clamping in a computerized embroidery machine because of its fixed stiffness. Herein, a prototype that acts as a fixture to provide variable stiffness property is explored by discussing the potential of a thermal-sensitive epoxy resin-based shape memory polymer (SMP). The general model of fixture design is obtained after analyzing the working condition of the metal fixture. The structure of the SMP fixture is designed by discussing the material properties and working requirements of SMP, and a theoretical model is established to deduce the relationship between thickness and stiffness of the fixture. Six SMP fixtures that memorized clamping and opening state were manufactured with different proportions of raw materials. The results show that the designed fixtures have a lighter weight but higher clamping force than the metal fixture at room temperature (RT). It is the first work that demonstrates the potential of the SMP fixture to replace the metal fixture in the computerized embroidery machine and provides inspiration for product design with variable stiffness characteristic in engineering.

Раскрой круглых сортиментов с ядровой гнилью на конструкционные пиломатериалы

Softwood lumber is widely used for the manufacture of load-bearing structures. However, the quality of round timber for lumber manufacturing has been deteriorating recently. The average diameter of round timber entering sawmills is constantly decreasing, and heart rot is common in large-diameter round timber. This is due to the fact that more and more conifers in the forest are being affected by heart rot. The rot infestation is related to the deterioration of the ecological situation caused by environmental pollution. As a rule, the removal of rot occurs at the stage of round timber harvesting. Therefore, during harvesting, most of the wood with heart rot continues to remain in the forest. In addition to littering the area, it continues to infect sound wood. At the same time, together with the wood affected by rot, the sound sapwood, which has good strength characteristics, is also removed. A method for processing round timber with heart rot into elements of load-bearing structures is proposed. In particular, a technological scheme for manufacturing I-beams from such timber has been developed for low-rise house construction. Corner elements are produced as a result of cutting round timber and removing heart rot by milling. The corner elements are dried in clamped state using special devices. Then they are glued together to obtain beams with a cross-section in the form of an I-beam. A set of equipment for the processing round timber with heart rot was selected. The paper presents the results of calculating the costs for organizing the production. The effectiveness of the technological project is evaluated using the method of discounted cashflows by the following indicators: net present value, profitability index, and discounted payback period. The assessment results confirm the effectiveness of the production organization of load-bearing structures made of round timber affected by heart rot. The processing of wood that remains in the forest into elements of building structures not only increases the wood reserves for construction, but also creates conditions for improving the ecological situation in forest areas. For citation: Toropov А.S., Byzov V.Е., Toropova Е.V., Sergeevichev А.V., Sazanova E.V. Cutting of Round Timber with Heart Rot to Structural Lumber. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 160–172. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-160-172

The Accessory Helix of Complexin Stabilizes a Partially Unzippered State of the SNARE Complex and Mediates the Complexin Clamping Function In Vivo.

Spontaneous synaptic transmission is regulated by the protein complexin (Cpx). Cpx binds the SNARE complex, a coil-coiled four-helical bundle that mediates the attachment of a synaptic vesicle (SV) to the presynaptic membrane (PM). Cpx is thought to clamp spontaneous fusion events by stabilizing a partially unraveled state of the SNARE bundle; however, the molecular detail of this mechanism is still debated. We combined electrophysiology, molecular modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis in Drosophila to develop and validate the atomic model of the Cpx-mediated clamped state of the SNARE complex. We took advantage of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) B and G, which cleave the SNARE protein synaptobrevin (Syb) at different sites. Monitoring synaptic depression on BoNT loading revealed that the clamped state of the SNARE complex has two or three unraveled helical turns of Syb. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the Cpx clamping function is predominantly maintained by its accessory helix (AH), while molecular modeling suggested that the Cpx AH interacts with the unraveled C terminus of Syb and the SV lipid bilayer. The developed molecular model was employed to design new Cpx poor-clamp and super-clamp mutations and to tested the predictions in silico employing molecular dynamics simulations. Subsequently, we generated Drosophila lines harboring these mutations and confirmed the poor-clamp and super-clamp phenotypes in vivo. Altogether, these results validate the atomic model of the Cpx-mediated fusion clamp, wherein the Cpx AH inserts between the SNARE bundle and the SV lipid bilayer, simultaneously binding the unraveled C terminus of Syb and preventing full SNARE assembly.

A comparative study on the detection of tension clamp DR and phased array for transmission line

In this paper, the tension clamp of high-voltage overhead transmission line is taken as the research object, and the stress analysis is carried out by using ANSYS finite element software, and the stress distribution state of tension clamp of in-service transmission line is obtained. At the same time, the tension clamp samples with different types of defects are made, and the ultrasonic phased array and X-ray digital imaging dead-end clamp crimping quality detection are carried out respectively. According to the detection results, the different characteristics and advantages of the two detection methods are compared and analyzed, which provides a scientific basis for the accurate detection and evaluation of the dead-end clamp crimping quality of transmission lines.

Dissecting the Synergistic Roles of Synaptotagmin and Complexin in Ca2+-Regulated Exocytosis

Controlled release of neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles (SV) is central to all information processing in the brain. This process relies on the efficient coupling of SV fusion to the triggering signal - action potential evoked Ca2+ influx. SV fusion is catalysed by the synaptic SNARE proteins: VAMP2 on the SV (v-SNAREs) and syntaxin and SNAP25 on the pre-synaptic membrane (t-SNAREs). The fusion is tightly regulated by Complexin (Cpx) and presynaptic Ca2+ release sensor Synaptotagmin1 (Syt1) to enable ultra-fast Ca2+-coupled release. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of this process remain enigmatic. To address this, we used the recently developed pore-spanning lipid bilayer system, which allows for the precision study of the sub-steps of individual vesicle fusion events at tens of milliseconds timescale. We find that Syt1 and Cpx act co-operatively to generate and maintain a Ca2+-sensitive pool of vesicle under in vitro conditions. Our data suggest that oligomers of Syt1 engage a limited number of ‘central’ SNAREpins via the ‘primary’ binding site to introduce an un-stable clamp. This ‘delay’ in the fusion process enables Cpx to arrests the assembly of remainder ‘ectopic’ SNAREpins, in turn producing a stable clamped state. These docked vesicles are triggered to fuse upon Ca2+ influx and activation of Syt1-associated SNAREpins are sufficient to elicit a rapid (0.1s), synchronous fusion. Overall, our suggests that Syt1 plays a central role in orchestrating Ca2+-coupled neurotransmitter release.

Effect of peripheral hyperinsulinemia on assessment of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin preparations in euglycemic clamp

Objective: To evaluate the effect of peripheral hyperinsulinemia on assessment of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of insulin preparations in euglycemic clamp. Method: A total of 40 healthy male volunteers aged 18-45 years old in West China Hospital between 2015 and 2017 were divided into euglycemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp (A) group and euglycemic clamp (B) group. Humulin R (0.2 U/kg) was given subcutaneously at steady state of clamp after infusion of short-acting insulin in A group while in B group Humulin R was given subcutaneously without establishment of artificial hyperinsulinemia. The blood glucose was maintained within target range during the whole clamp. Result: Maximum insulin concentration [(667±141) pmol/L vs (267±68) pmol/L, P<0.01] and area under curve (AUC) of insulin concentration [(152±32) nmol·L(-1)·min vs (57±7) nmol·L(-1)·min, P<0.01] in A group were higher while maximum glucose infusion rate (GIR) [(3.70±0.70) mg·kg(-1)·min(-1) vs (7.66±2.11) mg·kg(-1)·min(-1), P<0.01] and AUC of GIR [(931±272) mg/kg vs (1 920±452) mg/kg, P<0.01] were lower compared to B group. The serum C-peptide levels were lower in both groups after administration of insulin compared with baseline. Conclusion: It is not necessary applying euglycemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp to evaluate the PK/PD of insulin preparations, which may overestimate the PKparameters and underestimate the PD parameters of insulin preparations.

The effect of capillary and intermolecular forces on instability of the electrostatically actuated microbeam with T-shaped paddle in the presence of fringing field

• The mechanical behavior of a clamped–clamped microbeam with middle paddle is analyzed. • The pull in voltage declines and the deflection enlarges as the intermolecular forces increase. • Presence of the electrostatic force accelerated the instability resulting from the capillary force . • Fringing field effect considerably affected determination of the bifurcation points . The present study is aimed to investigate pull-in instability, static deformation, natural frequency, primary and subharmonic resonances in the clamped–clamped microbeam with middle T-shaped paddle in presence of electrostatic force, Casimir force, van der Waals force and fringing field effect; besides, it is focused on investigating the effect of capillary force on instability and adhesion considering the effects of middle layer elongation and axial force. The microbeam is modeled as an Euler Bernoulli beam. In order to solve the nonlinear equations, the Galerkin-based rank reduction method was used. The discretized equations are solved by the perturbation theory in the neighborhood of primary and subharmonic resonances. The obtained results showed that the van der Waals and Casimir forces had attractive nature and led to the increased static deformation as well as occurrence of the pull-in at lower voltages; besides, the effects of attraction in Casimir was more than that in van der Waals. Results showed that with increase in the dimensionless length, which is influenced by the capillary force, the maximum static deformation was increased as well, leading to instability in capillary coefficients. Furthermore, presence of the electrostatic force also accelerated the instability resulting from the capillary force. Effects of the axial force and elongation in the clamped state resulted in the reduced static deformation as well as delayed instability. It is shown that changing the Casimir and Van der Waals forces as well as the fringing field effect, in addition to causing changes in the voltage and range, considerably affected determination of the bifurcation points. To validate the analytical results, numerical simulation is performed.

Design and experimental evaluation of a novel stepping linear piezoelectric actuator

A novel stepping piezoelectric actuator is proposed and tested in this work to achieve the linear driving with long stroke and high resolution. The proposed piezoelectric actuator contains four piezoelectric stacks located in U-shape: two of them are set horizontally, whereas the other two are placed vertically. The actuating principle of the U-shaped actuator is analyzed: two piezoelectric stacks are used to control the clamping state of the runner, while the linear stepping motion is achieved by the other two stacks. A double-level screws structure, which not only gives enough preload, but also protects the piezoelectric stacks from lateral forces, is proposed and used to make the piezoelectric stacks work under a reliable condition. An equivalent model is developed for the calculation of the clamping force of the piezoelectric actuator. The equivalent model is based on a concept of converting structures related to clamping forces into springs with certain elastic coefficients. Static analysis is performed by finite element method (FEM) to get the equivalent coefficients of the structures. A prototype is fabricated and the experimental studies are carried out to validate the actuating principle and obtain the mechanical output performances. Experimental results show that the maximum driving force of the prototype is 13.2 N and the maximum velocity is 47.6 μm/s.

Impedance and electromechancial studies on Ca0.1Sr0.9LaxBi2-xTa2O9 ceramics

ABSTRACTCa0.1Sr0.9LaxBi2-xTa2O9 ceramics were synthesized through solid state double sintering route. Impedance, resonance and anti-resonance studies under clamped state were carried out on the prepared ceramics. The activation energy for relaxation is within the range 0.850–1.230 eV depending up on composition x. Equivalent circuit modelling was done to the experimental Cole-Cole data so as to obtain the grain, grain boundary resistance and capacitance. The activation energy for grain conduction increased with the increase of x value except for x = 0.05 ceramic composition. The activation energy for grain boundary conduction is lower for the ceramic compositions with lanthanum doped when compared to pure CSBT ceramic. The activation energy for grain and grain boundary conduction are within the range 0.748–1.338 eV depending up on composition x and temperature. The electromechanical coupling factors are above 0.9990 and vary in fourth decimal place with the increase of temperature and composition x. The electromechanical coupling factor decreased with the increase of x value.

Crk Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulates PDGF-BB-inducible Src Activation and Breast Tumorigenicity and Metastasis.

The activity of Src family kinases (Src being the prototypical member) is tightly regulated by differential phosphorylation on Tyr416 (positive) and Tyr527 (negative), a duet that reciprocally regulates kinase activity. The latter negative regulation of Src on Tyr527 is mediated by C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) that phosphorylates Tyr527 and maintains Src in a clamped negative regulated state by promoting an intramolecular association. Here it is demonstrated that the SH2- and SH3-domain containing adaptor protein CrkII, by virtue of its phosphorylation on Tyr239, regulates the Csk/Src signaling axis to control Src activation. Once phosphorylated, the motif (PIpYARVIQ) forms a consensus sequence for the SH2 domain of CSK to form a pTyr239-CSK complex. Functionally, when expressed in Crk-/- MEFs or in Crk+/+ HS683 cells, Crk Y239F delayed PDGF-BB-inducible Src Tyr416 phosphorylation. Moreover, expression of Crk Y239F in HS683 cells delayed Src kinase activation and suppressed the cell-invasive and -transforming phenotypes. Finally, through loss-of-function and epistasis experiments using CRISPR-Cas9-engineered 4T1 murine breast cancer cells, Crk Tyr239 is implicated in breast cancer tumor growth and metastasis in orthotopic immunocompetent 4T1 mice model of breast adenocarcinoma. These findings delineate a novel role for Crk Tyr239 phosphorylation in the regulation of Src kinases, as well as a potential molecular explanation for a long-standing question as to how Crk regulates the activation of Src kinases.Implications: These findings provide new perspectives on the versatility of Crk in cancer by demonstrating how Crk mechanistically drives, through a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner, tumor growth, and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res; 16(1); 173-83. ©2017 AACR.

Dielectric relaxor, impedance relaxor, PTCR and electromechanical effects in multifunctional ceramic: [Ba(Nd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1)O3]0.65[Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3]0.25[BaZrO3]0.10

ABSTRACT[BaNd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1O3]0.65[Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3]0.25[BaZrO3]0.10 (BNNT-NBT-BZ) ceramic is prepared through solid state sintering method. The dielectric, impedance and DC resistivity studies are carried out as a function of temperature. Dielectric and impedance studies revealed relaxor behaviour. DC resistivity studies revealed PTCR effect in the present ceramic. Capacitance resonance and anti-resonance studies in free and clamped state are carried out over a wide range of frequency at room temperature. The values of Kt, Keff and d33 at room temperature are 0.112, 0.105 and 1.003 pm.V−1 respectively for ceramic sample studied under free state, whereas for the samples studied under clamped state the values are 0.667, 0.629 and 26.410 pm.V−1 respectively. Stress and temperature induced modulus resonance and anti-resonance studies are carried out over a wide frequency range and temperature. The values of Kt, Keff and d33 at 723K are 0.99926, 0.99911 and 14.188 nm.V−1 respectively.

Discontinuous Space Vector PWM Strategy of Neutral-Point-Clamped Three-Level Inverters for Output Current Ripple Reduction

In order to meet the high performance and efficiency requirements, a new space vector-based discontinuous modulation strategy for neutral-point clamped three-level inverter is presented in this paper. Different from the conventional discontinuous PWM (DPWM) strategies, a new clamping state is applied to synthesize the reference voltage under the condition of low modulation index. The rms value of output current ripple for different clamping states are calculated, and then the distribution of the new clamping state and the other two clamping states adopted in conventional DPWMs is optimized based on the calculation results. The switching sequences are redesigned according to the new distribution of the three clamping states. The output voltage and current, switching loss, neutral-point voltage ripple and the common mode voltage of the proposed DPWM strategy and DPWM0–DPWM3 are compared by simulation and experimental results. The results show that by the use of the proposed strategy, the values of total demand distortion of output current ( I TDD) and weighted total harmonic distortion of output voltage $({\boldsymbol{V}_{{\mathbf{WTHD}}}})$ are the lowest. Furthermore, the product of switching loss and $I_{\rm TDD}$ of the proposed strategy maintains the lowest within a large range of modulation index-load angle plane. It can be concluded that the utilization of the new clamping state and optimal distribution of different clamping states could enhance the output performance of the inverter. Moreover, the high-efficiency requirement can also be realized at the same time.

Modelling of the resonance and anti-resonance behaviour in free and clamped state of [Ba(Nd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1)O3]1-x[(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3]x piezoelectric ceramics

ABSTRACTModified Lorentz equation which was proposed by us is used to model the resonance and anti-resonance behaviour in free and clamped state of [Ba(Nd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1)O3]1-x[(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3]x piezoelectric ceramics. The modified Lorentz equation gives information about the static dielectric constant, infinite dielectric constant, polarizability, piezoelectric charge constant and piezoelectric voltage constant. The modified Lorentz equation is found to best fit to the experimental data. The validity of modified equation can be known from the regression value obtained. The order of polarizability, piezoelectric charge constant and piezoelectric voltage constant are of the order of 10−37(F.m2), 10−9 m/V and 10−11 m2/C respectively for the present ceramics. The piezoelectric charge constant decreased with the increase of x value. Higher piezoelectric charge constant was observed for the ceramic with x = 0.40 in clamped state when compared to other composition in free and clamped state and the value is 2.288×10−9 m/V. The piezoelectric voltage constant decreased with the increase of x value. Lowest piezoelectric voltage constant was observed for the ceramic with x = 0.40 in clamped state and the value is 1.030 ×10−11 m2/C. Ceramic composition with higher x value and which were studied in clamped state shows better piezoelectricity.