Clair County Research Articles

Spatial and spatio-temporal clusters of lung cancer incidence by stage of disease in Michigan, United States 1985-2018.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in Michigan. Most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease. There is a need to detect clusters of lung cancer incidence over time, to generate new hypotheses about causation and identify high-risk areas for screening and treatment. The Michigan Cancer Surveillance database of individual lung cancer cases, 1985 to 2018 was used for this study. Spatial and spatiotemporal clusters of lung cancer and level of disease (localized, regional and distant) were detected using discrete Poisson spatial scan statistics at the zip code level over the study time period. The approach detected cancer clusters in cities such as Battle Creek, Sterling Heights and St. Clair County that occurred prior to year 2000 but not afterwards. In the northern area of the lower peninsula and the upper peninsula clusters of late-stage lung cancer emerged after year 2000. In Otter Lake Township and southwest Detroit, late-stage lung cancer clusters persisted. Public and patient education about lung cancer screening programs must remain a health priority in order to optimize lung cancer surveillance. Interventions should also involve programs such as telemedicine to reduce advanced stage disease in remote areas. In cities such as Detroit, residents often live near industry that emits air pollutants. Future research should therefore, continue to focus on the geography of lung cancer to uncover place-based risks and in response, the need for screening and health care services.

Brain and Body Group Fitness program for those with dementia and their caregivers through community partnership

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe growing prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRD) calls for nonpharmacological interventions to reduce the negative impact on quality of life to those affected with the impairment and their caregivers. Brain and Body Fitness (BBF) is a group program combining physical, cognitive, and socialization strategies to engage people living with dementia to maximize benefits for sustained function while slowing cognitive decline.Research Design and MethodsThe purpose of this study was to determine if BBF participants (N = 49 affected partners; N = 38 caregivers) were impacted in four quality of life indicators: anxiety, sleep, fatigue, and depression. Ex post facto data was utilized and demographic information was not collected.ResultsData reveals significant reductions in depression symptoms and significant improvements in sleep quality for affected participants though no statistically significant improvements for caregivers. Anecdotally, the program demonstrates trends of overall mood improvement in both partners.Discussion and ImplicationsCommunities may consider adopting a similar model in other areas to provide additional support for residents with dementia and their caregivers.Session PlanThis collaborative session will provide the following:• Short background and demographics of Eau Claire County and prevalence of dementia• Overview of the Brain and Body Fitness Program and wellness promotion• Share results & recommendations of the UW‐Eau Claire research study• Demonstrate a shortened Brain and Body Group Fitness Program class (including body weight exercises, stretching and language activities) with volunteers that choose to participate (optional). Learn ways to start a Brain & Body Group Fitness Program in your community Learning objectives • Develop and understanding of the innovative Brain and Body Group Fitness program model• Identify strategies to adopt a similar program in your community• Learn how the benefits the BBF program can provide enhanced quality of life to those living with dementia in the community and their caregivers

Rapid, recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model.

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat-occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.

The Primms of Fayette County: A Biracial Family in Nineteenth-Century Texas

The Primms of Fayette County: A Biracial Family in Nineteenth-Century Texas Randolph B. Campbell (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Randolph B. Campbell is pictured here with his friend and colleague Richard Lowe, c. 1977, in the North Texas Daily, the student newspaper of North Texas State University (now University of North Texas). Photo courtesy of the Campbell family. [End Page 294] William Primm migrated to Texas at the age of fifty-seven in 1835 and within a year established a cotton plantation near the Colorado River to the northwest of La Grange in Fayette County. At a glance, Primm’s story does not appear to have been notably different from those of many other Texas immigrant planters at the time, but it contrasted dramatically in one way: Primm’s wife Celia was an African American woman whom he owned as a slave prior to emancipating and marrying in Ohio in 1817. They lived as a married couple in Louisiana before migrating to Texas and continued to live in the Lone Star state as man and wife until his death in May 1865. Celia died three years later in January 1868. The Primms had five mixed-race children who lived to maturity, four born before the family came to Texas and one after they reached Fayette County. Adding to their special situation as a biracial family, William Primm owned enslaved persons—twenty-one in 1850 and thirty-three in 1860, ranking his family in the Old South’s planter class.1 [End Page 295] From the time of their arrival in Texas until 1865, the Primm family lived first in a slaveholding republic and then in a slave state that both had extensive legal codes dedicated to upholding the Peculiar Institution. Laws dictated the conduct not only of slaves, but of free Blacks as well. For example, the Congress of the Republic of Texas in 1837 outlawed the marriage of any person of “European blood” with “Africans, or the descendants of Africans.” Any couple who broke that law would have their marriage nullified and be “deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor and punished as such.”2 When the Civil War ended slavery in the state in 1865, it certainly did not usher in an era of racial equality in any aspect of life. Thus, the central question raised by the story of the Primm family is how a White father, a Black mother, and their biracial children endured the complications of living as a biracial family in Texas during the years from the 1830s until the twentieth century. The answers show a notable range of individual variation. No person considered “Black” escaped the briar patch of race relations unscathed, but as the story of the Primm family shows, some found their way through with fewer injuries than others. Fayette County local histories that deal with the Primms usually describe the family as coming from colonial Virginia aristocracy. Unlike most of the Old Dominion’s leaders, however, the family’s founder in America, John De La Pryme (1725–80), was of French rather than English ancestry. A descendant of French Huguenots who moved to England in the late seventeenth century to escape religious persecution, he migrated from England’s Isle of Man to Stafford County, Virginia, in 1735. Eventually, probably to escape anti-French animus during the French and Indian War, the Prymes changed their family name to Primm.3 John Primm’s third son, also named John and usually called John Primm II, was born in 1750. John II served in a Virginia unit during the American Revolution and participated in the siege of Yorktown. Belying the claim that the Primms belonged to the Virginia “aristocracy,” John Primm II owned no slaves. In fact, soon after the Revolution, he began to migrate in a direction that took him away from the Old Dominion and any possibility of slave ownership. He moved west to Hampshire County, Virginia (now West Virginia), by 1797 and then in 1803 continued on to St. Clair County, Illinois, where he remained until his death in 1837.4 The eldest of John Primm II’s eighteen children, William Primm, was born...

Morphology and stratigraphy of aeolian sand stringers in southeast Minnesota and western Wisconsin, USA

AbstractSand stringers are subtle, aeolian landforms that reach hundreds to thousands of metres in length and lack a slipface. While hundreds of sand stringers exist beyond the Last Glacial Maximum margin in the Upper Midwest, USA, little is known about the timing and nature of their formation. This research characterizes the morphology and stratigraphy and provides geochronological data from two sand stringers in the upper Mississippi River basin in Minnesota and Wisconsin.The sand stringers investigated have similar west–northwest to east–southeast orientations and are located ~100 km from each other on uplands west and east of the Mississippi River valley. The sand stringer in Goodhue County, Minnesota (GC site) is ~870 m long and 50–80 m wide. To the east, the sand stringer in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin (ECC site) is ~925 m long and 30–50 m wide. The main body of the GC sand stringer is characterized by an ~80–270 cm‐thick silt‐rich surface unit overlying a sandy unit that is underlain by a dark brown paleosol, while the main body of the ECC sand stringer is sandier/coarser, stratified, and overlies outwash.14C ages, interpreted as minima, at GC indicate formation began prior to 25–20 cal yr BP, while OSL and14C ages indicate ECC formed ~11.25–8.9 ka. We interpret the main body of GC as equivalent to Peoria Loess, with minor inputs of reworked outwash. We interpret ECC as composed of reworked outwash and local bedrock‐derived sands. Pedogenesis at GC and ECC indicates stabilization with possible minor modification of near‐surface sediments through the Holocene. Differences in stratigraphy and chronology between the two sites highlight the complexity of aeolian systems in the Upper Midwest, interpreted as indicative of the variety of sediment sources contributing to landform development via aeolian processes due to spatial and temporal variability in deglaciation and permafrost melting.

Range extension and review of the conservation status of the freshwater mussel Alasmidonta mccordi Athearn, 1964 (Bivalvia, Unionidae) in the Coosa River drainage of Alabama and Georgia

The Coosa Elktoe, Alasmidonta mccordi Athearn, 1964, was previously known only from the type specimen collected in the Coosa River, St. Clair County, Alabama. Based on the discovery of five previously misidentified specimens in three museum lots, we extend the distribution of A. mccordi into the Etowah and Conasauga Rivers, tributaries of the Coosa River in northwest Georgia. Shell morphology of these museum specimens compare favorably with the only known specimen of the species. The conservation status of A. mccordi is examined in light of its wider historical distribution in the Coosa River drainage. We include recommendations for future research to detect extant populations of this presumed extinct freshwater mussel.

Identification of a paraquat-resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica) population from a central Alabama vegetable production field

AbstractA goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] population uncontrolled by paraquat (R) in a vegetable production field in St. Clair County, AL, was collected in summer 2019. Research was conducted to assess the level of resistance of the suspected resistant population compared with three populations with no suspected paraquat resistance (S1, S2, and S3). Visual injury at all rating dates and biomass reduction at 28 d after treatment (DAT) of S populations occurred exponentially to increasing paraquat rates. S biotypes were injured more than R at 3 DAT, with biomass recovery at 28 DAT only occurring at rates <0.28 kg ha−1. Plant death or biomass reduction did not occur for any rate at any date for R. Paraquat rates that induced 50% or 90% injury or reduced biomass 50% or 90% compared with the non-treated (I50 or I90, respectively) ranged from 10 to 124 times higher I50 for R compared with S and 54 to 116 times higher I90 for R compared with S biotypes. These data confirm a paraquat-resistant E. indica biotype in Alabama, providing additional germplasm for study of resistance to photosystem I electron-diverting (PSI-ED) resistance mechanisms.

Detection of Trispot Darter (Percidae: Etheostoma trisella) Using Empirical Sampling and Environmental DNA (eDNA)

Etheostoma trisella (Trispot Darter), previously thought extirpated in Alabama, was recently rediscovered. Although robust sampling was conducted in the areas surrounding the newly discovered population, more sampling is needed to document previously unknown populations. We took empirical sampling and water samples for eDNA analysis at 30 sites throughout the potential range of Trispot Darter in the Coosa River drainage, AL. We conducted sampling during late winter breeding season, when adults migrate to small headwater streams to spawn, at sites chosen from known breeding sites in St. Clair County through tributaries to Weis Reservoir in Cherokee County. Positive detection occurred at 4/30 (1.3%) sites. Trispot Darter was not detected using empirical sampling.

Small Area Estimation of Mental Distress Among United States Military Veterans in Illinois.

The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of mental distress at the county-level for the service member or veteran (SMV) population in Illinois. Multilevel small-area estimation methodology (SAE) was used to estimate and map the prevalence of SMV mental distress in Illinois counties using data from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Furthermore, local indicators of spatial association analysis (LISA) was conducted in order to identify hotspots of SMV mental distress in Illinois. For 2016, the average model-based mental distress rate for SMVs in Illinois counties was 8.6%. LISA analysis revealed a significant cluster (p < 0.01) of "high-high" SMV mental distress prevalence in St. Clair County and Clinton County. These findings highlight the importance of examining SMV health from a population perspective and reveal the need for further examination of geographic-based SMV health disparities.

High‐Severity Burning Increases Jack Pine Seedling Biomass Relative to Low‐Severity Prescribed Fires

Core Ideas Prescribed fire did not affect jack pine seed germination or seedling establishment. Severely burned soil had 10‐fold the available P and significantly lower organic matter and higher pH. Jack pine seedlings produced about twice as much biomass in severely burned soil. Regional genetic differences in jack pine may alter seedling establishment. Within the state of Wisconsin, there is a gradient of serotiny in Pinus banksiana Lamb. (jack pine). With prescribed burning becoming more common in Wisconsin, understanding the dynamic and variable effects of burning on soil properties and their interactions with post‐fire plant communities is critical. Our objective was to isolate and examine how fire effects on soil properties affect P. banksiana seed germination and seedling growth and establishment. We investigated these effects in two pot experiments and an intact paired core experiment, maintained in a greenhouse for 19 to 24 wk. Soils from the O and A horizons were collected from Coon Fork Barrens, Eau Claire County, WI, before and after a prescribed fire, and O horizon soil was burned in the laboratory to mimic a high‐severity wildfire. In the intact core experiment, seed germination and seedling aboveground mass were not affected by prescribed burning. In the pot experiments, jack pine seedlings produced more biomass in laboratory‐burned soils than prescribed‐burned soils, and seedlings from northwest seed lots consistently had a higher frequency of establishment compared to those from central seed lots. For the low‐severity prescribed fire considered in this study, effects on measured soil properties were minimal, and did not result in any improvement to seedling establishment. For soil properties to play an important role in promoting jack pine seedling growth, hotter fires may be required, while lower‐severity fires will require other effects‐ such as seed release, changes to moisture dynamics, or competition‐ to affect jack pine germination and establishment.

Mycorrhizal fungal spore community structure in a manipulated prairie

AbstractMost plant communities support a diverse assemblage of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF communities have the potential to affect plant community structure and vice versa. We examined AMF sporulation in a 4.5‐ha reconstructed prairie in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin. In fall 2003, the site was planted with varied numbers and combinations of native prairie species from four functional guilds: C3 grasses/sedges, C4 grasses, legume, and nonleguminous forbs. We hypothesized that more diverse plant seeding mixtures would promote AMF diversity. To examine the interaction between plant and fungal communities, plots were divided and subplots treated with the fungicide chlorothalonil to suppress AMF, enriched with ammonium nitrate fertilizer, treated with both fungicide and nitrogen, or remained untreated (control). Soil samples were collected during the summers of 2004, 2006, and 2007 from each subplot. Spores of AMF were extracted, identified to species, and enumerated. Initial plant seeding diversity did not significantly influence spore abundance, fungal diversity, plant productivity, or plant richness 4 years after establishment. Fungal species richness was positively, but weakly, correlated with plant productivity (r2 = 0.11) and plant richness (r2 = 0.09). Fungal community composition changed significantly over time; nitrogen addition, fungicide application, and site characteristics also shaped community composition. After 4 years of treatment, nitrogen and fungicide reduced AMF richness, changed sporulation patterns among AMF taxa, and reduced diversity and productivity in plant communities. Divergence in AMF community is being mirrored by changes in the plant community independent of initial seeding treatments, though causation could not be determined.

Make student success central as you spearhead change

HOLLYWOOD, FLA. — At community colleges, external drivers such as the K–20 concept and the completion agenda impact the work that needs to be done. College officials are asked to prove, using data, that learning is happening. One‐third of all students transferred at least once in five years. And those are just a few of the factors that influence campus initiatives, said Kevin Pollock, president of St. Clair County Community College in Michigan. He spoke at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers Strategic Enrollment Management conference.

Make student success central as you spearhead change

HOLLYWOOD, FLA. — Student services professionals face challenges helping students succeed in a time of rapid change. At community colleges, external drivers such as the K–20 concept and the completion agenda impact the work that needs to be done. College officials are asked to prove, using data, that learning is happening. One‐third of all students transferred at least once in five years. And those are just a few of the factors that influence campus initiatives, said Kevin Pollock, president of St. Clair County Community College in Michigan. He spoke at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers Strategic Enrollment Management conference.

Make student success central as you spearhead change

HOLLYWOOD, FLA. — Student services professionals face challenges helping students succeed in a time of rapid change. At community colleges, external drivers such as the K–20 concept and the completion agenda impact the work that needs to be done. College officials are asked to prove, using data, that learning is happening. One‐third of all students transferred at least once in five years. And those are just a few of the factors that influence campus initiatives, said Kevin Pollock, president of St. Clair County Community College in Michigan. He spoke at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers Strategic Enrollment Management conference.

Table of Contents

Abstract FERPA Train campus on when consent is not required to disclose education records Tools of the Trade Use scheduling tools to save staff time, make better use of space Consider multiple needs when creating campus schedules Infosilem offers flexible options to fit campus culture News ED releases ongoing guidance on 150 percent loan limit Professors' observations lead to financial aid fraud investigation Consumer Financial Protection Bureau sues Corinthian Colleges Inc. Survey of admissions directors shows problems filling classes FERPA Follow best practices for transparency about student privacy practices Professional Development Learn how to develop your personal brand Veterans Consider whether your institution qualifies as veteran‐friendly Lawsuits &amp; Rulings RACIAL DISCRIMINATION Former student's discrimination suit stays alive FERPA President's alleged disclosure of education records not permitted DISABILITY College agrees to reconsider student's administrative withdrawal Leaders &amp; Innovators CARRIE BEARSS, REGISTRAR, ST. CLAIR COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Increase access with early, middle college options

Slavery in Illinois: Through the Eyes of Lydia Titus, Slave and Free Woman of Color

The story of Lydia, a held in bondage in Illinois, dramatically illustrates the complexity of the national problem of slavery and shows that the lines historians have drawn between slave states and states can be misleading. Lydia was held illegally in Illinois as chattel property in violation of the Northwest Ordinance and territorial laws. She was, by one account, strong willed enough to refuse to become an indentured servant, as the law required for slaves brought to Illinois, and thereby gained her freedom through the courts. Lydia was twice kidnapped and falsely imprisoned while a woman, but was freed from her kidnappers, once by an Illinois court and once by a Missouri court. By following the life of Lydia Titus, the injustice and personal tragedy of slavery becomes clearly evident, as does her personal strength of will and perseverance.Lydia was brought into Illinois, then a part of Indiana Territory, as a twenty-four year-old on December 22, 1807, from Kentucky.1 Her master, Elisha Mitchell, was on his way to the part of Louisiana soon to become Missouri, to settle with his family and slaves.2 In addition to Lydia, Mitchell's slaves included Lydia's one-year-old daughter, Vina, as well as Bob, Matilda, and six year-old Hester.1 Mitchell's widow later stated that they were providentially detained in Illinois because of sickness and ice running on the Mississippi River.4 This alleged providential detention on the east bank of the Mississippi River lasted for almost a year and Mitchell rented land from George Valentine about five and a half miles from Harrisonville in present day Monroe County, Illinois, and occasionally hired out his Bob to work for John Byron making sugar troughs.A territorial law allowed Lydia and the other slaves to be brought into the free territory. The law, called An act concerning the introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory was passed by Indiana Territory's General Assembly in 1805, and was intended to sidestep the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which stated There be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory.5 The act stated that slaves over age fifteen, such as Lydia, and their master were required to appear together before the clerk of the court of common pleas within thirty days of their arrival in the territory and mutually agree to a contract that stated the number of years the slaves agreed to serve the master.6 The clerk was required to record the contract in a book, usually called a register or Negro book, created specifically for that purpose.7 The indentured servants were to agree to the contracts, making it, in theory, voluntary servitude, and therefore not a violation of the Northwest Ordinance, but it seems unlikely that most slaves were given a legitimate choice. All slaves who refused to agree to the indenture contract were to be removed by their master from the territory within sixty days. If the master did not comply with this provision, the law stated he shall forfeit all claim and right whatever, to the service and labour, of such negroes or mulattoes.8Ichabod Badgley was a twenty-seven-year-old resident of St. Clair County when Lydia arrived in Illinois.9 He became acquainted with Mitchell and his slaves in February 1808 and advised Mitchell of the territorial law that required him to have his slaves indentured within thirty days or removed within sixty days. Elisha's wife, Jinsey Mitchell, stated in court in 1810 that Mitchell had appealed to Lydia to become an indentured servant in January 1808, but that she refused.10 This version of the story seems unlikely, since Mitchell probably would not have indentured his slaves unless he was planning on a permanent settlement in Illinois. Badgely told a different story and recalled that Mitchell told him that he had already been in Illinois seventy days and that he intended for Lydia to be after his death. …

New Species and New Records of Springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) from Caves in the Salem Plateau of Illinois, USA

The springtail (Hexapoda: Collembola) fauna of eight caves (Wizard Cave, Pautler Cave, Spider Cave, Wanda's Waterfall Cave, Illinois Caverns, Stemler Cave, Hidden Hand Cave, and Bat Sump Cave) in the Salem Plateau of southwestern Illinois (Monroe and St. Clair counties) was surveyed in 2009 using a combination of methods, including pitfall traps, Berlese-funnel processing of litter, and hand collections by quadrat, on drip pools, free standing bait, and random locations. In total, forty-nine species of springtails were found. Four are described as new to science (Onychiurus pipistrellae n. sp., Pygmarrhopalites fransjanssens n. sp, P. incantator n. sp, and P. salemensis n. sp), four may represent new species but there is insufficient material available to prepare full descriptions (two species in the genus Superodontella, one in Pseudachorutes, one in Sminthurides), and three others (Ceratophysella cf. brevis, C. cf. lucifuga, and Folsomia cf. bisetosa) are identified to species, but differences from the nominal species suggest further studies may indicate the Illinois populations represent distinct forms. In addition, five other species represent new records for Illinois, and eighteen are new cave records for the species in North America. The new records more than double the number of springtails species known from caves in the Salem Plateau region. More than half (twenty-nine) of the species reported are ranked as rare (S1-S2) at the state level. The total number of springtail species in Salem Plateau caves could be more than twice what is recorded in the present study, and more new species and state records should be found when caves in other Illinois karst regions are more thoroughly examined.

Five New Species ofAnillinusCasey from Alabama with a Key to the Alabama Species (Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini)

Five new species of anilline ground beetles are described from Alabama. Two species, Anillinus kingi, new species, and Anillinus davidsoni, new species, are litter and endogean species, respectively, from Blount Mountain Ridge (St. Clair County). Anillinus cavicola, new species, and Anillinus tombarri, new species, are troglobitic species from caves in Marshall County and the limestone belt of the Wills Creek Anticline (De Kalb County), respectively. Anillinus tombarri, at 3 mm length, is the largest representative of the genus known to science. Anillinus hirsutus , new species (Keel Mountain, Madison/Jackson Counties) is unique within the genus because of peculiarities of ventral vestiture not documented in other Anillinus species. Additional county records are given for Anillinus folkertsi Sokolov and Carlton, Anillinus steevesi Barr, and Anillinus valentinei (Jeannel). With these new discoveries, the known Alabama Anillinus fauna now includes eight species. All species are illustrated with images and drawings, and a key to the Alabama species is provided.

A Short Review of the Chronology for Human Evolution

Research Article| March 01 2012 A Short Review of the Chronology for Human Evolution William H. Leonard William H. Leonard Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (2012) 74 (3): 143. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2012.74.3.3 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation William H. Leonard; A Short Review of the Chronology for Human Evolution. The American Biology Teacher 1 March 2012; 74 (3): 143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2012.74.3.3 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search In my September 2011 ABT Editorial that argued that humans are all one race, there was a reference to human evolution beginning some 100 million years ago. The date is obviously incorrect, and a colleague at St. Clair County Community College in Port Huron, Michigan, David Sheldon, astutely called this to my attention. I therefore offer the following synopsis of the chronology of human evolution. This represents the apparent scientific consensus and may be helpful as a teaching tool when addressing human evolution with students. Early hominids (great apes) probably came from apes similar to the chimpanzee ca. 5–10 million years ago. Remains of familiar hominids such as Australopithecusafarensis and A.africanus have been dated from 3–4 and 2.5–3 million years ago, respectively. The first humans (genus Homo), including Homo habilis (handy man), evolved in Africa ca. 2 million years ago. The earliest fossils of H. erectus were... You do not currently have access to this content.

Can financial incentives reduce juvenile confinement levels? An evaluation of the Redeploy Illinois program

Purpose Assessments of ongoing fiscal restructuring of juvenile justice system processes and the impact such restructuring has on juvenile incarceration rates are limited. When impacts of fiscal restructuring efforts have been assessed, researchers have focused on systemic, macro level changes in incarceration rates but avoided more focused, micro level impacts. This study fills this knowledge gap by examining the recent implementation of the Redeploy Illinois program in two pilot sites. In the Redeploy Illinois program, financial incentives were provided to select counties to develop community based alternatives to incarceration. The goal was to alleviate over reliance on state funded residential facilities for evaluation and confinement purposes. Methods Agency data were analyzed using qualitative methods to examine the effects of this change. Results Results of this study demonstrated that counties participating in the pilot test of the Redeploy Illinois program were able to reduce their levels of juvenile commitment to the state. Peoria County exceeded their reduction benchmark for all but two years, and St. Clair County well exceed their reduction benchmark for all full calendar years subsequent to implementation. Conclusions Findings are consistent with the limited literature exploring fiscal restructuring efforts designed to reduce county levels juvenile commitments.