Cladophora Albida Research Articles

녹조대발생종 솜대마디말(Cladophora albida)의 유주자 방출과 초기생장에 환경요인이 미치는 영향

We examined the effects of environmental factors on zoospore release and germling growth of the green tide alga Cladophora albida under various conditions of temperature<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>irradiance (zoospore release), temperature<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>irradiance<TEX>${\times}$</TEX> nutrient (germling growth), and a single factor test of salinity. Zoospore release was maximized at <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$</TEX> in the temperature irradiance experiment and at 34 psu in the salinity experiment. Maximum germling growth was observed at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> with <TEX>$100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$</TEX> and PES (Provasoli's Enriched Seawater) in the temperature irradiance nutrient experiment, and at 34 psu in the salinity experiment. Germlings grew faster at higher irradiances for a given temperature level, and also grew faster as salinity increased over the range of 5-34 psu. Overall, optimal environmental conditions for zoospore release were <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$</TEX> and 34 psu. Maximal germling growth occurred at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$</TEX>, PES, and 34 psu. C. albida blooms are most likely to occur under these optimal environmental conditions, as plentiful zoospore release and rapid germling growth lead to population growth.

Algal massive growth in relation to water quality and salinity at Damietta, north of Egypt

Objective: To relate the proliferation and dominance of certain algal species at the Damietta and its relation to water quality. Methods: Water and algal biomass were bimonthly sampled from five selected sites at Damietta Province, Egypt during 2012. Algae were identified and quantified. Waters, algae and sediment were analyzed. Results: The physicochemical properties of water showed limited seasonal but substantial local variation. The high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and turbidity of water pointed to marked eutrophication, which could enhance massive algal growth. The temporal fluctuation in temperature, exposure to industrial and domestic sewage and salinity results in succession between blooming algal species. Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris alternated in a moderately saline water and Oscillatoria agardhii and Mougeotia scalaris in a fresh water body during summer and winter respectively. Likewise, Microcystis aureginosa and Ulva lactuca alternated in a moderately saline site during autumn and summer respectively. Cladophora albida dominated a fish pond of brackish water and Dunaliella salina dominated the most saline water over the whole period of study. Conclusions: Growth of the predominant algal species is correlated to water quality. These species are of considerable nutritive value, with moderate contents of protein, carbohydrate, macronutrients and micronutrients, which evaluates them for usage as food (green and macroalgae), fodder or bio-fertilizer (cyanophytes). Peer reviewer

О новой ассоциации растительности псевдолиторальной зоны Черного моря

A new association of macrophytic algae Ulvo compressae–Cladophoretum albidae of the Russian Black Sea pseudolittoral zone is described. The association seems to be related to the alliance Ralfsion verrucosae Giaccone 1993. The diagnostic species of the association are Ulva compressa and Cladophora albida. Two variants of the association have been described. Diagnoses of the association and its variants are given.

Genetic and ecophysiological diversity of Cladophora (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae) in various salinity regimes

SUMMARYAlthough Cladophora species frequently appear in brackish environments, their genetic diversity, phenological patterns and physiological properties have not been well investigated in these environments. Cladophora is distributed throughout Mikata‐goko, an area consisting of five coastal lakes that are directly or indirectly connected to the sea, resulting in a salinity gradient ranging from fully marine to freshwater. To elucidate genetic and ecological variation in Cladophora, we monthly compared ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences of Cladophora specimens across six study sites characterized by different salinity regimes for a year. A total of 12 ribotypes were detected and assigned to six species, four of which were restricted to the marine habitat. Ribotype I of C. vagabunda (L.) Hoek was distributed in high‐salinity brackish waters (mean salinity ≤13 psu; maximum salinity ≤31 psu), whereas C. vagabunda ribotype II and C. glomerata were abundant in low‐salinity brackish waters (mean salinity ≤5 psu; maximum salinity ≤10 psu). Although Cladophora albida (Nees) Kütz. and C. glomerata (L.) Kütz. were collected during all four seasons, C. laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kütz., C. oligocladoidea Hoek and Chihara, C. opaca Sakai and C. vagabunda displayed marked seasonal variation. Culture experiments revealed that optimal salinity conditions for vegetative growth vary among ribotypes collected from different salinity regimes, suggesting that Cladophora distributions are controlled by ribotype‐specific ecophysiological adaptations. In contrast, temperature optima and tolerance were similar among ribotypes showing different seasonalities, and thus their phenologies may be controlled by other environmental factors or biotic conditions, such as reproductive maturity and spore germination.

동해안 3개 원전 배수로 해조군집의 생태적 특성

The species composition and biomass of marine algae at the discharge canals of three (Gori, Wolseong and Uljin) nuclear power plants on the east coast of Korea were investigated seasonally from February 1992 to October 2000. As a result, 103-107 species of marine algae were found at the discharge canals during the past nine years. In general, algal communities established at the discharge canals were less diverse than those at the intake canals and control sites. 43 species (6 blue-green, 9 green, 10 brown and 18 red algae) of marine algae occurred more than 1/6 frequency and thus can be categorized as warm tolerant species. Among these, two green (Urospora penicilliformis, Cladophora albida), four brown (Sphacelaria divaricata, S. rigidula, Sargassum coreanum, S. fulvellum) and four red algae (Stylonema alsidii, Bangia atropurpurea, Hypnea charoides, Chondria crassicaulis) are recorded as warm tolerant marine algae for the first time in Korea during this study. Enteromorpha compressa, Padina arborescens, Amphiroa zonata and Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis were common species found more than 50% frequency at the discharge canals of all three nuclear power plants investigated. Dominant species in biomass were Padina arborescens and Amphiroa zonata. Results showed that, as a whole, the red algae appeared as predominant algal group at the discharge canals of all three nuclear power plants on the east coast of Korea. However, the biomass proportion of dominant algae at the discharge canals of each nuclear power plant varied over the year during the past nine years.

Spatio-temporal variability of intertidal algal assemblages of the Slovenian coast (Gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea)

The algal assemblages of the northern Adriatic Sea have been studied intensively, but few quantitative data on their spatial and temporal dynamics are available. The intertidal assemblages of two coasts on the Gulf of Trieste were studied for a year, and the patterns of spatiotemporal variability were examined at several scales in space and time. Patterns for the whole assemblage and individual species were analysed by multivariate and univariate analyses. The assemblages of the two shores were relatively poor in species and characterised by different compositions. A moderate temporal variation was found, mostly related to differences between the periods winter-spring and summer-autumn. Patterns for individual species were mainly characterised by differences between the two shores (Polysiphonia opaca), interactions among shores and sampling dates (Fucus virsoides, Ulva compressa, Gelidium pusillum, Lophosiphonia obscura) and differences on the spatial scale of tens of metres (Ceramium species in aggregate, Cladophora albida, Ectocarpus siliculosus, Ulva laetevirens). The dissimilarity between the assemblages of the two shores was the emergent pattern, and differences in the texture and composition of the rocky substratum (marl and limestone, respectively) are considered perhaps the main causes of these differences. Future studies in this region should give more attention to this factor.

NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER REGIONS (ITS1 AND ITS2) DEFINE DISCRETE BIOGEOGRAPHIC GROUPS IN CLADOPHORA ALBIDA (CHLOROPHYTA)1

ABSTRACTNucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2), the 5.8S, and short stretches of the adjacent 18S and 26S coding regions were determined in isolates from four disjunct Cladophora albida (Huds.) Kütz. populations (NE‐America, W‐Europe, Japan, and W‐Australia). The two Pacific isolates share nearly identical ITS sequences as do the two Atlantic isolates. In contrast, interoceanic comparisons exhibit a 21% sequence difference. Variation within ITS regions is useful for identification of population groups on a regional or oceanic scale. However, both spacers are characterized by numerous repeat motifs as well as point mutations, which result in alignment problems at the interspecific level within Cladophora.

Karyology and cytophotometric estimation of inter- and intraspecific nuclear DNA variation in four species of Porphyra (Rhodophyta)

Abstract A cytogenetic investigation of four Porphyra species (Rhodophyta) from the temperate and tropical western Atlantic indicates that P. leucosticta Thuret in Le Jolis and P. spiralis Oliveira Filho et Coli var. amplifolia Oliveira Filho et Coli include populations with three and four chromosomes. Microspectrophotometry with the DNA-localizing fluorochrome hydroethidine was used to estimate nuclear genome sizes. Relative fluorescence (If) values for the angiosperms Antirrhinum majus Linnaeus and Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold, and the green seaweed Cladophora albida (Hudson) Kutzing were plotted against their known DNA contents in order to derive a standard line. Mean nuclear DNA (If) values for Porphyra spermatia were extrapolated to obtain estimates of their genome sizes. The results indicate a narrow range of relatively small values (0.93–1.18 pg/2 C genome) in the isolates that were examined. Similarities in nuclear genome size for both three-and four-chromosome populations of P. leucos...

Temperature responses and distribution of Australian species of Cladophora (Cladophorales: Chlorophyta)

Temperature ranges for survival, growth and sporulation of isolates of 11 Cladophora species from Australia, as well as one isolate from Japan, were tested in constant temperature conditions from 0 to 35°C at 5°C intervals over 3 months. These ranges were compared with those previously determined for Cladophora isolates from the North Atlantic Ocean. The Australian endemic species, Cladophora feredayi Harvey, Cladophora valonioides Sonder and Cladophora rhizoclonioidea van den Hoek et Womersley, had stenothermal responses. They are unable to survive below 5–10°C or above 20–25°C and have a very narrow growth range (∼ 15–20°C) which confines them to the southern coasts of Australia. Another group of species occurs in both hemispheres, or has closely related “sister” species in each hemisphere, but is absent from the intervening tropics. Cladophora att. ad pellucida, Cladophora hutchinsioides van den Hoek et Womersley and Cladophora flexuosa (Mueller) Kuetzing from Australia, were less cold tolerant and/or more heat tolerant than their North Atlantic counterparts ( Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kuetzing, Cladophora hutchinsiae (Dillwyn) Kuetzing, C. flexuosa and the related species, Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Kuetzing). A third group of species occurs in both hemispheres and is widely distributed through the tropics. Cladophora vagabunda (L.) van den Hoek, Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kuetzing and Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kuetzing isolates from Australia, and Cladophora albida (Hudson) Kuetzing isolates from Australia and Japan had similar responses to isolates from the North Atlantic. In contrast, Cladophora montagneana Kuetzing, from Australia and Curaçao, had very different responses. Only two of the 11 species studied ( C. feredayi and C. vagabunda) have sufficient collections in Australia to show that they occur over the full potential geographic range allowed by their physiological tolerance. All other species could be expected to extend beyond their present known range on the basis of their temperature responses and the seasonal sea temperatures around the Australian coast.

Temperature limits at the distribution boundaries of four tropical to temperate species of Cladophora (Cladophorales: Chlorophyta) in the North Atlantic ocean

The existence of temperature limits at the geographic distribution boundaries was experimentally examined for four temperate-tropical species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) in the North Atlantic Ocean; Cladophora vagabunda (L.) van den Hoek, Cladophora dalmatica Kützing, Cladophora albida (Hudson) Kützing and Cladophora ruchingeri (C. Agardh) Kützing. Experimental evidence suggests that all species are prevented from extending beyond their northern boundaries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean by summer temperatures between 10 and 15°C, which are too low to provide an adequate growing season. The exception was C. dalmatica, which is restricted by lethal winter temperature on north-eastern American coasts. All except C. dalmatica could tolerate some degree of freezing. The lower growth limit was between 10 and 15°C for all species. In accordance with their distribution from tropical to temperate regions, the upper survival limit for three of the species was above 30°C and they grew best at 20–30°C. Cladophora ruchingeri (Ice-landic isolate) was the exception, as it could only survive permanently below 30°C (with optimal growth at 20–25°C) although it is recorded from the tropics, suggesting misidentification or development of ecotypes. Cladophora albida is very rarely recorded from the tropics, but grew and survived better at very high temperatures (30 and 35°C, respectively) than most tropical species. Isolates of C. vagabunda from the cooler waters of Brittany, northern France and the tropical waters of Curaçao differed in their tolerance to low temperatures.

Seasonal cycles of abundance of the flora and fauna associated withCladophora albida(Huds.) Kütz in rockpools

Seasonal data for one year on the flora and fauna associated with Cladophora albida (Huds.) Kutz from four rockpools (3 high-shore, 1 mid-shore) on Great Cumbrae Island, Firth of Clyde, Scotland are presented. A total of 131 858 animals was censussed. The mid-shore pool had a significantly lower annual mean density than the high-shore pools. Only at the most exposed site was a distinct seasonal trend apparent (lowest faunal density in spring, highest in summer). Species number showed no marked seasonal fluctuations neither did equitability. The lowest diversity was found in the mid-shore pool. Epiphytic cyanobacteria were present throughout the year. Diatoms were absent in the summer; possibly because of intense grazing by meiofaunal herbivores. The reduction in overall faunal density in the mid-shore pool was caused by the absence of large numbers of nematodes at this site related to the reduced availability of detritus and sand grains, perhaps reflecting greater wave scouring at this level on the shore....

Molecular divergence between North Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific Cladophora albida (Cladophorales: Chlorophyta) isolates as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization

Genomic relationships between North Atlantic, Australian and Japanese isolates of the benthic seaweed Cladophora albida (Huds.) Kutz. were examined in 1987 by means of DNA-DNA hybridization. The data indicate that C. albida can be divided into a North Atlantic and an Indo-West Pacific group with an intergroup hybridization response of 25 to 30% and 5.5° to 6.0°C for hybridization percentage and ΔT me the melting temperature reduction of hybridized sequences, respectively. This level of genome divergence is considerably higher than that observed in most other eukaryotes. The separation between the two C. albida groups presumably dates back to the closure of the Asian part of the Tethys Ocean, about 12 million years ago. The data also indicate that transatlantic C. albida populations have a greater genetic inter-relatedness than have Japanese and Australian populations. In C. albida there is no clear correlation between molecular evolution and the evolution of morphological traits. C. albida and C. rupestris (L.) Kutz have hardly any DNA sequences in common.

The flora and fauna associated withCladophora albida(Huds.) Kütz. From rockpools on great Cumbrae Island, Scotland

Abstract Data are presented on the taxonomic composition of the flora and fauna associated with the green alga Cladophora albida (Huds.) Kutz. from four rockpools (three high-shore and one mid-shore) from Great Cumbrae Is., Firth of Clyde. In addition, information on the annual cyclesoftemperature and salinity in the pools is given, as is an assessment of the ecological importance of various aspects of plant form (sand & detritus accumulation, frond twisting, presence oftubes of Fabricia). Diatoms dominate the epiflora of Cladophora together with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). They are mostly confmed to the distal parts of the Cladophora filaments. 81 animal species from 21 groups were recorded, the dominant groups being nematodes and harpacticoid copepods. The majority of these meiofaunal organisms are micro-grazers, eating diatoms. The activities of so many grazers may assist the host alga to receive more light for photosynthesis. Five major modes oflife characterize the fauna: a) sessileanimals, b) ...